esmael nasiri hendeh khaleh

Senior tourism is receiving a lot of attention due to its capabilities and competitive advantages. Qom city is the second largest pilgrimage center in the country in national level, a potential market that can use its competitive advantage in attracting senior tourists by removing barriers of seniors’ travel.The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for identifying the direct and indirect impacts of barriers affecting the development of senior tourism in Qom city. The barriers to senior tourism development are classified into four main sectors of economic, social and cultural, managerial and organizational, government attitudes. This research is an applied research and the method is descriptive-analytical. Survey and library methods were used for data collection. The statistical population of the study consists of senior tourists and experts in tourism. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results indicated that four factors have a positive effect on the lack of development of senior tourism. The results of T-test also showed that all barriers were higher than the criterion level at the significant level of 0.05 and the highest mean is allocated to economic barriers (5.17) and lowest mean to managerial and organizational barriers (2.10). The most influential factor on the lack of development of senior tourism is economic barriers (with beta coefficient of 0.643) which explains 52% of the variance of senior tourism lack of development. The Tolerance coefficient of 0.923 also indicates that economic barriers are strong predictor and criterion.

Throughout history, nature has always exhibited its harsh face to human beings via destructive phenomena like avalanches, floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. These disasters and dangers are part of life, always threatening humankind. With the human societies’ intellectual growth as well as the understanding of the causes of accidents, human being strived to find ways to deal with and reduce risks.Given its proximity to the active fault in the north of Karaj metropolis (Iran) and its unbalanced development, as well as its migrability, this city has old, worn-out, and marginalized structures, particularly in the areas adjacent to its potential northern fault.In recent years, the establishment of crisis management support bases has been placed on the agenda of the metropolises’ organizations for crisis prevention and management. One of the significant things prior to establishing these bases is to study, check, and select the suitable geographical location for establishing this type of application. This is an applied research in terms of purpose, carried out by descriptive-analytical method.In the present research, it is tried to examine the effective factors and criteria to identify the suitable place for the establishment of the central crisis management support base in city of Karaj through using the available resources.The current research is mainly aimed at investigating the feasibility of establishing a central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis and selecting the most appropriate place to establish this base.This study seeks to answer the questions below:1- What are the effective parameters and factors of location to optimally select the location of the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis?2- Where is the most suitable place to establish the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis?

In the present study, we were aimed at finding the best location for establishing the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis.Initially, the current situation of Karaj metropolis was investigated from the physical and social viewpoints. Subsequently, using library studies as well as the crisis management experts and scholars’ opinions, the factors and parameters effective in the optimal location of the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis were identified. Moreover, the privacy and criteria for each of the identified layers in locating the bases were considered to accordingly identify the appropriate locations for the establishment of the central crisis management support base in Karaj.Furthermore, AHP model was employed to specify each of the criteria’s importance and value and effective elements in decision-making; the weight of each of the decision elements was also determined by Hierarchical Analysis Process method and Expert Choice software. Finally, combining the layers led to obtaining the general location map of the central crisis management support bases in Karaj metropolis.

After specifying the effective natural and human criteria, these criteria were weighted through using the pairwise comparison technique (analytical hierarchy process/AHP) and the Expert Choice software.In the following step, all information layers were combined in the Geographical Information System (GIS) and the location map of the central crisis management support base in Karaj was classified into five classes (strongly suitable, suitable, medium, unsuitable, and strongly unsuitable) and five positions were introduced as the recommended places to establish this base.The eastern region of Karaj was classified in the unsuitable to medium range in terms of creating the crisis management support base.The base location is among the considerable important parameters in the location of bases. The base location should be located in the geometric center of the region so that it is quickly and easily accessible throughout the region.

According to the expert opinions and reviewing the available documents and studies, the following five criteria were determined to select the ideal location: Road access network Gravity and geographic centrality Land with a larger and more appropriate area (more than 2000 m2) Distance from the fault Proximity to the hospital Besides, using AHP method, after determining the hierarchy levels including the purpose, criteria, and options, a pairwise comparison between the sets was performed for weighting. The criteria were compared two by two according to the purpose, and pairwise comparisons were performed based on the 1-9 range of scores.The overall comparison of the options was performed with respect to the goal and after weighting all the criteria and options; the comparisons’ results were then presented in the form of weight charts; ultimately, the final location map was determined through selecting the option having the most weight among the five options.Investigation of the five final options based on the determined indicators resulted in the selection of an area near Shahid Kalantari Terminal of Karaj as the best location to establish a support base for the central crisis management support base in Karaj metropolis.

Resilience as a new concept in sustainability literature has created a new understanding of the relationship between man and the environment. Resilience is derived from biological discipline, which determines an organism's ability to withstand and recover from a shock, disaster, or disease. The present study evaluates the effect of perceptual-visual components on the resilience of the urban landscape of Rasht metropolis. Method of collecting information in two ways; Documentary and field is a questionnaire and interview. The independent variables of this research are functional, aesthetic, form and morphological, environmental and dependent variables of landscape resilience research. The questionnaire used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts (professors and experts in the field of urban landscape). The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires and distributed by simple random sampling. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The results showed that considering that the variables of perceptual-visual quality components (including functional, experimental and aesthetic components, form and morphology, environment) with the dependent variable of this study (comparative perspective) have a correlation coefficient. Is 0.568. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study also indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained. The study of tolerance coefficients shows that the environmental variables of form, morphology and aesthetics have the highest coefficients with 0.452, 0.328 and 0.312, respectively, and act as a predictor variable compared to other variables. Therefore, it can be added that the components of perceptual-visual quality affect the patient perspective. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained.

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the second homes on the physical and economic development of rural settlements in Hendeh Khaleh Rural District of Someh Sara County.

The research method was descriptive-analytical. The main part of the data was obtained by a survey and interviews. The statistical population of this study is the villages of Hendeh Khaleh Rural District. Based on the estimation of the sample size using Cochran's formula, the sample size was detemined to be 385 of the heads of households. The independent variable (second home tourism) and the dependent variables (physical and economic development of rural settlements) for Hendeh Khaleh Rural District were analyzed in SPSS software.

The findings of statistical tests show that second homes have caused physical and economic changes in Hendeh Khaleh Rural District. Second home tourism had influenced physical components, especially the indicators of “improvement of facilities and amenities”, and “increasing the construction”. The villages of Sofiandeh, Hendeh Khaleh, Now Khaleh Jafari and Akbari, Siah Darvishan, Lakesar had the highest number of built villas. The villages of Sheykhmahale, Kishestan, Lakesar, and Nargestan had the highest ranks in earning income from having houses to rent. The highest distance from the optimal limit regarding the physical components is for “increasing the construction” (1.89) and regarding the economic components is for “earning income from having the house to rent” (1.83).

Providing a comprehensive review of all related literature, this study may help the researchers in choosing the appropriate method for planning the development of second home tourism as a strategy of development policies.

This resaerch is the first study conducted about the impact of the second homes on the physical expansion in Hendeh Khaleh Rural District, which examined the relationship between the creation of the second homes and physical and economic development together.

The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.

Today, one of the attractive destinations for tourists are small towns, which are taking the form of tourism development in various dimensions in such cities. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of attracting tourists to tourism destinations in small cities, examining the quality of environmental services is of great importance in the process of attracting tourists. The quality of provided services has a direct impact on attracting tourists.Strengthening infrastructure, preserving landscapes and the environment, and framework reconstruction improve the appearance and small towns’ image from the perspective of tourists and strengthen the quality of the environment to attract tourists.

This research’s approach is descriptive-analytical. Library method and field studies have been used to collect information. The main data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The tools for measuring and analyzing the data are statistical methods (parametric and non-parametric) and SPSS software. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of samples and 200 people were interviewed as statistical samples. The variables used in this research are: environmental quality components (independent variable) which include physical-environmental, socio-cultural, structural-functional, managerial components and the dependent variable of this research is tourist attraction.     

Since the attraction and loyalty of tourists to the tourism destinations is highly dependent on their satisfaction with environmental conditions and quality, through the T test, we examine the extent and intensity of the impact of the four components of environmental quality on tourist attraction. According to the average of numerical desirability in the studied components (number 3), the majority of the studied items have an average higher than the desirability. Due to the significant level at the alpha level of 0.05, all indicators have direct effects on tourist attraction and this point also has an effect on tourist satisfaction. Data analysis of Table shows that the physical-environmental component (with an average of 4.14) has the highest average percentage among the four components and social, cultural and managerial, functional-structural components are in the next ranks.The greatest impact on the rate of tourist attraction in the study area is in the physical-environmental dimension, the second rank belongs to the socio-cultural component and the least impact on the tourist attraction belongs to the components of urban management.The greatest impact on the rate of tourist attraction in the study area is in the physical-environmental dimension and the second rank belongs to the socio-cultural component and the lowest impact on the tourist attraction belongs to the components of urban management.In order to measure the importance of dimensions and components of environmental quality, stepwise regression was used. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that the physical-environmental component with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.848 has the greatest impact on tourist attraction in the area.

The choice of urban tourism destinations by tourists is influenced by various factors, one of the most important of which is the role of environmental quality factors that guide tourists in choosing a tourist destination to small towns.In this study, an attempt was made to explain the role of environmental quality in attracting tourism to tourism destinations in the small town of Color in Ardabil province.According to the obtained results, it can be said that the components of environmental quality are effective in introducing and attracting tourists, and the set of components of environmental quality provide the basis for tourists' satisfactionThe results showed that tourists in the level of alpha 0.05 have been satisfied with the environmental quality of tourism in the city in all areas and most of it is related to the physical-environmental component with an average of 4.14 and socio-cultural, managerial and functional-structural components are in the next ranks, Therefore, it can be said that the physical and environmental factors of the tourist destination, which have the components of quality of space and tourism facilities, weather conditions, green space, visual beauty, have had a significant impact on attracting tourists in the small town of Color. The physical components of the environment can provide a competitive environment for choosing a tourist destination in this city. Significant regression results also showed that the physical-environmental component with a beta coefficient of 0.183 is more effective in attracting tourists than other components. As a result, it has the necessary explanatory power over other variables.percentage among the four components and social, cultural and managerial, functional-structural components are in the next ranks.The greatest impact on the rate of tourist attraction in the study area is in the physical-environmental dimension, the second rank belongs to the socio-cultural component and the least impact on the tourist attraction belongs to the components of urban management.The physical-environmental component has a significant effect on tourist attraction. This effect is also evi In order to measure the importance of dimensions and components of environmental quality, stepwise regression was used. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that the physical-environmental component with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.848 has the greatest impact on tourist attraction in the area. Has been studied. Dent in the value of the standardized beta coefficient.

 

The concept of the city can be considered as a living organism, which is a kind of functional correlation in order to preserve the life of the whole urban system. (Jacobs, 1961: 1). The city is a socio-spatial phenomenon. With a time dimension, but visible. (Alexander, 1987: 67). Cities are the main centers of human activity, and in addition to creating an environment for social interaction, spaces are also created in which vitality is enhanced. (Golkar, 2007: 43). The main function of public spaces is to provide and pave the way for the presence of the people. (Shojaei and Partovi, 1394: 94). Therefore, the increase in vitality in such spaces provides the dynamics of urban spaces. One of the characteristics of public spaces is liveliness, which attracts more citizens. (Sci, 2014; 61 & Montgomery, 1998: 94) Because increasing vibrancy increases the ability of space to provide a variety of functions for all users. (Lee & moudan, 2004: 148). The shopping center is a twentieth-century adaptation of the market, all of which is designed and managed by a management company. (Ahmed, 2007: 332). Shopping malls first began in the United States in the 1950s and have since spread to European cities. (Babin, 1995: 63). Today, shopping malls in other commercial complexes are no longer just a place to shop

The present study is a applied research and in terms of data collection in the category of descriptive-survey research. In this research, field and library methods have been used. Using the theoretical foundations and background of the studies as well as the field visits made to the Cyrus Commercial Complex, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and distributed among the statistical sample population. The reliability of the questions related to the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.78. The statistical population of the study is the visitors of Kourosh Business Center in District 5 of Tehran Municipality. Because the statistical population was unlimited and citizens from different regions were included in this study, a random method was used to sample the Cyrus commercial complex. Numerous coffee shops are one of the largest leisure and entertainment centers in the country. This research was conducted during the period of Mehr, until February 2017, in Kourosh Commercial Center, and the statistical population consists of the clients of this shopping center. Due to the uncertainty of the population size of the statistical sample at the confidence level of 95% and with P = 0.5 and with the error rate of 5%, the sample size was 385 people

In order to study the indicators of urban vitality, eight main indicators and 25 sub-indicators have been used. The results of the data analysis of this table indicate that among the eight main indicators of vitality, the highest impact on safety and comfort indicators with a total average of 4.18 and density with a total average of 4.3 and accessibility and permeability index with a total average of 2.2. 4 have been observed, and among the three mentioned indicators, peace and mental well-being and feeling of security with T = 15.8 statistics and proper arrangement of stores with T = 13.8 and ease of access to the main highway with T = 12.6 statistics, respectively They show the greatest impact on the indicators of urban vitality in urban spaces. The results of this test show that Kourosh Shopping Center has been able to increase the vitality of urban spaces by 22 criteria. It should be noted that the good behavior of sellers with statistics T = 1-5 and public transportation with T = 1.2 = 2 and the criteria for people with special needs T = 1.1 have the least impact on vitality.y. And out of a total of 25 sub-indices measured in this study, 22 indicators are suitable for measuring the vitality of urban spaces. The beta coefficient of 0.841, the variable of peace of mind and the feeling of security among the respondents, shows that changing a standard deviation in the variable of peace of mind and the feeling of security of citizens changes the standard deviation of 0.841 in the vitality of urban spaces. . This indicates that the independent variables in this study have high explanatory and predictive power and confirms the extent of changes in the viability of urban living space in this study

In the statistical analysis of the effectiveness of Kourosh commercial complex (on Shahid Sattari highway in Tehran) on vitality indicators were examined. The results indicate that the independent variable can explain more than 80% of the vitality variance of urban space. And out of a total of 25 individual indicators, in this study, 22 indicators are suitable for expressing the vitality of urban spaces. Indicators such as relaxation, proper lighting and equipping the commercial complex of Kourosh with proper heating and cooling, each with a beta coefficient of 0.783, 0.654, 0.612, have the greatest impact on the vitality of urban spaces. These findings are consistent with the studies of Rahimi and Jafari (1396) and (2006) Jager. The coefficient of explanation in the regression equation also indicates that if other research indicators such as diversity, identity, creativity, communication, organizational capacity are strengthened, the level of citizens' satisfaction with vitality will also increase. Depending on the degree of influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable, the following results can be examined: safety and comfort indicators, density, access and permeability play an effective role in urban sprawl. Proper distribution of attractive units along with a variety of uses and proper layout of stores along with proper lighting has made citizens feel more satisfied with these indicators. Studies (2005) Erkip also emphasizes providing a safe environment.

Over the past few decades, the social sustainability of urban areas has become an important planning model in developed countries. The present study aims to assess the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods in District 15 of Tehran with an emphasis on the land-use mix index. The land-use mix and distribution of activities are among the factors affecting the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods. These two factors are examined with items such as accessibility of land-uses, distribution of land-uses, diversity and equality of land-uses, age and compatibility of land-uses, design considerations in land-use planning are examined. And social sustainability, as a dependent variable, is investigated at the urban neighborhood level with items such as involvement and empowerment of local communities, sense of belonging to neighborhoods, security and health, capital and social solidarity, the cultural identity of neighborhoods, vitality of neighborhoods, social accountability and sense of neighborhood.

The present study is applied, descriptive-survey research in which data are collected using both library and field studies. Using a library study, the required indices are extracted by reviewing relevant studies and theories on land-use mix and sustainability. First, the land-use mix measure of each neighborhood is calculated using Shannon entropy and the studied indices in the neighborhoods are ranked using the COPRAS method. Due to the lack of a standard questionnaire on the research subject, a researcher-made questionnaire is used. The statistical population includes urban managers and experts as well as the residents of the study areas. The sample size is estimated to be 385 using Cochran's formula. The questionnaires are distributed according to the population of the neighborhoods. The reliability of the questionnaire is estimated to be above 0.8 using Cochran's alpha, indicating that the items or questions are fully related to each other. To analyze the relationships between variables. Spearman's correlation coefficient, descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as one-sample t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test, are used in SPSS software.

 In total, 81.2% of the respondents are men and 17.9% are women. Most of the respondents are in the 38-52 age group. The results of Shannon entropy show the weights of each land-use mix index, with the greatest weight (0.9943) for the component of accessibility to land-uses and the least weight (0.7542) for the component of design considerations in land-use planning. The studied neighborhoods are at different levels in terms of social sustainability; so the neighborhoods of North Afsariyeh (NJ= 98.23), South Afsariyeh (NJ= 96.83), and North Kianshahr (NJ=84.23) have the best situation in the land-use mix indices while the neighborhoods of Hashemabad (NJ = 27.043), and Minayi (NJ = 22.43) are in the worst condition.

The results of the research show that in the studied neighborhoods, "accessibility to land-uses" (β = 0.485), "the density of land-uses" (β = 0.482), and "the distribution of land-uses" (β = 0.479) are the most important indices of social sustainability, respectively. The social sustainability of urban neighborhoods is affected by several factors, one of which is the land-use mix index. The present study is conducted to investigate the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods in District 15 of Tehran with an emphasis on the effectiveness of the land-use mix index. To investigate the social sustainability of neighborhoods, the following indicators are studied: involvement of local communities, sense of belonging, security, social capital, cultural identity, vitality, and social accountability. Moreover, to investigate the impact of the land-use mix index on social sustainability, the following indicators are investigated: accessibility of land-uses, land-use density, distribution of land-uses, land-use diversity, age, and compatibility of land-uses, are design considerations in land-use planning. Weighting land-use mix indices using Shannon entropy shows that the greatest weight (0.9943) belongs to the "accessibility of land-uses" component. In the next step, in order to measure the social sustainability of urban neighborhoods, the VIKOR method is used.

In recent years, the study of the concepts of resilience at the urban and regional scales has attracted special attention, although the level and number of these studies at the urban scale is higher than studies at higher scales. Hence, the gap of this group of studies in the field of regional studies is obvious.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the resilience of Karaj communication network. In this research, with library studies, important criteria and sub-criteria in increasing the resilience of roads have been identified and then studied and evaluated in selected axes. The six criteria developed in this study are equestrian resilience, pedestrian and cyclist resilience, natural disaster resilience, efficient transportation management, resilience against adverse weather conditions and resilience against crime.

This research is of applied type. On the other hand, the research method is descriptive-analytical with a combined (quantitative-qualitative) approach

One of the proposed solutions to improve resilience is to walk the busy pedestrian sections of the street, implement traffic plans such as pairing and individualizing, controlling the speed of vehicles and providing safe movement for pedestrians through relaxation methods, using speed control tools. He mentioned the construction of overpasses or underpasses for pedestrians in high-risk areas, etcOne of the proposed solutions to improve resilience is to walk the busy pedestrian sections of the street, implement traffic plans such as pairing and individualizing, controlling the speed of vehicles and providing safe movement for pedestrians through relaxation methods, using speed control tools. He mentioned the construction of overpasses or underpasses for pedestrians in high-risk areas, etc

 This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the social vulnerability of the Karaj district in the descriptive analytical method using the VIKOR model. In this research, sampling of seven neighborhoods of Karaj from the old texture of Karaj was selected on the basis of a detailed design. Based on the Cochran formula, the population size of the sample was determined. Accordingly, in this research, while measuring social vulnerability in targeted areas, firstly, identifying and defining operational indicators that affect the vulnerability of urban neighborhoods. Subsequently, using the survey method and the questionnaire, the required information was collected and then, by using the VIKOR method, the target areas were prioritized and finally analyzed using non-parametric statistics. Accordingly, in this study, while measuring social vulnerability in the results of the research, it showed that the time and place in the area of social vulnerability is very low and the area of Turkabad is in the range of medium vulnerability and the social vulnerability of Sheikh Saadi and Karaj is very high. And Isfahani and Qalamstan neighborhoods with QI = 0 and QI = 883 respectively are close to the ideal model of the VIKOR model, are less vulnerable to social vulnerability indicators. The variables of human and social capacities predict 0.37 the rate of social vulnerability in the studied areas. Therefore, in all targeted neighborhoods, the mentioned indices (P

Foreign tourists' social security feeling and its impacts on their loyalty are among the most important issues that influence tourism trends in the urban space. The present study aimed to analyze the impact of social security feeling on the loyalty of foreign tourists in Sanandaj.

This research has been developed with an explanatory approach based on survey. The statistical population of the study is foreign tourists who have visited historical and recreational places in Sanandaj. SPSS and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The findings indicate that social security feeling has had a positive impact on the loyalty of foreign tourists. The coefficient of determination (R²) also indicates that %33.8 of the total variance of changes, the degree of social security among tourists is attributed to the component of police performance, and among the components of police performance, the component of police active presence is generalized and has more relationship with foreign tourists' social security feeling.

The results of regression analysis between predictor variables of physical security components of urban spaces and foreign tourists' loyalty indicated that components such as security of residence, safety of the accommodation of foreign tourists (crime-free), and order in places visited by tourists, account for the highest figures. Police performance, physical security of urban spaces, security of interaction and communication with the host community have been identified as the three main factors in determining the social security feeling and affecting the loyalty of tourists. Strengthening the social security feeling could enhance the level of loyalty of foreign tourists.

The city is a cultural-physical complex that is formed based on the needs, activities and behaviors of its inhabitants (Pour Mohammadi et al., 2015: 30). Urban spaces are one of the areas of manifestation of human behavior (Bardi Anna Moradnejad and Makran 20: 1398). Attention is paid to the links between spatial changes in the city and people's behavioral patterns (Abdolhahi Turkmani et al., 2012: 211). It also includes any activity or action that a living being performs, such as "a reflection or set of values based on a person's situation." D (Saeidian, 1382: 52) During the process of socialization, behavior is influenced by culture and by this process; language, customs and traditions, values and expectations are taught (Namazian, 1: 1397) Bahraini states that activities Humans rely on culture, culture creates a pattern of behavior, and this "behavioral pattern determines and expresses how people use spaces" (Bahraini, 2011: 43) Environment of artificial, natural and Their composition is composed. (Farhang Doostfard, 2000, 1997).

In order to have a normal data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Independent variables of this study include indicators of diversity, flexibility, permeability, visual fitness, readability, sensory richness and variable and behavioral patterns of citizens. . The selection of these variables was done to measure based on theoretical literature and the sources of existing research, as well as interviews with experts in the field of urban planning. In order to measure the questions related to the effect of physical-environmental components on the behavioral pattern of citizens, the Cronbach's alpha obtained is 0.76 and since this value is higher than 0.7, it indicates that the questions related to the variables have a good reliability. The statistical population of this study is the beneficiaries of the use of the space of 30 Tir Street, who have been present at the place of residence from 10:00 AM to 10:00 PM. The sampling method was also random, using cluster sampling with a simple random sampling of 384 people. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, a prototype included 30 over-tested questionnaires. Then, using Cronbach's alpha method, its reliability was checked. This figure was obtained for independent variables of 0.787 and for 0.77 variables, which indicates the necessary reliability of the questionnaire.

The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes

The Pearson coefficients correlation matrix between the components of physical components with behavioral patterns can be observed. The results show that there was the highest correlation coefficient between the dimensions of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens between permeability (P <0.01, r = 0.0579) and the lowest correlation coefficient between sensory richness and behavioral patterns. . (P <0.01, p = 0.142) In this study, multiple regression analysis between the components of physical components was used as a predictor variable and behavioral patterns were used as a criterion variable by simultaneous method. The results of multiple correlation coefficients indicate that in general, there is a direct relationship between the components of physical components with the behavioral patterns of citizens and significant statistical continuity. (599R =, 01 / 0sig =). In addition, the correlation coefficient shows that by changing the status of physical components, the behavioral patterns of their citizens also increase. 0) and visual fit (0.187) is clearly evident, but in terms of the impact of sensory richness in the study area, this impact on citizens' behavioral patterns has been largely indirect. The value of F is equal to 984.764 and its significance is equal to 0.000 and since it is less than 0.05, its significance is obvious and shows that the dimensions of the independent variables in this study can change the dependent variable. Express. Therefore, considering the calculated value for F at the 99% confidence level, it can be said that the linear composition of the independent variables in this study are also significant and as a result, they are able to predict the variable changes.

In the routing, the most basic parameter is to find the shortest path and in the ideal mode of linking the source and destination posts with a straight line. Because by shortening the route, the amount or quantity of equipment needed, such as foundations and foundations on the one hand, and the cost of operational operations such as mapping, geology and soil mechanics, and road asphalt costs, will be significantly reduced. The operation of roads as one of the infrastructural structures in the development of the national economy does not need more emphasis, but nevertheless, the development of inappropriately designed roads will have a significant negative impact on the environment and, in some cases, damage The damaging effects of road development are so great that it undermines the benefits of increased communication and access. The environmental impact of roads on the environment can be attributed to air pollution, noise, surface water and altered patterns, or even the destruction of local communities by displacement. On the other hand, the sensitivity of communication routes in terms of security, economic and social, doubles the importance of this issue, and it is very necessary to pay special attention to the correct and optimal route for the construction of roads. Most routes with conventional methods do not have all the technical and engineering, economic and environmental considerations and standards, and this leads to increased costs of building communication paths and in addition, it can destroy environment by crossing unauthorized areas.

The present research is a descriptive-analytic study which was first studied through library and documentary studies, theoretical frameworks, and literature on route and routing, and then, with field observations and surveys, the required information was completed and by integrating existing maps and collected information is provided in the ArcGIS software environment. In this regard, the use of modern principles based on the GIS can play a significant role in the routing problem solving. In designing the route by GIS, we can model effective factors such as technical, engineering, economic and environmental factors and, by performing the required analyzes, determine the optimal route. In the process of determining the path, the first step in the practical steps of research is the extraction of information layers. Information about the study area, such as roads, faults, health centers, areas of each user's ... file shap format was prepared and collected on a scale of 1/25000 from the municipality. Among the criteria mentioned above, because the desired criterion is the distance from the centers and the zones, the Raster layer must be produced from them and the maps are transformed into a raster format for analysis, using the Analyst extensions commands and functions spatial such as distance and convert raster to features, and ... in ArcGIS10.5 software.

After designing the route by GIS, each route should be evaluated in terms of compliance with the environmental characteristics of the other routes, so that it can select a path that has a lower environmental impact as an optimal route. The choice of the optimal route among the planned routes is in fact a kind of multi-criteria decision making in which the decision goal is the optimal route selection and the criteria for choosing the optimal route including the slope of the route, the land of the road, the type of soil Crossing the route, the intersection of the route with the rivers, the type of land cover, the area of the passageway in the region. Since decision making is about the choice of the optimal route, the issue is very important and the occurrence of the error may cause irreparable losses, it is necessary to adopt reasonable and appropriate methods for choosing the optimal choice and the correct decision. In this research, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) process, introduced by Professor Sahyati in 1980, has been used.

Suitable road design and road planning are among the factors influencing the sustainable development of cities, which increase the efficiency of the road network, reduce costs and shorten paths. Establishing an offshore road network with a variety of goals from the executive branch of scientific management and optimization in the field of road safety and the road to sustainable development. Urban roads, in addition to being costly in designing, constructing and maintaining, as well as negative environmental impacts, have a special economic, environmental and public opinion sensitivity. Therefore, proper design and compliance with the necessary standards in this regard will be necessary. In order to build any new way, the first step is to select an optimal route. It's wise to always choose the best route with minimal cost. In order to determine a path, it is often necessary to evaluate several criteria and since, in the routing process, there are several quantitative and qualitative parameters that are practically independent and mutually interacting, it is necessary to use the multi-criteria evaluation method as One of the decision support methods used in this research is the use of GIS capabilities in building a database and performing various analyzes on it, the possibility of interfering with all the effective parameters in determining the optimal route was provided. In order to determine the optimal route, 12 criteria including geology, police stations, power lines, landslide, residential areas, distance from the road, distance from faults, erosion, elevation, slope, flood, land use were used. Based on the research, it was found that the designed road passes through less relative obstacles such as rivers, urban and rural areas and avoids all sensitive areas of the environment. As a result, the total cost of collecting the cost of different information layers is less due to the observance of privacy and the reduction of adverse environmental effects. Also, with regard to all the tracks, it can be said that the restrictions, especially their distribution, play an important role in determining the route, in other words, the main role, and the range of the route is limited by these factors and taking into account the shortest distance of determination gets.

Beautifying urban space has a direct relationship with the sustainability of urban environment and if its proper functioning and its objective objectivity in cities will have favorable effects on satisfaction and ultimately on the soul and mind of the citizens. The purpose of this research is to assess the satisfaction of citizens of the city from the function of beautification with the approach Sustainability is the urban environment. The present research is applied in terms of applied and descriptive correlations with the causal approach. Independent variables of this research include the quality of perceived quality of workability, trust, assurance, accountability, empathy. Also, citizens' satisfaction is considered as a variable. The statistical society is composed of citizens of Kemal-Shahr province of Alborz province. The sample size of 252 people from the standard SERVQUAL questionnaire was determined in five dimensions: trust, confidence, accountability and empathy. Data were analyzed using spss software and nonparametric statistics. The results showed that there is a difference between age groups in terms of perceptions and expectations of service quality gap and the highest gap (0.7921) is for the age group of 30 to 40 years The highest gap is between expectations and perceptions related to the reliability dimension (3.83) and the lowest dimension (1.92). The output from Amos software also showed that by changing a unit in the response variable and trust, a change of 72.4 percent would be achieved in the level of satisfaction of the citizens. Overall, satisfaction and sustainability components of the urban environment (sig = 0.001) ) There is a connection. Accountability is at the core of citizens' satisfaction. First place accountability, second-place trust and received rankings Third, accountability and empathy are also in the next ranks. In other words, by changing a unit in the response variable, 72.4 changes will be achieved in the level of satisfaction of citizens.

Guilan province is the oldest province in the country, among which the metropolitan city of Rasht also has an aging phenomenon. The present study aims to investigate the rate of accomplishment of the elderly city in Rasht, with emphasis on physical and social indicators. This research is a descriptive-analytical and survey method. In order to identify the research indicators (public spaces, buildings, transportation, safety, housing, medical and health services, rehabilitation of the elderly and social respect, social participation and welfare indicators) Has been. Cronbach's alpha is 0.74% and acceptable. For analyzing descriptive and inferential statistics, data were analyzed using SPSS software LISREL. The results of the research show that among the physical dimensions, with regard to 0.48, the index of public space and buildings (access to parks and green spaces with sports facilities) and among the social dimensions, the components of reverence for the elderly (0.49) are the highest Ranked. So that the physical dimensions of 0.49 and social dimensions are 0.33% of the variance of the egalitarian city's realization. In fact, the results of the Likert spectrum also showed these differences, so that in the index of public space and buildings, the option of parks and green spaces with 40.8%, the transport index (the proportion of service in transportation stations with 2 / 33%) Housing index (low cost housing with 58.2%) Health and Medical Services Index (easy access to medical services with 53.2%) Senior Citizens' Indicator (Social Relationship) and Social Inclusion Index Social inclusion of the elderly (63.2%) has the most consistent choices among the statistical population.

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of urban management services in Urban Texture using the SERVQUAL model and seek to answer these questions whether the performance of urban management in a limited study based on the SERVQUAL model in the form of five dimensions of sensitivity, Confidence, trust, accountability and empathy have been successful? . In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaires, the CRONBACH alpha coefficient was used which was calculated by the SPSS software (0.72) which shows the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. By nonparametric tests WILCOXON, Friedman, test T is also used in statistical ANALYZES.THE results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the level of satisfaction of the subjects with individual characteristics, and this fact has had a significant effect on their satisfaction with the quality of urban services. dimension (33.3) indicates that citizens have no easy access to urban management for the transfer of their opinions and suggestions and criticisms of various developmental, social and economic issues at the level of urban neighborhoods, and in the dimensions of the guarantee It involves the creation of confidence among citizens, the expectations of citizens are less fulfilled, and the impact of these probable factors is clearly evident in the gap between expectations of respondents' perceptions

Today, tourism industry, as a dynamic industry, has devoted an important part of production activities in the world by its development-oriented features. Hence its development in a country requires factors such as an appropriate strategy, planning and efficient management. In this paper, the status of tourism industry in Zanjan Province has been evaluated using SWOT technique and Input-Output table. The use of expert judgment of “Delphi” is used so that the judgment of the expert group a list of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) influencing the approach taken and the quantification was carried out .Methods of data collection and data analysis are applied and descriptive-analytical. According to the research findings, Zanjan province can become one of the big tourism hubs in the country because of its special geographical location and being between two industrial hubs of Tehran and East. Azerbaijan Provinces. Its strategy is defensive one, and strategies were proposed based on QSPM matrix at the end. Based on research findings in Zanjan province, tourism industry and its related sectors, in terms of linking with other sectors of the economy, can be considered as leading sectors in the economy of Zanjan Province. Therefore, this industry can boost the whole economy of Zanjan by supplying tourism services, demand for enjoying them, and producing tourism goods in other sectors. With regard to these potentials, tourism should be placed on the priority of the province planners in order to exploit them in line with the economy of this province.