elham rahmani

Congenital toxoplasmosis during early pregnancy may lead to fetal death or cause irreversible complications in the fetus. In the present research, the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies was determined in pregnant women with a history of spontaneous abortion in comparison with women of normal pregnancy course referring to Bushehr medical centers.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 blood samples were collected from pregnant women with a history of spontaneous abortion and normal pregnancy course referred to Bushehr medical centers from May 2020 to May 2021. Sera were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies using the ELISA method. The test results along with the questionnaire information were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and Chi-square test.

A total of 18.7% were seropositive and 81.3% were seronegative for anti-Toxoplasma IgG/IgM antibodies. The comparison of the two groups of women showed that there was a significant relationship between the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody and spontaneous abortion and also education level, place of residence and method of washing vegetables; however, there was no statistically significant relationship between infection and some of the analyzed variables, such as history of contact with cats, number of pregnancies, deliveries and abortions, and some nutritional behaviors.

Chronic form of toxoplasmosis can be considered a factor for recurrent miscarriage in pregnant women. Due to the emphasis of some researchers on the non-significance of this relationship, the subject is debatable and needs further studies.

The need for assessing the relationship between productivity and sustainability is being become more and more visible due to the key role of productivity improvement in development process. Conservation of production resources and paying attention to sustainable agriculture operations are the next important issues.

To achieve the objective of this research, Kendrick Productivity Index and Senanayake approach were used for measuring the productivity and evaluating the sustainability of wheat cultivation operations, respectively. Finally, factors affecting on the agricultural sustainability were identified using a regression model. Furthermore, the required data and information were collected with filling the 271 questionnaire forms farmers Saqqez County during 2020-2021. .

The results revealed that the mean productivity of wheat production factors for the study area is 14.88. Also, application of Senanayake approach showed that the farmers were classified as: I) very unstable (1.84%); ii) unstable (15.13%), iii) moderately stable (65.31), iv) stable (16.24%), and v) very stable (1.48%). Further assessments using estimation by a regression model demonstrated that some variables e.g., level of education, cooperative memberships, the method of production, type of supplied seeds and total productivity have significant effect on sustainability of agricultural operations.

There is a positive relationship between total productivity factors and the index of agricultural operations sustainability. Thus, a set of action plans which will increase the productivity (including efficiency improvement and changes in scale as well as technology) due to economic efficiency, amplifies the motivation of wheat farmers to follow the principles of sustainable agriculture.

Silybum marianum L. from the Asteraceae is an annual or biennial plant widely distributed in the north, west and south of Iran. The fruits are containing medicinal flavonoids such as silymarin. This study was conducted to optimize the growing conditions for hairy roots and to assay the diverse factors affecting the induction and growth of hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The seeds were cultured on MS medium and were kept in the growth chamber. After germination and seedling growth; explants from the leaves, hypocotyl and roots were taken behind growth and after 5, 10 and 15 days. The explants were inoculated (treated) with two (R1000 and 15834) Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains. Furthermore, the effects of two inoculation methods (floating and injection) were assayed on the hairy roots emergence percentage. MS and 1/2 MS growing media were compared regarding the establishment of the hairy roots in the liquid medium. In a separate experiment, the effect of sucrose amount (20, 30 and 40 gl-1) were evaluated on hairy root induction and the roots emergence percentage was recorded. To verify the transgenic identity, PCR test with specific marker genes was carried out. The results revealed that 15834 strain was the strain of choice in 5 days old hypocotyl explants and produced more hairy roots than other strain. The best rooting percentage belonged to leaf explants at 15 days-old, treated with R1000. Floating was the method of choice for inoculation. 30 gL-1 sucrose was the best treatment for the root induction as well.

The aim of this study was to determine the role of emotional intelligence components in predicting eating disorders in a correlational design. For this purpose, 380 female students studying at the Islamic Azad University-South Tehran Branch in the academic year of 1997-98 were selected by convenience sampling using the questionnaires of eating attitudes (Gerner and Griffin, 1979) and emotional intelligence (Shrink, 1996) responded. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a negative relationship (P <0.001) between the symptoms of eating disorders and emotional intelligence (self-motivation, self-awareness and self-control). In addition, the results of regression analysis test showed that the components of emotional intelligence are significant predictors (P <0.001) for the symptoms of eating disorders that have the ability to explain 10% of the variance of the symptoms of eating disorders. Among these, the subscales of self-motivation, self-awareness and self-control of emotional intelligence have a unique and significant contribution in explaining the symptoms of eating disorders in female students. Findings of the present study show that low levels of emotional intelligence increase vulnerability to the symptoms of eating disorders and symptoms of eating disorders such as diet and physical dissatisfaction are very high risk factors for eating disorders.

Nocturnal enuresis is known as a common urinary bladder complication in children. Recent studies associated some dietary components with nocturnal enuresis. To our knowledge, no study has designed to evaluate the relation between dietary components with urinary prostaglandin E2 in enuretic children.

We enrolled 135 children with nocturnal enuresis from children who referred to pediatric ward of Imam Reza Clinic in Shiraz, Iran. The samples were selected by the multistage cluster random sampling. Participant`s information (age, sex, number of wet-nights/week) were gathered through interview and body mass index (BMI) and waist-tohip ratio (WHR) were assessed through anthropometric measures also dietary fat, calcium, calorie, vitamin B12, folic acid, iron and some foods usually limited for enuretic children (e.g. milk and dairy products, eggs, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, chocolate) and carbonated beverages were measured through validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Fasting urine was also collected for measuring prostaglandin E2 level.

Our study showed that food components and energy intake were not correlated with urinary PGE2. Participants’ BMI and WHR were moderately correlated with PGE2 which were not significant. Of allergic foods, only cheese had significant correlation with urinary PGE2.

There were no significant correlations between dietary components and BMI and urinary prostaglandin E2. Cheese consumption caused lower PGE2 level probably by decreasing omega6 especially arachidonic acid level.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder in women, and approximately 75% of women affected by PCOS are overweight. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme. This protein is a determinant of plasma concentration and clearance of triglyceride. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the serum levels of ANGPTL4 in PCOS women with normal body mass index (BMI).
A case-control study of 47 women visiting Abolfazle Clinic, affiliated to Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, was performed during 2015-2016. In this study, 25 PCOS women were assigned to the case group through simple non-probable sampling based on the Rotterdam 2003 criteria. Further, 22 healthy women were selected for the control group. Serum levels of all hormones were measured by the ELISA technique, and biochemical parameters were evaluated by an autoanalyser. The obtained data were analyzed using independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and linear regression test in SPSS, version 16. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
The results of this study showed a significant increase in LH (P=0.003), LH/FSH (P= 0.007), FBS (P= 0.03), testosterone (P= 0.02), and prolactin (P= 0.005) levels in the case group. There was no significant difference in the levels of ANGPTL4, insulin, HOMA-IR, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), HDL, HOMA-B, and creatinine between the groups. There was a significant negative correlation between serum level of ANGPTL4 and insulin logarithm (P=0.002), FBS (P=0.006), HOMA-IR logarithm (P=0.001), and BMI (P=0.03), but no correlation was found between ANGPTL4 and lipid parameters.
We found no significant difference between the PCOS women with normal BMI and the controls regarding serum levels of ANGPTL4.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease and associated with insulin resistance. CXC Ligand 5 (CXCL5) is a new cytokine which is secreted from white adipose tissue during obesity and by blocking insulin signaling pathway inhibits the activity of insulin and promotes insulin resistance.

The aim of this study was to assess serum level of CXCL5 in PCOS women with normal body mass index.

In this case-control study, 30 PCOS women with normal body mass index as the case group and 30 non-PCOS women as the controls were enrolled. Serum levels of CXCL5, insulin and other hormones factors related with PCOS were measured by ELISA method, also the biochemical parameters were measured by autoanalyzer.

Significant increases in serum insulin concentration, homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance, luteinizing hormone, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone, fasting blood sugar, testosterone, and prolactin were observed in the case group compared to the controls. were in the serum level of CXCL5, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, creatinine, and homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function between these two groups.

In this study, no significant change was observed in serum concentrations of CXCL5 in PCOS women with normal BMI.

The assessing the effect of letrozole and medroxyprogesterone acetate on women with simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in reproductive age.
Material and Eighty patients of Abolfazle clinic in Bushehr with abnormal uterine bleeding and simple endometrial hyperplasia enrolled in this study. The patients were randomized in 2 groups: group A included 40 patients who received 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 10 days in each month during 3 months and group B included 40 patient that received 2.5 mg letrozole for 3 months. Serial transvaginal sonography and estradiol were checked basically and repeated after 3 months of treatment. Main outcome measures were endometrial thickness and estradiol level in serum.
In 2 groups A & B, there were no significant differences in the base variables. The level of estradiol in groups A and B before treatment was similar in the 2 groups. Endometrial thickness in groups A and B was not statistically significant. The difference between these 2 groups from the endometrial thickness reduction viewpoint, is not significant (P value = 0.445). The level of decline estradiol in serum in the groups A&B was significant,
Letrozole is an acceptable drug for treatment of simple endometrial hyperplasia especially in the patients who did not tolerate medroxyprogesterone.

Sex selection is an important concern for some couples. One of the relatively more simple and inexpensive methods, which does not need to use toxic chemicals to separate the Y and X sperms, is the Ericsson method. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the results of sex selection in infertile couples by using the albumin gradient method.
The present study is a quasi-experimental clinical trial study, conducted on 80 infertile couples. After the induction of ovulation and a vaginal sonography, sperm samples were prepared using the albumin gradient method, after which intrauterine insemination (IUI) was conducted. The rate of successful sex selection was then calculated.
Among 80 cases of performed IUI, 22 cases (27.5%) were successful, among which 3 cases (8.3%) suffered miscarriages and 19 cases (23.7%) were associated with a successful pregnancy. The success rate of sex selection was 59.1% in successful pregnancies. In general, the sex selection success rate was higher for the male gender; as a result, the success rates in 68 requests for male sex and 12 requests for female sex totaled 12 cases (17.6 %) and 1 case (3.8%), respectively.
Albumin gradient is an appropriate sex determination method in IUI cycles due to a 23.7% chance of pregnancy in infertile women, while the success rate is 59.1% in sex determination.

Bleeding during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, is among the most stressful cases for both patients and physicians. Sometimes bleeding during the first trimester is a predictor of adverse outcomes of pregnancy .The purpose of this study is to document the relationship between vaginal bleeding and preterm birth in patients admitted to the University Hospital in Bushehr.
The study was conducted on 1045 pregnant women. All relevant information (including age, parity, gestational age, education level, occupation, history of abortion, preterm delivery, smoking, drugs related to the mother’s disease, bleeding, rupture of membrane, mother’s blood pressure and vital signs, and gestational age at delivery) was fully recorded in the questionnaire. Then data was analysed by t test, chi-square, and logistic regression in SPSS version 16 software.
There was significant difference between two groups of women with and without pregnancy bleeding (P The emergence of preterm birth increases in patients with bleeding during the first and second trimesters.

The aim of this study is evaluate the effects of weight before and during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal complications.
In this cohort study, the statistical population was pregnant women. After collecting all the primary information, the relationship between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy with preterm delivery and maternal complications such as diabetes and pre-eclampsia were studied.
From a total of 1400 pregnant women, who were recruited for this study, 897 were referred to Bushehr’s Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital; statistical analysis was performed on the participants. BMI before pregnancy had no significant relationship with the number of previous abortions (P = 0.3). No significant relationship was found between BMI before pregnancy and gestational diabetes during pregnancy (P = 0.53), preeclampsia (P = 0.26), or preterm delivery (P = 0.55). Weekly weight gain was significantly less in mothers without preterm birth than mothers with preterm birth (P = 0.002), but there was no significant difference in overall weight (P = 0.99). BMI had a significant impact on low birth weight (LBW) in infants (P = 0.003). The impact of pre-pregnancy BMI on Apgar scores was significant (P = 0.043). The mother’s BMI and weekly weight gain (without adjusting for confounding variables) as well as weight gain after adjusting for confounding variables had no significant effect on the mother’s risk of developing gestational diabetes. The mother’s age was the only confused variable (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, P = 0.004). Pre-pregnancy BMI had a significant impact on the chances of Small for gestational age (SGA) infants (P = 0.03), but no significant effect on the chance of large for gestational age (LGA) births (P >0.05).
High BMI during pregnancy has an adverse outcome in pregnancy.

Ovarian reserve tests have appeared as important, useful and new tools in evaluation of infertile women and by doing these tests, we can do for infertile couples advanced and necessary measures quickly. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between ovarian volume, Antral follicle counts and serum level of FSH at the third day of menstruation.
Material and This study was conducted on 78 women between 18-49 years old who referred to Omid Persian gulf infertility Clinic with complaining of infertility in 2014. In patients who had inclusion criteria, measurement of ovarian volume were done with calculation of three diameters and the number of antral follicles by using vaginal ultrasound in third day of menstruation. Also, in this patients were measured the levels of FSH&LH in third day of menstruation. Pearson correlation coefficient were used to examine the relationship between ovarian volume and the number of Antral follicles and serum levels.
ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts (p=0.0001) decreased and serum level of FSH (p=0.0001) and LH (p=0,022) increased significantly with increasing of age. There was a strong positive correlation between ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts (r=0.96, p=0.0001) and there was a strong reversed correlation between ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts with FSH (r=0.50, p=0.0001).
By increasing age, ovarian volume and Antral follicle counts decreased and FSH&LH levels increased. In fact, in the initial study of infertile patients, even by diagnosis of reduction in ovarian volume and Antral follicle count should be performed advanced therapies and there is no need to wait for expensive tests result.

Induction of labor is one of the most common obstetric interventions. This study peruses Bishop Score value and maternal and fetal characteristics to prediction of successful induction.
in this prospective cross-sectional study, 271 full-term pregnant women reffered to Persian Gulf Martyrs’ hospital for deliveryin 2013.They consecutively entered into the study with convenience sampling method until sample size was completed. The effect of components and total Bishop Score were evaluated on success of induction. Bishop score was used to determine vaginal examination by finger. Data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software version 18 and statistical tests including chi square, independent sample t test and ROC curve was used.
Of 271 women, in 180 of them, delivery started by induction. At induced group 78.9 percent had vaginal delivery and 21.1 percent had cesarean section. The important component of Bishop Score in prediction of successful delivery induction was cervical dilatation. Bishop Score sensitivity was 52.8 percentfor diagnosis of normal vaginal delivery, Positive predictive value was 90.4 percent and its negative predictive value was 30.9 percent. ROC curve showed that overall accuracy of Bishop Score was more than 6 for normal vaginal delivery (95% confidence interval= 0.59-0.78, P value=0.0001).
The findings of this study showed that Bishop Score of 6 and more parity and gestational age was effective in prediction of successful delivery induction. And it seems that Bishop Score, particularly cervical dilatation is an appropriate index for prediction of successful delivery by induction.

Obesity is an important risk factor for development of hypertension. We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in adolescents. The cross-sectional study was performed on 694 adolescents aged 12-18 years from middle and high schools located in 4 districts of Shiraz, Iran. Height, weight, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured according to standard procedures. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 22.0%, 16.8%, and 13.3%, respectively. Compared to girls, boys had higher rates of overweight/obesity and elevated blood pressure. With increasing age, the prevalence of overweight decreased (20.6% in 15-18 years compared to 34.3% in 12-14 years) and that of elevated blood pressure increased (33.2% vs.14.6% for systolic and 22.2% vs. 10.3% for diastolic blood pressure) in boys whereas the prevalence of overweight/obesity and elevated blood pressure did not change among girls. In both sexes, elevated blood pressure had a positive association with BMI categories independent of age and this association was observed even in normal versus low BMI categories. A strong association between BMI and elevated blood pressure advocates using strategies for the control of weight and prevention of obesity in adolescents.

Frozen embryo transfer (FET) is one of the most important supplementary procedures in the treatment of infertile couples. While general information concerning the outcome of fresh embryo transfer has been documented, paucity of investigations has addressed the clinical factors influenced on pregnancy rates in FET.

In this study, we performed a retrospective analysis of clinical factors that potentially influence the outcome of FET.

We reviewed the data from 372 women who were subjected to FET registered from April 2009-2011 at the Research and clinical center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Baseline data and pregnancy rate were collected. The data were analyzed statistically using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Mann-Whitney tests.

The clinical pregnancy rate was 57.7 and 29.2% in women <35 years old, and women >35 years old, respectively (p<0.0001). Clinical pregnancy rates in women with FSH <10 IU/ml, and FSH >10 IU/ml were 56.3% and 17.5 %, respectively (p<0.0001). Whereas the other clinical parameters consist of reason of fetus freezing, primary IVF protocol, IVF procedure, endometrial thickness, treatment duration to fetal transfer found to be unrelated to FET outcomes (p>0.05).

Female age and basal FSH level are the most important factors influencing the clinical pregnancy rate following FET.

Endometriosis is a common hormone-dependent gynecologic disease with a high recurrence. Laparotomy or laparoscopy is the standard surgery for the large endometrioma. Also, sclerotherapy is basically used to treat different diseases one of which is endometrioma.

The study was designed to assess the value of transvaginal ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy in patients with a recurrent endometrioma.

In a randomized clinical trial, an interventional group of 20 patients underwent transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy for recurrent ovarian endometrioma. The patients were followed up first after one and two weeks and then after one, two, and three months. If the patients had no endometrioma, they were treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) (standard long protocol). A control group of 20 patients with endometrioma were enrolled for an IVF protocol. They had no treatment by ethanol sclerotherapy. IVF parameters, pregnancy rates, and implantation rates were compared in both groups.

The demographic data showed no difference between the two groups. The initial mean endometria size was 41.45±15.9 cm, the recurrence rate after 6 months was 4 (20%), FSH before and after sclerotherapy was 6.97±2.25 IU/L and 6.78±1.88 IU/L (p=0.343). The clinical pregnancy rate was 6 (33.3%) vs. 3 (15%), (p=0.616). The fertilization rate emerged 63.06% in study group vs. 60.38%, (p=0.57). The implantation rate turned out 12.9% in study group vs. 7.5%, (p=0.52). None of these results were significant. However, the data pointed to a better trend toward the ethanol sclerotherapy group.

Ethanol sclerotherapy could be an effective strategy for the treatment of recurrent endometrioma especially before IVF.

The transfer of cryopreserved embryos can be timed with ovulation in a natural cycle or after artificially preparing the endometrium with exogenous hormones. Progesterone is essential for the secretory transformation of the endometrium that permits implantation as well as maintenance of early pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of luteal phase supplementation on pregnancy rates in natural frozen-thawed cycles. The study was designed as a prospective randomized clinical trial of 102 women who underwent embryo transfers in natural cycles. The women in the interventional group (n=51) received intra muscular (IM) progesterone 50 mg twice a day starting from 36 hours after hCG administration. The control group (n=51) did not receive any progesterone support. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between the groups and no statistically significant differences were observed between study and control groups in clinical pregnancy rate (33.3% vs. 27.5%, p=0.66). There were no differences in implantation rate or spontaneous abortion rate. Our results suggest that luteal phase support does not affect clinical pregnancy rates in natural frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles (Registration Number: IRCT201108044339N6).

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist is used for controlling ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles which has some benefits.

To compare the efficacy of two different formulations of GnRH agonist: short-acting and long-acting, for ART protocols.

In a prospective randomized study, one hundred women who underwent ART cycles were randomly divided into two groups. In group I, the patients received one single injection of 1.87 mg Triptorelin in previous mid-luteal phase. In group II, Decapeptyl 0.1 mg per day started from previous mid-luteal phase. Pregnancy outcome in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle was compared between two groups.

There were no statistically significant differences in the number of retrieved oocyte (p=0.545), fertilization (p=0.876), implantation (p=0.716) and pregnancy rate (p=0.727) between the two groups.

There were not any advantages in IVF outcome between half-dose long-acting and short-acting GnRH agonist groups in ART cycle.

Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is defined as pregnancy failure after two to six times with at least ten high grade embryo transfer to uterus. A variety of causes have been anticipated for RIF, including anatomical, autoimmune, genetics, endocrine and thrombotic anomalies. Factors responsible for RIF have important implication regarding treatment however in many couples a perfect cause cannot be found.

Cases:

 In these case series, we reported nine couples with RIF that after investigation no definitive etiology was found for RIF and empirical therapy by heparin, aspirin and or immunotherapy was not effective. In these cases we recommended transfer of embryos to surrogate uterus. Nine patients were studied and six of them developed a normal pregnancy (pregnancy rate=66.66%).

This study showed that surrogacy is a good option for treatment of RIF.

Attention to the health of pregnant women is one of the ways to maintain the pregnant mother and the fetus healthy. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common problem during pregnancy due to physiologic changes associated with pregnancy which can cause different side effects on the mother such as premature labor, preeclampsia, and anemia. Therefore, such mothers with UTI must be treated to prevent maternal and fetal complications. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of UTI and some consequences in pregnant women referring to health centers in Kermanshah. In this cross-sectional study, overall 500 cases of pregnant women were studied and randomly selected. Data was related to the incidence of UTI and its consequences collected through a checklist. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests were used for comparisons and examining relationships at level of 0.05. SPSS 21 software was used for data analysis. The prevalence of UTI in pregnant women attending clinics in Kermanshah was 19.8%. The incidence of UTI in the third trimester was significantly higher compared to the first and second trimesters. There was no statistical significant relationship found between UTI and demographic information, maternal and fetal outcomes. According to the findings, it seems that UTI in Kermanshah was more prevalent than other studies. Therefore, with regard to the potential consequences of UTI, pregnant women need to be supported and trained to prevent UTI and related complications.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)، one of the initial embryonic signals، is probably a major regulator of the embryo-endometrial relationship. This study aims to assess the advantage of HCG supplementation during the secretory phase of hormonally prepared cycles for the transfer of cryopreserved-thawed embryos. This study was a randomized clinical trial. Infertile women who were candidates for frozen-thawed embryo transfers entered the study and were divided into two groups، HCG and control. The endometrial preparation method was similar in both groups: all women received estradiol valerate (6 mg) po per day from the second day of the menstrual cycle and progesterone in oil (100 mg) intramuscular (I. M.) when the endometrial thickness reached 8 mm. Estradiol and progesterone were continued until the tenth week of gestation. In the HCG group، patients received an HCG 5000 IU injection on the first day of progesterone administration and the day of embryo transfer. In this study، 130 couples participated: 65 in the HCG group and 65 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding basic characteristics. Implantation rate، chemical pregnancy، clinical pregnancy، ongoing pregnancy، and abortion rates were similar in both groups. Although HCG has some advantages in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles، our study did not show any benefit of HCG supplementation during the secretory phase of frozen cycles (Registration Number: IRCT201107266420N4).

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) has been used as a replacement for the mid-cycle luteinizing hormone (LH) surge for several years. The recent arrival of recombinant DNA technology has made recombinant HCG (rHCG) accessible. To assess efficacy of rHCG compared to urinary HCG (uHCG) for triggering of ovulation and induction of final oocyte maturation in assisted reproductive cycles. 200 patients who were candidate for ICSI were randomly divided in two groups. In group I (rHCG), patients received 250µg of rHCG for final oocyte maturation, and in group II (uHCG) the patients received 10000 IU of uHCG. Measured outcomes were number of retrieved oocyte and mature oocyte, maturation rate of oocyte, fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy rate. The rates of oocyte maturity were similar in both groups. Fertilization rate was similar in two groups (58.58% in rHCG group versus 60.58% in uHCG group p=0.666). The clinical pregnancy rate per cycle was similar in both group 34.0% in rHCG group versus 39% in uHCG group (p=0.310). We demonstrated that rHCG is as effective as uHCG, when it is used for final oocyte maturation in ICSI cycles. The numbers of retrieved oocyte and maturation rates were similar in both groups; also fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates were similar.