فهرست مطالب f. najafi

Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) is a perennial and herbaceous plant. Madder's root is known as its most important economic part, and it is rich in anthraquinone derivatives. Madder is a plant with medicinal, nutritional, color and health benefits. Recent pharmaceutical studies have shown that the anthraquinones of the madder root have selective inhibitory effects on cancer cells. In this research, according to the water and soil limitations of the tested area, the use of biodegradable calcium carbonate and phosphate fertilizers to produce madder was suggested. So, considering climate change and water shortage as severe risks to sustainable development, the cheapness of madder production and its multiple uses, the planting and production of this plant are mainly used in semi-arid areas. 
In field conditions in Ardakan, Yazd, this research was tested in factorial form in a randomized complete block design with two factors and four replications. Calcium carbonate agent was supplied at five levels of 0, 20, 50, 100 and 150 kg hˉ1 and phosphate from triple superphosphate fertilizer at four levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg hˉ1. In each four-by-four-meter plot, four rows of seeds were planted, two side rows and two plants from the sides of the remaining lines were removed as marginal effects, and the rest of the plants were considered statistical populations. Irrigation water's electrical conductivity was measured during the growth period, and its average was 11.6 ds mˉ2. The plots were irrigated immediately after planting the seeds. Four days later, irrigation was done again. In the fall of the second and third years, soil was again given to the plants along with the desired treatments. Madder plants were harvested in the third winter year. Root fresh-weight biomass was weighed immediately after harvesting. After drying the roots at 104 °C, the dry weight of the roots was measured. A spectrophotometer also determined the content of anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide in the roots.
The results of bivariate analysis of variance of the data showed that the simple and reciprocal effect of different calcium carbonate and phosphate treatments on functional indicators of biomass, root fresh weight, root dry weight, anthraquinone content and root hydrogen peroxide in this research was significant at P≥ 0.05. The comparison of averages showed that the highest values of biomass, root wet weight, root dry weight, anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide were observed in the combined treatment of 20 kg h-1 of calcium carbonate and 100 kg h-1 of phosphate, compared to the control. The lowest value of performance indicators investigated in this research was observed in the combined treatment of 150 kg h-1 of calcium carbonate and 150 kg h-1 of phosphate, compared to the control. The simultaneous use of these two fertilizers had a complementary effect on each other. This was because the application of 20 and 50 kg h-1of calcium carbonate and 100kg h-1 of phosphate had an increasing impact on the anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide content in madder roots. The comparison of the averages showed that in the combined treatment of 20 kg h-1of calcium carbonate and 100 kg h-1of phosphate, compared to the control, the highest wet weight of the root increased by 71%, the highest dry weight of the root increased by 91%, and the highest anthraquinone content increased by 142% was observed. The comparison of the averages showed that in the combined treatment of 50 kg h-1 of calcium carbonate and 100 kg h-1 of phosphate, compared to the control, the highest biomass index was observed, with an increase of 79%.
The results showed that the functional indices of root fresh weight, root dry weight, anthraquinone content and biomass of madder increased significantly under the combined treatment of 20 kg h-1 of calcium carbonate and 100 kg h-1 of phosphate. It is suggested that madder be cultivated using calcium carbonate and phosphate fertilizers to increase the anthraquinone compounds under the influence of biodegradable and inexpensive external environmental stimuli in regions similar to the climatic conditions studied in this research.

Managing stress and building resilience are crucial in maintaining optimal performance and adhering to COVID-19 prevention guidelines. This study aimed to explore the correlation between stress and resilience while adhering to the guidelines for preventing COVID-19 in Kermanshah province.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kermanshah province from December 18th, 2020, to June 6th, 2021, using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of five sections: Demographic information, Health records, Procedures for COVID-19 prevention, Perceived stress, and Resilience. The data was collected through this questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression statistical methods.

Out of 188 participants, 121 (equivalent to 64.36%) were female. The perceived stress, resilience, and adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines were measured with mean scores (SD) of 23.53 (8.85), 62.16 (20.53), and 41.72 (7.22), respectively. The correlation analysis between the three variables revealed a significant positive correlation between resilience and adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines. Further analysis with multiple linear regression, taking into account other variables, showed that resilience, moderate, and high-stress levels significantly increased adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines by 17.27 (95% CI: 10.47, 24.07), 13.61 (95% CI: 6.53, 20.07), and 14.24 (95% CI: 6.57, 21.91), respectively. Additionally, there was a significant negative interaction between resilience and stress levels regarding adherence to COVID-19 preventive guidelines.

The stress level is almost moderate, and resilience is high; conversely, compliance with the guidelines for preventing COVID-19 is also high. Considering the inverse relationship between the interaction of stress and resilience with following the guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19, the necessity of gaining people's trust through their support in facing the adverse conditions of the pandemic, such as psycho-social and economic support by Health policymakers, is emphasized.

Aluminum (Al) is a major concern in acidic environments as it can lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce oxidative stress in the host. Assessment of Al-resistant microorganisms can help scientists to discover their mechanisms and improve bioremediation techniques. The present study aimed to characterize Al-resistant microalgae by screening industrial wastewater microorganisms. The microalgae were treated with 0, 10, and 100 µM Al. Then, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) values were measured. In addition, the effects of time (30-300 min), Al concentration (0-370 µM), and pH (4.0-6.5) on Al removal were investigated using the design-expert software. The efficiency of various biosorbents in Al removal was also evaluated in the optimal conditions of the final experiment. According to the results, Scenedesmus sp. was the most resistant microalgae and produced more biomass at 100 µM. Moreover, the POX and CAT activities of Scenedesmus sp. were increased by the high Al concentrations. In optimum conditions (81.60 µM Al, pH 5.8, 45 minutes), free cells (without modifications) were effective in Al biosorption (93.56%).

The problem of position tracking in teleoperation systems containing latencies and dynamical uncertainties is addressed in this work. In many applications, such as telesurgery, safe interaction with the external environment is a factor which may undermine the synchronization of the positions. For nondestructive contact with the environment, in addition to an errorless steady-state position tracking, the closed-loop system requires to have a response with the least possible overshoot. To this end, a state-feedback controller based upon L1 theory is proposed in this work. The compensator is synthesized utilizing the linear matrix inequality (LMI) technology, and the asymptotic stability of the system is verified employing Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Another advantage of the proposed control scheme is that it is robust to asymmetric randomly varying time delays in the communication channels. The L1-based controller is finally compared to the well-known sliding mode controller via simulation, and is proved to outperform it from maximum error point of view, while preserving low steady-state error. The proposed controller is also illustrated to be effective even in the presence of model uncertainties.

Many animals have a fear of novelty, which is known as neophobia. In the wild, avoiding new predators, meals, items, and places has an impact on life history and how animals adapt to new situations. However, because of the bird's anatomical structure, tolerance level, and physiology, this fear can occasionally cause irreparable harm and even death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological lesions leading to death in pink- collar parrots with neophobia. Necropsy was done and peripheral blood was obtained from the femoral vein and heart after a pink-collar parrot died suddenly. In addition, toxicological and biochemistry samples of bile, vitreous fluid, cerebral fluid, pericardial fluid, stomach contents, feathers, and samples of particular tissues (liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle) were taken. Pathological examinations of heart, lung, and brain tissues were also performed. It was clear that the right atrium had ruptured. The number of aortic cysts and the origin of the coronary artery had altered, indicating that cardiac arrest was more likely. Regurgitation, thickening or torsion of the cheeks' margins, rupture, perforation, calcification, fusion, or alterations in valve flushing were all visible problems in cardiac valves. The Papillary Muscles and the Corda Tendina had changed. Sudden death occurs at the end of a chain of events that leads to cardiac arrest; these events are commonly ventricular fibrillation (VF) or, less frequently, severe bradyarrhythmia.

Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) is a herbaceous and perennial plant, which has bioactive compounds with high medicinal and pigment potency. Local farmers believe that increasing soil lime increases the color composition of this plant. To investigate the effects of calcium carbonate and phosphorus fertilizer on some physiological parameters and root alizarin content in madder, a field factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments included calcium carbonate at five levels (0, 20, 50, 100, and 150 kg.ha-1) and triple superphosphate at four levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg.ha-1). Means comparison showed that the highest root dry weight (an increase of 75% compared to control), total plant dry weight (an increase of 58% compared to control), root alizarin content (an increase of 78% compared to control), and root catalase activity were obtained with calcium carbonate increase up to 20 kg.ha-1 and triple superphosphate increase up to 100 kg.ha-1. The highest root length (an increase of 54% compared to control) and leaf catalase activity were observed in the 50 kg.ha-1 calcium carbonate and 100 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate treatment. The highest leaf and root peroxidase activity was obtained in the treatment of 150 kg.ha-1 calcium carbonate and 150 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate. Simultaneous application of these two fertilizers had a complementary effect on each other, so that the 20 and 50 kg.ha-1 calcium carbonate application along with the 100 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate had an increasing effect on the alizarin content of madder root. This method can be used for the future development of a non-destructive tolerance test that shows madder increased response to calcium carbonate and phosphorus fertilizer, to further produce madder root medicinal compounds as a targeted drug for cancer treatment.

While there are more than ten girls' unisex universities in Iran, the pathology of this type of university has not been studied yet. However, considering the valuable role and position of women in society and sensitivity to the performance of girls' unisex universities, identifying and removing obstacles to move towards the lofty goals that are important for this type of universities. This study seeks to assess the role of girls' unisex universities as a symbol of the Islamic University in the higher education system.

For this purpose, while reviewing the research literature, the upstream documents that dealt with this field were examined and the strategies and measures proposed in these documents were extracted. Also, in this study, in order to identify the main harms and strategies and factors affecting the effective measures of girls' unisex universities, in-depth exploratory interviews were conducted with 22 experts and experts in related fields.

After identifying and analyzing the propositions, they were labeled with the method of content analysis, which by examining and classifying them, 393 basic themes, 49 organizing themes and four comprehensive themes were labeled.

Research findings include harms and solutions in the fields of management, education, research-technology and culture-students.

Smoking is an important individual risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which in combination with other risk factors may also increase the risk of cardiovascular conditions. In this study, the effect of CVD risk factors has been investigated on different levels of smoking.

This cross-sectional analysis was performed using the baseline data of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. The study included 10063 persons in the age range of 35–65 years.  The smoking status was categorized as current, former, and never smokers. It was also classified into three levels of light, medium and strong based on the amount of tobacco consumption. Data were analyzed using logistic regression.

The mean age of participants was 48.10± 8.25 years and nearly 4773 (47.43%) of them were male. The odds ratio of CVDs were 3.14 (95% CI = 1.28-2.67), 1.47 (95% CI = 0.85-2.55), and 1.25 (95% CI = 0.56-5.77) times higher in smoker with hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, respectively. Hypertension (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.18-1.00) and hyperlipidemia (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.17-1.90) increased the CVD risk in former smokers. High physical activity in never smokers (OR = 0.73) and former smoker (OR = 0.53) was a significant CVD protective factor.

Smoking either individually or in combination with other risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, poor physical activity, and old age increases the risk of developing CVD.

On 12 November 2017, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale occurred in Kermanshah Province. Explaining the challenges and needs of the victims in such circumstances can be an important source of information for future planning and better management of such conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explain the challenges and needs of the earthquake victims.

This study was a qualitative study. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers, policymakers, and health and emergency relief providers in earthquake areas, and 10 focused group discussions were held with earthquake victims from December to February 2016. The data were analyzed using conventional content analysis.

The needs and challenges in Kermanshah earthquake were classified into three periods after the earthquake: 1. Challenges and needs in the first few days with three sub-categories including management, rescue services, and urgent care, 2- Challenges and needs in the first few weeks  after the earthquake with three sub-categories including housing and emergency assistance, public health services, and access to health care; and 3. Needs and challenges in several months after the earthquake with four sub-categories including economic, social, infrastructural and health service needs.

Lack of unity of command was the main challenge in this earthquake. Another point was the health needs of victim earthquakes over time. Therefore, dispatching of aid forces to the affected areas during natural disasters should be based on planning and needs.

In this research, graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were modified by second and fourth generations of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers in order to improve the particle dispersion quality in the epoxy matrix and therefore its barrier anti-corrosion performance. Confirmation on the GO surface modification by Polyamidoamine generation 2 (PAMAM2) and polyamidoamin generation 4 (PAMAM4) was carried out by Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The corrosion protection properties of the epoxy composites against corrosive electrolyte (3.5 wt.% NaCl solution) was investigated by salt spray and electrochemical methods. The dispersion of unmodified and modified GO sheets in the epoxy matrix was studied by FE-SEM analysis. The FT-IR test results evidenced that the GO sheets were successfully modified with PAMAM 2 and 4 via the covalent binding mechanism.  Salt spray and EIS test results revealed that the epoxy composites loaded with GO-PAMAM4 and PAMAM4 showed the highest improvement in the corrosion resistance. FE-SEM images from the fracture surface of the coatings revealed that the dispersion of GO sheets within the epoxy coating was improved after modification by PAMAM4.

Xylene, which can pollute the water sources, is widely used as a solvent in insecticide manufacture, dye and leather and other industries. Adsorption is one of the most common processes used to treat the contaminated aqueous solutions by xylene. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the xylene removal efficiency and adsorption isotherms of magnetic nanoparticles (iron nanoparticles), single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and single-walled carbon nanotubes- magnetic nanoparticles (SWCNT-MN) hybrid adsorbent.

The variables studied in this research were xylene concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and pH. In this study, the xylene removal was evaluated by SWCNT-MN hybrid nanoreactors for 2 to 20 minutes. Design Expert software was used to optimize the xylene removal factors using Taguchi OA method. Xylene adsorption isotherm was investigated by ISOFIT software. Xylene measurement was performed by GC/MS.

The efficiency of the xylene removal by magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, SWCNT and SWCNT-MN were 99.8, 99.2 and 99.9%, respectively. The Xylene adsorption isotherm of these three adsorbents showed that GLG isotherm is the most suitable isotherm for this adsorption.

The efficiency of the xylene removal by SWCNT-MN nano-reactors had no significant difference with the efficiency of the nano-magnetic column, but the removal efficiency of the xylene by the SWCNT-MN nano-reactors column and the nano-magnetic column was significantly different from the SWCNT column. Also, the comparison of adsorption capacity of used adsorbents showed that SWCNT-MN nanoreactors had the higher adsorption capacity than magnetic nanoparticles and SWCNTS.

Stevia rebaudiana has been used in medicine as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-fungal, and antibacterial agent. The present study was conducted to investigate the healing effects of S. rebaudiana ethanol extracts on cutaneous wounds in rats.

Full-thickness excisional wounds (2×2 cm) were induced on the back of 32 rats. The rats were divided into four groups as follows; untreated (control) and treated with 1 mL basal cream, 1 mL S. rebaudiana ethanol extract 10%, and 1 mL tetracycline (3%) for 20 days (short term). Animals of each group were euthanized at 20 day post-injury and wounds were assessed through macroscopic and microscopic analyses.

During the experiment, S. rebaudiana indicated a significant reduction in the wound area compared to other groups. Parameters such as arrangement of the healing tissue, re-epithelilization and epithelial formation demonstrated considerable changes when compared to the control. In addition, treatment with S. rebaudiana decreased the total number of cells, fibrocytes/fibroblasts ratio, neutrophils, and lymphocytes and enhanced the number of blood vessels and fibroblasts at 20 day.

The present study demonstrated the wound healing activity of S. rebaudiana, lending credence to the folkloric use in the treatment of cutaneous wounds.

The subject of this study was vibration damping of Timoshenko beam based on finding optimal place and number of piezoelectric sensor and actuator using LQR controller and MOPSO algorithm. Today, researchers make a lot of effort to make a structure have optimized reliable life, manufacturing cost, and power consumption. One of the researches on optimized and controlled smart structure is through using piezoelectric sensor and actuator so that the sensor and actuator can adopt the best controlling interest based on the type of approach to design the controller upon receipt of a vibration by sensor and with the transfer of vibration signals to the controller. Then, it can transfer a proper signal to the actuator. In fact, it is the actuator that tries to neutralize the vibrations of the structure in order to have a structure with longer life and lower failure and can meet the designer's objective in the best way. In this study, using MOPSO algorithm and defining the design variables, the best number and location to place the piezoelectric sensor and actuator at the bottom and top the bottom and top cantilever beam in in a specified range can be searched and then an optimal model of smart structure was suggested.

Reducing energy consumption is the main purpose of design. Naturally, energy loss in each system can compromise the future of a system. This has drawn attention of researchers all around the world. Contentious structures the same as an engineering structure such as beam, plate, and shell are widely used in various industries. Much of industrial systems include these structures. However, the most important point in designing such structures is to avoid failure, reduce maintenance cost, and increase life of the structure. These points directly and indirectly can describe energy consumption and necessarily cannot meet the objectives of the design and not reach an optimal output and product. Vibration of any continuous system can have poor consequences on performance and can weaken the design of a system. Therefore, the effort to reduce vibration and control the mechanical phenomenon has a significant impact on reduced energy waste of a continuous structure (kinematic energy- potential energy). This paper sought to report scientific and research activities from 1980 to 2013 on vibration suppression of continuous systems focusing on optimal placement approach on the structure and installing piezoelectric S/A and smart model built by control approaches in order to attenuate and control unwanted vibrations of the system against external stimulations and disturbance.

The time series is a collection of observation data that are arranged according to time. The main purpose of setting up a time series is to predict future values. The first step in time series data is graphed. Using graphs can provide general information such as uptrend or downtrend, seasonal patterns, periodic presence, and outliers in time series graphs. After graphing the data, if a good forecast is required, stationary data can be used. Differencing or decomposition methods can be used to make the data stationary. Then, a correlogram can be used to identify the order moving average and autoregressive model. The parameters of the model are examined using T-test. If the parameters are significant and the residue is independence, the predicted values can be evaluated using the mean absolute percentage error.

Many studies have been done on hybrid vehicles in the past few years. The full hybrid vehicles need a large number of batteries creating up to 300 (V) to meet the required voltage of electric motor. The size and weight of the batteries cause some problems. This research investigates the mild hybrid vehicle. This vehicle includes a small electric motor and a high power internal combustion engine. In most cases the car’s driving force is created by an internal combustion part. A small electric motor, which can operate as engine starter, generator and traction motor, is located between the engine and an automatically shifted multi-gear transmission (gearbox). The clutch is used to disconnect the gearbox from the engine when needed such as during gear shifting and low vehicle speed. The power rating of the electric motor may be in the range of about 15% of the IC engine power rating. The electric motor can be smoothly controlled to operate at any speed and torque, thus, isolation between the electric motor and transmission is not necessary. The present study evaluates the properties of the mild hybrid vehicle, its structure and performance and proposes an energy control model for its optimum operation.

Elicitation with middle-viscous chitosan (30 mg/50 mL) significantly stimulated silymarin synthesis in Silybum marianum hairy root cultures. The root cultures established by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes AR15834 showed a potential for production of silymarin. Elicitation with medium molecular weight of chitosan (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/50 mL) was used in order to improve silymarin production. Total silymarin increased about 5.26-fold after 96 h of treatment with 30 mg/50 mL chitosan. Dry weight of the hairy roots reached the highest point (0.530 and 0.535 g) after 96 h in presence of 20 and 30 mg/50 mL chitosan, respectively. Five different flavonolignans were isolated; taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin and isosilybin) 0.133, 0.200, 0.120, 0.041 and 0.056 mg/g dry weight, respectively). 30 days old hairy roots were treated by 30 mg/50 mL chitosan in different times (12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). The amount of silymarin accumulation significantly increased (0.705 mg/gDW) in hairy roots after 96 h treatment. These observations suggested that the medium molecular weight of chitosan could be elicited by S. marianum hairy root cultures that lead to the higher production of silymarin. These results correlated with the culture time, and the biosynthesis which reached to a maximum of 0.705 mg/gDW by 96 h after culture. (2.9-fold higher than the control).

In order to understand some physiological mechanism of chilling and cold sensitivity in plants we investigate the effects of chilling and cold stress on chlorophyll and proline content, lipid peroxidation and variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of Arabidopsis (thaliana L.) The four weeks-old plants (WT, and four chilling sensitive mutants [chs2-2], [chs2-1], [chs1-2] and [chs1-1]) were subjected to two different low temperature treatments (control (23̊ C), chilling (13̊ C) and cold (4̊ C)), for one week. Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content changed significantly in all mutants except in WT by chilling stress (13̊ C), compared with control and 4̊ C treatments. Two out of four mutants, chs1-1 and chs1-2, had lowest chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm value among the tested genotypes. The proline content increased in all mutant genotypes, as well as in WT by chilling stress and 4̊ C, compared with control. MDA content of shoots changed dramatically in all mutant genotypes except in WT by chilling stress, compared with control and 4̊ C treatments. Our findings showed that two mutants, chs1-1 and chs1-2, have had highest chilling sensitivity among the tested genotypes and had the highest proline and MDA contents. It is possible that some damages in photosynthetic systems and/or in proline metabolism via mutation cause these plants more sensitive to chilling and cold stress.

Chronic renal disease (C.R.D) is a pathophysiological process due to progressive and irreversible decrease in number and function of nephrons in the kidney. Anemia is one of the most important complications in CRD patients. Anemia is caused mainly due to diminished production of erythropoietin (EPO), which is treated by weekly injection of the EPO. L-carnitine added to EPO can increase the efficacy of EPO.

Present study, from March 2003 until September 2004 (18 months), evaluates the effects of L-carnitine added to EPO in 30 patients at Shaheed Rahnemon hemodialysis center of Yazd. Each patient was administered one oral table (250 mg) of L-carnitine, twice a day along with EPO for 90 days. EPO was in the form of injection 2000 iu/sc after dialysis.(three times per week). One questionnaire was completed for each patient, which included demographic characteristics, type of disease, duration of the hemodialysis, Hb and Hct levels, transferrin saturation and ferritin levels. Hb ,Hct and transferrin saturations were measured on days 1, 45 and 90. Results were analyzed by paired t test and analysis of variance.

Results of this study showed that the mean Hb levels and Hct were significantly raised up to 1.1 mg/dl (P.value<0.001) and 2.7% (P.Value<0.001), respectively. In addition, significant decrease of 5.75% in transferrin (P.Value< 0.001) and 121ng/ml in ferritin levels (P.Value< 0.001) was observed. Efficacy of EPO plus L-carnitine was affected only by duration of hemodialysis and not by age, sex or causes of CRD.

L-carnitine added to EPO increases the efficacy of EPO after 3 months.