elham moshkelgosha

The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative research type. The data was obtained through interviews, and the statistical community consists of 15 experts in the field of sports management. The snowball method was used for sampling and the sampling continued until the theoretical saturation limit was reached. To collect information, a semi-structured interview was used, and in order to analyze the data, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used. By considering the text of all the interviews in the open coding stage, 303 concepts were identified, and after combining similar codes, 23 concepts were obtained. Then, in the axial coding phase, ten main categories were determined. The results showed that the selection criteria for management positions in sports organizations are not fair due to cultural and individual reasons. It is suggested that the selection criteria be such that both hierarchy is considered and starting from the middle level; As a result, the laws should be adjusted in such a way that the presence of women in social and cultural fields, including sports activities, becomes more prominent and the selection of women is based on meritocracy and specialization.

This research has been conducted to develop a social network marketing model for Sepahan Sports Club based on customer behavior and brand promotion.

The research was descriptive and conducted by a survey. The statistical population of this research includes the users and active members of the Sepahan sports club on social networks. Three hundred eighty-four people were selected by random sampling. Data collection was done using standard questionnaires, and data analysis was done using structural equation modeling using Smart PLS and SPSS software.

We showed that the antecedents of social network marketing include social business drivers, brand experience, and perceived values ​​from branded web advertisements, which have a positive and significant effect on customer business relationships and brand health through customer brand engagement and brand attitude. Also, we showed that the customer's brand engagement and attitude lead to brand promotion. Making the right decision for clubs regarding social networks is very important.

Originality: 

We showed that social networks cause the message to reach a group of contacts and improve the attitude of customers towards the club and its services, raise the level of awareness of the customers about the club and improve the mental image of, increase customer loyalty and finally the value of the customer.

In today's highly competitive business world, the performance of people in the workplace is one of the most important structures for organizations to achieve their goals. On the other hand, organizations should have the ability to react in dynamic environments and use appropriate mechanisms to increase the use of opportunities and reduce threats and use their abilities in the best way. Innovation in information technology is a solution that organizations use to deal with these pressures and threats. Because the performance of employees has a fundamental and vital role for organizations to achieve their goals, for this reason, both from a theoretical and practical perspective, understanding the factors that affect organizational performance is considered one of the crucial research paths. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of psychological capital on organizational performance with regard to the mediating effect of innovation in information technology in sports organizations in Isfahan.

The method of this research was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of the type of research that was conducted in the form of a survey. The statistical population of this research includes the employees of the General Department of Sports and Youth, the employees of the Physical Education Department of Education, the employees of the Municipal Sports Deputy and the employees of the sports clubs of Isfahan city, of which, using the Morgan table, there are 386 of these people by random sampling method. A class was selected. Data was collected using standard questionnaires. To measure psychological capital, from the standard psychological capital questionnaire of Lutans et al. (2007) in which each of the components of self-efficacy, hope, positivity and resilience were considered. The second questionnaire is also derived from the organizational performance questionnaire of Kaplan and Norton (2003) and this scale has four components (financial, customer, internal processes and growth and learning), also from the information technology innovation questionnaire of Zhu and George (2003). was used Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling with the help of AMOS and SPSS software.

The results of the research show that self-efficacy, positivity and resilience have a significant effect on innovation in information technology in sports organizations. But hope has no significant effect on innovation in information technology of sports organizations. In addition, innovation in information technology has a significant effect on organizational performance in sports organizations. Innovation in information technology mediates the effect of psychological capital on organizational performance, and there is a positive and significant relationship between psychological capital and innovation in information technology.

Based on the obtained results, innovation in information technology, which is the innovation in providing electronic services of sports organizations, can improve the organizational performance (in four dimensions, financial, customer, internal processes, and growth and learning) of sports organizations and is one of the important factors. It is considered to be effective on the performance of sports organizations. Therefore, managers and officials of sports organizations should take innovation in information technology seriously and use it as an important competitive advantage among competitors.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structural model of the effect of conflict, attraction, psychological commitment and resistance to change on behavioral loyalty to the Sepahan soccer team brand in Isfahan. The statistical population of this research is the fans of the Isfahan Sepahan sport club. The sample size required for this study was 384 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 52 questions.Whose validity was confirmed by the opinion of sports management professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test with a coefficient of 0.89. The results of the study showed that attraction has a positive effect with standard coefficient (0.15) on psychological commitment. The conflict has a positive effect with the standard coefficient (0.420) on psychological commitment. The attraction variable has an indirect effect on the variable of resistance to change with coefficient (0.69). The relationship between resilience to change and behavioral loyalty was also significant with the standard coefficient (0.11). That is, resistance can be the cause of behavioral loyalty, in other words, the constant presence of the audience. In general, it should be admitted that in order to promote the brand's strategic position, by highlighting the club's brand, it can create a clear picture of the club's performance in the minds of the fans by creating warmth, social acceptance, respect for the audience, providing exciting conditions. And eventually provide security.

The purpose of the research is to examine the challenges and perspectives of women's sports participation.

In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate the status of women's participation in sports activities, its causes and challenges by using existing texts and literature, and by providing suitable solutions, an efficient horizon and perspective in order to increase participation as much as possible. Provide women in sports. The research method of this study is based on the nature of the subject of documents, and accordingly, the library technique was used to collect information..

The investigations showed that despite the increasing presence of women in social fields, their participation and presence in sports activities is limited. Considering the importance of sports in the personal and social health of women, it seems that the Iranian society has not yet realized the importance and necessity of sports among women and girls. The percentage of women participating in sports activities is lower than that of men in all countries.

The nature of using this concept of social marketing is to change behavior, which is the main nature and purpose of marketing in this field. The meaning of individual attitude change is that, according to the conditions, a person finds a positive belief in physical activity and public sports, and further, the attitude towards public sports also becomes positive, which is due to the increase of the individual's information. Further, according to the effects of social norms on the individual, this normative belief is created in people that exercise and physical activity can be placed as a need in people. The positive social consequences that can be achieved by using social recovery strategies, changing behavior towards desirable behaviors that lead to the development of public sports in this research. Considering the pivotal role of sports in the health of women as mothers of society and consequently the health of their children, the issue of women's sports participation should be seriously considered. Social marketing is suggested as an effective approach to reduce barriers and increase facilitators to women's sedentary behavior and improve the quality of individual and social life, which implementation and implementation requires support and capacity building from all responsible institutions. The multiple benefits of sports, improving women's social attitudes and beliefs by focusing on the effectiveness of promotional and educational activities, developing suitable places and spaces for women's public sports, inter-departmental coordination and leading women's public sports are effective measures in this field.

The incompleteness and unfinished construction projects is an issue that has caused great damage to national resources, so to solve this problem, in the present study, a model for the development of sports development projects in the country is presented. This research is based on qualitative methodology and data theory, and its participants were experts in the field of project development and construction, from which 15 people were selected in a purposeful and theoretically saturated manner. In this study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and three open, axial and selective coding processes were used to analyze the data. The findings of the present study indicated 82 concepts and 17 sub-categories which based on logic and its relationship with other categories in 5 main factors of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. it seems that those in charge of sports development projects, especially the country's sports facilities development and Maintenance Company, by considering these factors in their planning and policies, can reduce delays in construction projects and in Provide the ultimate development of sports and the enjoyment of its benefits at the community level.

The development of professional sports in the country and its transformation into an attractive and lucrative industry has led to an increase in the need for professional management in the country's sports clubs as the most important pillar of this industry. Given the role of managers in the management of professional sports clubs, their empowerment is of particular importance. The main goal of the present research is to present the Empowerment Model of Managers of Professional Sports Clubs in Iran. This research was exploratory research and conducted within the framework of qualitative approach using the data research method of the foundation. Participants in this study included faculty members professional sports club’s managers in the field of empowerment researchers who were selected by purposive and theoretical sampling method for semi-structured interviews. The interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. Data was analyzed simultaneously with data collection using Strauss and Carbine method. The results showed that out of 279 initial concept codes, 51 final concept codes and 13 sub-categories in the form of six dimensions of the paradigm model including causal conditions, the main phenomenon, strategies, intervening conditions, and background conditions to create the Empowerment Model of Managers of Professional Sports Clubs in Iran. Integration of categories based on the existing interrelationships between them around the empowerment of managers of professional sports clubs in Iran and forming a paradigm model derived from qualitative research will greatly aid the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran.

Organizations today must be run in a highly competitive environment that is accompanied by amazing developments. In such situations, managers do not have much opportunity to control employees and must spend most of their time and energy identifying the external and internal environment of the organization and leave other day-to-day tasks to employees. Employees can perform their tasks well when they have the necessary skills, knowledge, and ability and know the goals of the organization well. The tool that can help managers in this regard is the empowerment process. Club management in professional sports has undergone numerous changes in recent years. Changes in the rules, increasing the number of people interested in management (such as investors, sponsors, members, supporters and the media, etc.), and the community's demand for greater transparency in management are among the most important of these factors. On the other hand, professional sports clubs in highly variable and complex domestic and international environments face many challenges such as limited and ending financial resources, increasing tasks and activities, solving rapid changes in technology, and the influx of different management ways to improve the club's situation. One of the most effective ways to achieve a competitive advantage in the current situation is to make the managers of professional sports clubs more efficient. The role of top managers in the success of the club seems to be important. In a review of 36 Brazilian football clubs, one of the effective factors in the financial and sports success of the club's management performance was introduced. Managers of professional sports clubs are no longer the cost manager and managers of a competition; Rather, like the managers of enterprises, they should seek to create a strong organizational and economic structure and work in space with the idea of increasing revenues, reducing costs, transparent financial system, efficient financial management, increasing profitability, increasing market share and gaining new markets. Competitiveness, success in competition, improving the quality of products and services in terms of their specific characteristics, and these characteristics have made the management of professional sports clubs a heavy and complex responsibility. Empowerment is a process that helps to continuously improve performance by developing and expanding the capabilities of individuals and teams. The goal of empowerment is to create an organization composed of committed and enthusiastic employees who perform their job duties because they both believe in and enjoy it. Also, the purpose of human resource empowerment is to use the potential capacities of human beings to develop organizational added value, strengthen the sense of self-confidence and overcome individual disabilities. In other words, the purpose of empowerment is to provide the best intellectual resources related to any area of the organization's performance. Managers can play a decisive role in the organization due to their impact on the behavior of subordinates and related people, therefore, the importance, role, and impact of managers, and their empowerment should be a priority in the organization's programs. The proposed models in the field of empowerment have mostly examined the empowerment of employees and the empowerment of managers, especially senior managers of the organization has been neglected despite its great importance because until there are no capable managers in the organization, there is no basis for strengthening the identified components of employee empowerment. A comprehensive look at the structure and processes in professional sports clubs in Iran shows that despite efforts to train managers, it still seems that the current management structure and methods in the study community are based on traditional views, these views and Methods In the current changing conditions, as it should be, it has not been able to provide a suitable platform for empowering the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran. Many sports managers enter the field of sports with minimal expertise and only because they are connected to political currents or centers of power. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to level the relationships between the empowerment components of the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran.

The statistical population of this study included 10 experts and faculty members (sports management) of universities, managers of professional sports clubs, and researchers in the field of job empowerment who were purposefully selected. To level, the empowerment components of the managers of professional sports clubs in Iran, the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique was used with the help of MATLAB software. For this purpose, in this study, the expert judgment system has been used and a questionnaire has been distributed in pairs between groups of experts in terms of effectiveness and impact on each other. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the face and content validity and the alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the research, the value of which was estimated to be 0.86.

The findings showed that in examining the relationships between research components, the factors that had high penetration but low dependence are: (human factors), (organizational factors), (environmental factors) and (facilities and capabilities) and criteria. Which had weak influence and dependence are: (organization) and AS (comprehensive support) and variables that had weak influence but strong dependence are: (effective communication), (management style), (personal desire), (Professional empowerment) and (psychological empowerment). Finally, using the MICMAC technique, the variables were analyzed in terms of conductivity and dependence.

According to the results, the empowerment of managers in professional sports can be interpreted as follows: Human and organizational factors are necessary reasons for the formation of a special approach to the empowerment of managers of professional sports in Iran. In fact, by improving the necessary skills of managers, increasing the level of managers' trust, not being afraid of losing power, having a proper organizational system such as planning, rewarding, promotion, training to empower managers, and also having a proper organizational monitoring and control system is a combination of There are human and organizational factors that lead to the formation of approaches such as human resource empowerment, managerial specialization and having clear goals. Finally, the special approach of empowering professional sports managers with effective communication strategies and management methods including manager communication with professional sports experts, knowledge of management styles, knowledge of different management styles of professional club management in the world, ability to choose the appropriate management style are combined. The managerial desire of the manager and the creation of special organizational units of a professional sports club as intervening conditions and in the presence of comprehensive support of the club and appropriate physical facilities of professional sports in the club, professional empowerment, and psychological empowerment will be formed as consequences. Management style was leveled as one of the influential factors in this study. Many professional sports club managers choose the wrong management style that does not suit the club's conditions, absolute bureaucratic or absolute human relations styles are not always appropriate, and a competent manager should be able to choose the right management style to suit the circumstances.

As an integral part of society, sport faces problems similar to that of society. One problem is the bullying of football coaches.

This study identifies the factors affecting bullying among Iranian professional football coaches.

The research method is descriptive survey based on structural equations modeling. The statistical population included all professional football coaches in Iran in 2021. 205 coaches are selected as a sample based on the simple random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire with 33 questions was used based on qualitative interviews and coding to collect the data. Once expert’s validation is obtained (n=8), the reliability of the questionnaire is evaluated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method and mixed reliability. SPSS-23 and PLS Smart-2 are used to analyze the data in the descriptive and inferential sections.

The confirmatory factor analysis results show 8 factors of anti-social behaviors in sports, athletes, interactions, bullying and harassment experience, occupational factor, behavioral factor, contextual and managerial factors, and individual and psychological factors as factors affecting bullying among Iranian professional football coaches. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicate an acceptable fit. Content, divergent and convergent validity indicated good scale validity.

The results showed that different factors affect the bullying of coaches. Therefore, it is necessary to study the identified factors and focus on football coaches. It is suggested that sports managers and officials be better informed about the factors identified in this study.

In today's world of instability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity, and despite the low-probability and high-impact surprises that lead to unpredictable changes, Iran’s sport needs managers who can analyze the environment of full of fluctuations by using intrinsic and acquired behaviors, and show the appropriate behavior at the right time and adopt the correct strategies.The purpose of this article is analyzing of the behavior of Iran’s senior sports managers and to fill the gap in our understanding of recognizing the types of behavior among senior managers in selected educational, public, championship and professional sports organizations separately. This was done by a behavioral experiment with actor analysis technique and by a strategic planning simulation tool called MACTOR. Data were collected through the participatory observation; By a purposeful selection, 11 sports management experts and 24 people employed or familiar with the 12 organizations studied in this study participated in this behavioral experiment and completed the actor-actor and actor-objective matrices. Convergence and divergence of actors and objectives were carefully examined with software. It was found that political, guiding and MACTOR supportive behaviors are the predominant behaviors of senior sports managers in Iran. It seems that the managers of sports organizations can make positive changes in their future behavior based on past experiences, but successive changes in these organizations will cause missing this opportunity.

The present study aim was to investigate the relationship between the leader reactions to the Off-Field Behavior of Athletes with team identity of Sepahan and Zob Ahan fans in 1393.

This study is a quasi-experimental survey was conducted in two stages. The sample for all fans of football teams Sepahan and Zob Ahan formed in 1399. Samples are available for sampling and sample size due to the limitations of quasi-experimental study was 82. In the pretest participants and measure their team identity and the identity of the two teams were divided up and down team identity. Then each of these groups were divided into two groups randomly. Two weeks later, participants with either a newspaper story that involves the reaction of strong leadership and weak leadership faced reactions manipulation.

The result showed that the team identity among different categories (F= 0.58, P<0.05). Tukey test results showed that the reaction of the fans, who led the team up strong and weak leadership there, but the reaction of the fans, who led the team down the strong and weak make no difference.

From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the decisive attitude of managers to inappropriate behaviors off the field of athletes helps maintain the team identity of fans.

The method of the present research was descriptive-analytical in terms of applied results and was a case study that was done by survey method. The statistical population of the study included the managers and experts of Isfahan Sports Club. Due to the uncertainty of the number of people, the statistical sample ceiling was considered equal to 384 people. The measuring instrument was Aghazade Blue Ocean Strategy Questionnaire (2014). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, reliability (0.93) was calculated through Cronbach's alpha method. Statistical methods of second-order confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman were performed as statistical tests using SPSS software version 22 and Amos. Based on the results of the model of explaining the indicators of action in the blue ocean strategy in Isfahan sports clubs is in good condition. The results showed that the physical evidence with the average (4.16) was the highest and then the quality of communication (3.86), comfort and well-being (3.76), Internet services (3.65), service quality (59 / 3), brand (3.44), price (3.13) and finally creativity (2.79) had the lowest score. Sports club managers are advised to use a kind of agile organizational structure to change the main strategies to use the four blue ocean strategies, including strategies of increasing, decreasing, eliminating and creating for the clubs.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the achievements of sport exhibitions from the standpoint of exhibitors and customers and to present strategies for commercial success of sporting products. The method of this study is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of research type, a descriptive survey is carried out. The statistical population of this study includes sales and marketing managers and exhibitors of sporting goods companies participating in Isfahan Sport Exhibitions. 320 exhibitors were selected by judgmental sampling. A final total of 310 exhibitors completed the questionnaires. Data were collected using questionnaire of Alipour et al (2017) Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.86. Data analysis using structural equation modeling with Smart PLS and SPSS software. The results of this research showed that “staff training” was considered as the most important parameters influencing the exhibition-based processes. In addition, it was found that the ongoing processes on the exhibition site have significantly positive effects on the selling and no selling objectives of the firms. At the end, this research has proposed suitable solutions on how to effectively and optimally use the affective factors on those processes and its effectiveness on achieving sports products exhibition goals in the business. Given the impact of information gathering on post-exhibition sports processes, it is suggested that corporate and organization officials categorize this information.

A special type of transfer, withdrew from the event. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between identity and social support network team to retire from professional football’s problems and provide a suitable model in this field. Population was professional players who hold more than five years from the date of their retirement.384 football players formed the final sample. Retiring from professional sports questionnaire Ceicic (2003) was used for data collection. Structural equation modeling results indicated that athletic identity with personal problems had significant positive correlation with the standard ratio is (0.21). But athletic identity with, social and professional problems showed no significant relationship. Structural equation modeling results indicated that social support network and no significant direct relationship with individual problems. However, the social network has a significant relationship with psychological, social and standard problems (0.25), as well as with professional problems with standard coefficient (0.21). In general, in order to reduce the personal, professional and psychosocial problems of footballers, two players of the social support network and sports identity should be considered.

The aim of this study was investigate the role of quality cross-functional communication and social opportunities as factors affecting the exchange of tacit knowledge and marketing effectiveness. Methods this descriptive correlation studies that were conducted through a survey. The population of this research was sports Sellers. The data collection tool was questionnaire, and the sample of this research was 144 Sellers of Sports products. The collected data is analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Results shows that two variables of inter functional communication quality, and socialization opportunities has a positive and direct relationship with marketing development and a positive and indirect relationship through the mediating effect of tacit knowledge. The results show mediate role of the exchange of tacit knowledge in relationship between the quality of cross-functional communication and socialization opportunities with marketing effectiveness theoretically, the body of knowledge adds. In general, it is recommended that marketing and sales managers consider strategies to improve marketing effectiveness by increasing investment in inter-functional communication and socializing opportunities.

This study aimed to investigate the role of quality cross-functional communication and social opportunities as factors affecting the exchange of tacit knowledge and marketing effectiveness. Methods this descriptive correlation studies that were conducted through a survey. The population of this research was sports Sellers. The data collection tool was questionnaire, and the sample of this research was 144 Sellers of Sports products. The collected data is analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Results shows that two variables of in trifunctional communication quality, and socialization opportunities has a positive and direct relationship with marketing development and a positive and indirect relationship through the mediating effect of tacit knowledge. This study to show mediate role of the exchange of tacit knowledge in relationship between the quality of cross-functional communication and socialization opportunities with marketing effectiveness theoretically, the body of knowledge adds. Also, in terms of applications the research implied to organization’s sales and marketing director, Strategies to improve marketing effectiveness through increased planning and investment on cross-functional communication and socialization opportunities and thus the exchange of knowledge.