faezeh jahanpour

Nurse-mother communication is a challenge in neonatal units, and many moral debates in these units are due to communication problems between mothers and nurses. The present study was performed to determine the status of nurses' and mothers' perceptions of nurse-mother ‎communication in the neonatal units of selected hospitals in ‎Bushehr ‎province in 2021‎.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in six hospitals in Bushehr province. Nurses and mothers who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study using the two-month census method. Data collection tools included the mothers’ and nurses’ demographic information forms and questionnaires on their perception of nurse-mother ‎communication. The validity and reliability of questionnaires have been confirmed in previous studies. ‎Data collected from 104 nurses and 236 mothers were analyzed using SPSS version 24.

The mean score of mothers' perception of nurse-mother communication was 59.27±12.82 and the mean score of nurses' perception of nurse-mother communication was 73.37±9.57. In addition, a statistically significant relationship was found between the mean score of mothers' perception of nurse-mother communication and the admitted unit and the gestational age of the baby. There was also a statistically significant relationship between nurses' perception of nurse-mother communication and their employment status.

Mothers' perception of nurse-mother communication was at a moderate level, while nurses' perception was at a high level. Considering the existing difference between their perceptions, planning is needed to enhance the role of nurses and strengthen their ‎communication skills consistent with the family-centered care approach. It is therefore suggested that nursing authorities provide a platform to educate nurses and make them more familiar with mothers' needs.

Having children with autism causes stress to parents, which negatively affects their quality of life. This issue that having a child with autism spectrum affects the father or mother more has been less investigated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing parenting stress and quality of life and the relationship between these concepts in couples with autistic children.

The current research is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional. The research population included 96 couples with children with autism who referred to autism centers in Bushehr and Shiraz cities in 2019; who were included in the research using the census method. Data collection tools included demographic form, parenting stress and quality of life questionnaires. Mean, standard deviation and frequency tables were used to describe the data, and paired t-tests and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS V.19 software.

The average age of mothers and fathers was 48.48±8.41 and 53.31±7.90 respectively. The average score of parenting stress in fathers and mothers was 133.84±9.85 and 134.73±17.92, respectively, and the average quality of life of fathers and mothers was 54.85±7.45 and 53.56±5.70, respectively. The two groups had no statistically significant difference in average quality of life (p=0.157) and parenting stress (P=0.900). There was an inverse and significant statistical relationship between fathers' parenting stress with their mental (p=0.008) and physical (p=0.004) quality of life and also between mothers' parenting stress with their mental (p<0.001) and physical (p=0.001) quality of life.

The results showed that both parents of children with autism experience the same high parenting stress and similar quality of life. Parents' stress of parenting can affect their quality of life; which is stronger in mothers than in fathers. Therefore, developing parenting stress reduction programs for couples with autistic children should be on the agenda of health policy makers.

The main way to improve the quality of care, especially for children, is to improve nursing communication skills.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reminiscence training on professional relationship communication skills in pediatric nursing staff.

This study was a quasi-experimental design that consisted of all babies and infants’ nursing staff working in an educational hospital of Bushehr City, Iran, in 2019. A total of 84 nurses (41 cases were obtained for the experimental group and 43 cases for the control group) took part in the study. The samples were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. In this study, the questionnaires of nurses’ professional communication skills and nurses’ communication skills with hospitalized infant mothers were used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed. First, the pre-test was taken from the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 hours reminiscence training session. Post-test was taken from both groups immediately and one month after the intervention. To analyze data, descriptive indices, the Chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used.

Comparison of demographic data in two groups showed no significant difference between them in terms of scores of both instruments before the intervention. The independent t-test showed that the mean scores of communication with mothers and communication with colleagues one month after the intervention were significantly different (P=0.001) between the experimental and control groups. The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that the interaction effect between group and time was statistically significant, and the trend of mean scores changes in nursing staff professional relationships with colleagues (P=0.03) and mothers (P=0.001) during the study period (before, immediately after, one month after intervention) were different between the experimental and control groups.

Training based on reminiscence effectively improves nurses’ professional communication. So we suggest that this training be included in nurses’ educational programs.

Internet addiction is excessive use of the Internet (daily more than three hours). This is social and psychological damage with severe consequences for young people, especially college students. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Internet addiction and identity styles in Bushehr University of Medical Sciences students.

The present research is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population was all students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. The sample included 277 students studying at Bushehr University of Medical Sciences who were selected using simple random sampling. The data were collected using demographic characteristics, the Berzonsky Identity Style Inventory, and Yangchr('39')s Internet addiction questionnaire. For analyzing data, statistical Pearson correlation, ANOVA, t-test were used by SPSS 23 statistical software.

The result showed that 90.2 percent of students were non-addicted, and 9.8 percent are addicted to the Internet. The average information identity is 40.29±6.65, and the avoidance identity is 27.89±6.21. The correlation between normative identity style (-0.30) and information (-.0.26) with Internet addiction in a negative direction is statistically significant (p<0.001).

The present studychr('39')s findings confirm the relationship between informational and normative identity styles and Internet addiction. According to the results of this study, it is necessary to develop programs such as training the Internetchr('39')s correct use at universities and filling studentschr('39') leisure time.

It is widely accepted that parents of children with autism face higher stress than parents of normal children. Investigating the effects of such stresses on the family is a proper strategy for planning to manage the problems of having a child with autism disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive role of perceived parenting stress in adaptability and cohesion among family of children with autism spectrum disorder in Bushehr and Shiraz cities in the years 2019.

This cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2019 on 125 parents of children with autism in educational and rehabilitation centers Bushehr and Shiraz cities, selected by simple sampling method. Study data were collected using demographic data form, Parenting Stress Index, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES), and Diagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (GRAS). To analyze the data, different tests were applied including Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression.

Mean age of participants in the study was 53.29±7.94. Mean total score of parenting stress and FACES were equal to 134.51±12.56 and 51.2±7.8, respectively. Among different subscales of parenting stress, Difficult Child character shows a significant inverse statistical correlation with adaptability (β=-0.361, p>0.001), cohesion (β=-0.363, p>0.002) and total score of adaptability and cohesion (β=-0.379, p>0.001).

According to the results, parenting stress is inversely related to family adaptability and cohesion. So, parents of children with autism are experiencing family problems that need attention and planning by health authorities to address such issues.

Communication skills are recognized as an essential part of nursing services and as they are faced with an extended range of referees, they have to communicate with them in a specific way. This study was performed to determine the communication skills of nursing staff of pediatric wards with their colleagues. This descriptive-analytic study as cross-sectional was performed on 110 nursing staff of pediatric wards from Persian Gulf’s hospital during 2019, in Bushehr, Iran, by using census sampling method. Data collection tool was a communication skills’ questionnaire including demographic part and items for self assessing communication skills of nurses with their colleagues. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test, Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA at the significant level of 0.05. The mean score of professional communication was 54.33 ± 7.26 which was relatively significant. Scores of professional communication were not statistically associated with age, work experience, educational degree, employment status, type of responsibility, interest to job and marital status. The results showed statistically significant relationship between the mean scores of professional relationship with workplace (p <0.013) and shift work (p <0.020). The highest professional communication score was 58.83 in the nursing office and the lowest score was 50.21 in the pediatric emergency department. The Pearson correlation between age and work experience was positive with the mean score of professional communication, and the highest score of professional communication was related to staff working in shift work. According to the findings of the present study, the status of professional communication among nursing staff of pediatric wards was relatively desirable and therefore, based on the results, it is suggested that nursing authorities and planners plan and endeavor to enhance nurseschr('39') professional communication.

Drug addiction has always been considered as one of the most pervasive social problems. Although the risk of drug addiction is high in men, but this risk has been increased in women as well. This qualitative study was conducted on 21 addicted women in Bushehr who were selected using purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interview. All interview were recorded, immediately written, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. After data analysis, 3 main themes including personal, family, and social factors with 17 items were obtained. The main factors affecting drug addiction in women in Bushehr were personal and family factors. Some interventions such as increasing the knowledge of people about factors affecting drug addiction and family education can be effective in the prevention of drug addiction in women.

Patient rights is one of the essential rights that should be considered by the medical staff, checking and comparing the attitudes of first and last year medical students to inform the ethical points of service delivery is important. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate of first and last year medical students' attitude about respecting patients' rights in hospitals of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. The present study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out by using a questionnaire derived from Patient Right Charter approved by the Ministry of Health. The study population included all the first and last year of medical students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 113 and the sampling method was census. By using independent t-test and Pearson correlation, data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software. The attitude of first year students' was 76.36 ± 13.90 and among seniors was 71.63 ± 8.08, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). %52 of first and %84 of last year medical students had respectively and relatively favorable attitude regarding patients' rights. There was not statistically significant relationship between students' attitude and demographic factors. First year students had a better attitude among patient rights than the last year students. Therefore, planning to improve the students' attitude of observing patients' rights during the years of study is recommended.

Family-centered care (FCC) has recently been recognized as the most effective approach in pediatric and family care. Despite the emphasis of healthcare systems on commitment to the philosophy and application of FCC, the nature of this method remains unknown in the related studies. The present study aimed to describe and interpret the experiences of professional and familial caregivers about FCC in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to reveal its structure and essence.
The study was conducted using Van Manen’s phenomenological approach on 18 participants, including 10 professional and eight familial caregivers, who were interviewed. In addition, the interactions between the caregivers during the FCC practice were observed closely. Data were collected from the interviews, and the field notes were transcribed. Data analysis was performed using Van Manen’s thematic analysis.
Four main themes and 12 subthemes emerged in the study. Experiences of the caregivers about FCC were manifested through the themes of ‘restoring stability’ (subthemes: ‘reconstituted family’, ‘comprehensive advocacy’, and ‘meta-family interaction’), ‘oriented coalition’ (subthemes: ‘family as a care partner’, ‘professional group action’, ‘unity of action in caregivers’, and ‘collaborative space governance’), ‘dynamics of care’ (subthemes: ‘family as an agent for the advancement of professional caregivers’, ‘perceived status of problem-solving’, and ‘confrontation of caregivers’), and ‘empowering the family caregivers’ (subthemes: ‘accompanying to learn’ and ‘functional evolution’).
According the results, FCC is a dynamic care intervention, which is established through purposeful interactions between heterogeneous group members (professional and familial caregivers) in order to achieve care goals and create balance in all caregivers. Moreover, the approach enables familial caregivers to play their role efficiently. Application of this comprehensive care requires the attention of healthcare policymakers and managers to provide the proper context for optimal care provision in the NICU.

Nurses need to be familiar with the ethical issues of nursing and its sensitivity to all communications and interventions with patients. This sensitivity as a basis for nursing ethics should be considered from the beginning of nursing education. This study aimed to investigate the moral sensitivity of nursing students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the ethical sensitivity of 73 nursing students using standard questionnaire of ethical sensitivity of nurses in decision-making. Its validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies (α=0.8). Dimensions of the questionnaire were: amount of respect for patient independence, level of knowledge about the relationship with the patient, level of professional knowledge, experience of difficulties and ethical conflicts, and the use of ethical concepts in ethical decision-making, honesty and benevolence. 0-50 were considered as low moral sensitivity, 50-75 as moderate, and 75-100 as high. All nursing students of the third and eighth semester were enrolled in the census in 2016. The average students' moral sensitivity was moderate (68.15±13.99). The highest average was for "honesty and benevolence", and the least for "professional knowledge" and "the use of ethical concepts in moral decision-making". The average moral sensitivity of the eighth semester students was higher than the third semester. There was a significantly relationship between students' moral sensitivity and academic term (p=0.000). Low ethical sensitivity in nurses leads to inappropriate decision-making; therefore, appropriate educational programs should be considered to increase the moral sensitivity of nurses and nursing students from the beginning of education.

Most people experience some degree of anxiety before surgery that when it increased can cause serious complications. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of educational multimedia on preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing cesarean section in Bushehr University of Medical Sciences.
This single-blind clinical trial was performed on 162 patients aged 16 to 50 years referred to the educational hospitals of Bushehr for elective cesarean section in 2014. The subjects were assigned to experimental and control groups. One night before the surgery, the experimental group was given a VCD (containing educational videos related to surgery and various types of anesthetics) and was shown by the researcher. The control group received no intervention. Amsterdam questionnaire was used to assess preoperative anxiety. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and t-test and ANOVA. P The mean score of total anxiety in the control group was 21.92±4.99 and in the experimental group was 17.44±5.88, and the difference was statistically significant (p The use of educational multi-media is effective to reduce the patient's anxiety before surgery; therefore it is recommended to be used in patients before surgery.

More than 14 million infants die in the first year of life, and diarrhea is the major cause of mortality among these infants.
This study aimed to compare the health behaviors of mothers of infants under 1 year with diarrhea and other infants in pediatric wards.
This descriptive-analytical study recruited 246 infants under one year old hospitalized in the pediatric ward (123 infants with diarrhea and 123 without diarrhea). We collected the data using a questionnaire consisting of two parts: demographic information and health behaviors. To determine the face and content validity of the questionnaire, we surveyed 10 faculty members. Test-retest reliability was checked by a pilot study on 25 patients in each group. Data were analyzed using frequency (percentage), mean, standard deviation (SD), and range. As the health behavior variable was non-normal, we performed chi-squared, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal -Wallis test in SPSS 19, with the significance level of 0.05
In this study, 123 infants with diarrhea had the mean age of 8.16 months and the standard deviation of 2.65 and 123 infants with other diseases had the mean age of 6.24 months and SD of 3.30. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between demographic information and the incidence of disease in infants. The health behavior score was 16.8 (SD: 2.39) in the group with diarrhea and 17.3 (SD: 2.06) in the group without diarrhea, indicating no significant difference in these infants’ health behaviors.
Given the lack of a significant difference in health behaviors among these children, we conclude the positive and negative aspects of mothers’ health behavior and can attempt to increase general knowledge, especially the mothers’ health behaviors.

Maintaining the privacy is one of the most fundamental rights of the patients, based on the need for respect to human dignity. Considering that today's students are tomorrow's nurses who are directly involved with patients during and after their education, it is necessary to review their performance regarding the privacy of patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the privacy practices of patients among trainees and interns of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences. This was a descriptive analytical and cross-sectional study. A total of 283 nursing and midwifery students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences who had the necessary features to enter this study were selected by consensus method. The data collection tool was privacy questionnaire made by Heidari (2000), which validity and its reliability was confirmed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 23 as well as statistical tests (T-test and ANOVA). The results of this study showed that the average score of patient's privacy was 09.24 ± 11.97. Also, student's performance in the area of personal, human, and in general the patient privacy was approximately good, and there was a significant difference between the average performance of trainees and interns in the domain of human (p-value = 0.002) and, in general, the privacy the patient (p-value = 0.018). There was a significant difference between the demographic factors of the educational level, ethnicity and occupation of students with practice of patient's personal privacy. Since the student's performance regarding the privacy of the patients was good, the administrators and clinicians should plan and take the necessary measures to maintain the present situation.

Parental presence during induction of anesthesia (PPIA) has been a controversial issue, with some studies showing its effects on reducing anxiety. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of PPIA on preoperative anxiety of children as well as their parents.
This clinical trial was conducted among 60 children aged 2–10 years and their parents. Children were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. Children in the control group were taken to the operating room (OR) alone, while those in the intervention group were taken to the OR with one of their parents. When the anesthetic mask was placed on the children’s face (induction), the children’s preoperative anxiety in both groups was assessed using Modified‑Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (M‑YPAS), and after that the parents in the intervention group were escorted to the waiting area. Parents’ anxiety in both the groups was measured by the Spielberg State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the waiting area. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (independent t‑test and Chi‑square test) statistic methods through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 software.
Results showed no significant difference between children’s anxiety in the intervention (70.83) and control (70.39) groups in the preanesthetic period. In addition, no significant difference was seen between the intervention (79.23) and control (85.86) groups regarding total parents’ anxiety.
PPIA was not successful in reducing the children’s preoperative anxiety as well as parents’ anxiety. Future studies in this area are needed to clarify the effects of this intervention in pediatric populations.

Uncontrolled hypertension in the elderly causes various diseases and disability. This study was aimed to explore the challenges in self-management empowerment from the perspective of Iranian elderly patients with hypertension. Using exploratory descriptive approach, on 30 hypertension patients in Bushehr by purposive and convenience sampling method. First, qualitative data were collected through interviews with the elderly , and the quantitative data were then collected using a researcher-made questionnaire in three dimensions of knowledge, attitude and performance. Qualitative data was directed with the content analysis approach, and quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS. In the qualitative phase, coding and summarizing of the data obtained from deep semi-structured interviews with the elderly led to five areas of awareness of changes, autonomy, satisfaction with performance, coping and sense of control. 7 men and 23 women participated in the qualitative phase, in which the average age of participants was 66.17% and 63% were married. Data analysis showed that the mean score of the elderly was equal to 10.17 and 58.26 for the dimensions of knowledge and performance respectively, which were at a weak level; and the mean attitude score was 9.96, which was at a moderate level. Given the challenges in empowering the management of hypertension in elderly, the planned training is recommended to be developed for the elderly and health care staff to achieve the main objective, i.e. the empowerment of the elderly through the self-management of hypertension.

In recent decades, family-centered care (FCC) has come to be known, accepted, and reported as the best care strategy for admitted children and their families. However, in spite of the increasing application of this approach, the experiences of the caregivers have not yet been studied.
The present study aimed at the description and interpretation of the FCC experience in two neonatal intensive care units (NICU) at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
This study was conducted through the hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 professional and familial caregivers, and their interactions were observed in three work shifts. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. After observations, field notes were also written. Finally, the data were analyzed through van Manen’s methodology.
One of the essential themes that emerged in this study was the “evocation of being at home” among familial and even professional caregivers. This theme had three subthemes: i.e., “meta-family interaction,” “comprehensive support,” and “reconstruction of a normal family.” Accordingly, FCC eliminated borders between professional and non-professional caregivers and built close relationships among them in the NICU. It also provided for the needs of neonates, their families, and even professional caregivers through perceived and received support.
Parents of the neonates admitted to the NICU experience hard moments. They not only play the role of primary caregivers, but they also receive the care. Focusing on the different meanings of this care from the caregivers’ points of view and having managers provide certain requirements can guarantee the establishment of comprehensive care for clients and proper support for the staff in this unit.

Nurses comprise the largest group of service providers in the health system and have a significant impact on health care quality; therefore, ethical practice is of greater importance in the nursing profession compared to other fields of care. The present study was conducted to evaluate patients’ views on nurses’ observance of professional ethics in training hospitals of Bushehr during 2015.
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 208 patients hospitalized in teaching hospitals of Bushehr selected by convenience sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and questions about ethics of the nursing profession. Validity and reliability of the data collection tool were approved. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient using SPSS version 18.
The results showed that 94.6 percent of the patients evaluated the nurses’ observance of professional ethics as good, 4.4 percent as moderate and 1 percent as poor. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between the independent variables of age, gender, marital status, education level and history of hospitalization ward in the patients, and their views on nurses’ observance of professional ethics.

Clinical training is an integral part of nursing education; however, some studies have shown that it is not always efficient..
This study aimed to find out the factors that can impede nursing students’ clinical learning..
In this qualitative study, data were collected via reflective journal writing. Purposeful sampling was used, and 12 senior nursing students were recruited to the study. The data were analyzed using a content analysis method..
Three main categories were derived, including inappropriate communication, ineffective role models, and theory-practice gaps. Students perceived that inappropriate communication between instructors, staff members, and students had the greatest impact on student learning. The competence of clinical instructors and staff is an important factor affecting students’ training. The clinical learning environment does not always integrate theory and practice together..
Nursing students did not experience effective clinical learning. Having expert instructors and supportive communication are important factors in creating a clinical learning environment..

Hospitalized premature babies often undergo various painful procedures. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) and swaddling are two pain reduction methods.
This study was undertaken to compare the effects of swaddling and KMC on pain during venous sampling in premature neonates.
Patients and This study was performed as a randomized clinical trial on 90 premature neonates. The neonates were divided into three groups using a random allocation block. The three groups were group A (swaddling), group B (KMC), and group C (control). In all three groups, the heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were measured and recorded in time intervals of 30 seconds before, during, and 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds after blood sampling. The neonate’s face was video recorded and assessed using the premature infant pain profile (PIPP) at time intervals of 30 seconds. The data was analyzed using the t-test, chi-square test, Repeated Measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis, Post-hoc, and Bonferroni test.
The findings revealed that pain was reduced to a great extent in the swaddling and KMC methods compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between KMC and swaddling (P ≥ 0.05).
The results of this study indicate that there is no meaningful difference between swaddling and KMC on physiological indexes and pain in neonates. Therefore, the swaddling method may be a good substitute for KMC.

Fever is one of the most common reasons for which parents of infants and young children seek medical care. This study aimed to understand the problems of parents in the care and management of febrile children in depth and ultimately provide ways to resolve this issue. The present study is a descriptive exploratory research (a kind of mix method design) with the aim of examining the problems of managing fever in children by their parents. The study population was parents of children referred to health centers in Bushehr. The study sample was purposively selected. Data collection included semi-structured interviews, demographic information and empowering questionnaire. The qualitative data were analyzed based on directed content analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed using the SPSS software (version 19) and descriptive and analytical statistics at a significance level of 0.05. In the qualitative study, coding and condensing data from interviews determined in six categories, including: the need for awareness, preparedness for coping, acting independently performance of effective care, sense of control and management positions and satisfaction. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents were, 6.65±1.58, 11.87±3.41 and 55.44±5.97, respectively. In addition, scores of empowering in terms of some demographic characteristics showed significant correlation. The need for basic information about how to manage fever and also need to empowering mothers in such a way to be prepared enough to cope with fever were presents in most of participants’ interviews. It is recommended that health workers provide the parents more complete education by empowerment models to reach satisfactory abilities in managing their children,s fever.

Communication is one of the key principles in Family-Centered Care (FCC). Studies have shown some drawbacks in communication between families and nurses. Therefore, the present study aimed to recognize the obstacles against nurse-family communication in FCC in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). This qualitative study was conducted on 8 staff nurses in 2 NICUs affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected using 8 deep semi-structured interviews and 3 observations. Then, they were analyzed through inductive content analysis. Data analysis resulted in identification of 3 main categories and 7 subcategories. The first category was organizational factors with 2 subcategories of educational domain (inadequate education, lack of a system for nursing student selection, and poor professionalization) and clinical domain (difficult working conditions, lack of an efficient system for ongoing education and evaluation, and authoritarian management). The second category was familial factors with socio-cultural, psychological, and economic subcategories. The last category was the factors related to nurses with socio-cultural and psycho-physical subcategories. Identification of the obstacles against nurse-family communication helps managers of healthcare systems to plan and eliminate the challenges of effective communication. Besides, elimination of these factors leads to appropriate strategies in NICUs for effective application of FCC.

Ischemic heart diseases are usually associated with the high levels of stress, disappointment, and reduced self-esteem. The progressive muscle relaxation techniques are one of non-pharmacological methods, used to relieve the symptoms.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation technique on the self-esteem of hospitalized patients in coronary care unit of Shariati hospital, in the first half of the year2011.
The study was a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial that 66 hospitalized patients in coronary care unit of Shariati hospital constituted the participants and assigned in intervention and control groups through convenience sampling and block random allocation. Progressive muscle relaxation technique in the intervention group was conducted in seven steps. Participants was conducted the learned technique during the two 20-30 minute's sessions (120-session) in eight-week. Data were collected using a self-reported checklist and Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent sample T-Test, Repeated measures Analysis of Variance, and Pearson and Spearman Coefficients correlation.
The results of the repeated measured analysis of variance test showed that mean of self-esteem score had significant difference post-intervention in three times in intervention group (P0.05).
Applying progressive muscle relaxation technique by myocardial infarction patients can have positive effects on the improving and enhancing the self-esteem level of the patients.

The growing global elderly population is in need of more prescription medications.. The present study assessed medication adherence with respect to demographic factors among elderly patients with cardiovascular disease who were admitted to a teaching hospital as well as outpatients referred to treatment centers in Bushehr, Iran..Patients and The present study was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study using a simple random sampling method that investigated 125 elderly patients with cardiovascular disease. Data were collected through the Medication Adherence Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, and Pearson and Cramer’s V correlation analyses, using SPSS version 18.. Among the patients, 57.6% and 42.4% were female and male, respectively. Moreover, 62.4% had high adherence to their prescribed medications. Frequency of medication use, history of previous hospitalization, and sex were significantly associated with adherence to medication (P < 0.05).. More than half of elderly patients with cardiovascular disease had high adherence to their medications. Demographic factors including the frequency of daily medication use, history of hospitalization, and female sex were associated with adherence to medication. By considering these factors, doctors and nurses increase medication adherence, especially for older adults..

the hospitalized premature babies often undergo various painful procedures such as venous sampling, this research was done to determine the effect of swaddling method on venous sampling pain on premature neonates. this study was done as a Randomized clinical trial on 90 premature infants who were born in Bushehr Persian Gulf hospital in Iran. The infants were divided into two groups with random allocation block. Group A was swaddling, Group B was the control group. From 10 minutes before blood sampling to 2 minutes after that in group A, the infant was wrapped in a thin sheet. In two groups, the heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation in time intervals of 30 seconds before, during, 30-60-90, and 120 seconds after sampling were measured and recorded. The infant’s appearance was video recorded since sampling till 2 minutes and the videos were checked by a researcher and the pain assessment tools for infants (PIPP) for time intervals of 30 seconds were completed. Data analyzed by using findings revealed that the pain was reduced to a great extent in swaddling compared to that in control group. In addition, the findings showed that the heart beat rate and arterial oxygen saturation was low and stable in swaddling returned to base status faster, whereas, the changes were severe in control group and did not return to base status even after 120 seconds. the results of this study showed, swaddling method can relive pain in premature neonate respectively.

Due to the advantages and the increasing usage of medicinal plants around the world and Iran and lack of necessary studies in this field to treat diseases in children, the need for greater public awareness is required.
This study aimed to investigate the attitudes and practical approach of mothers in regard to medicinal plants in the treatment of children's diseases in 2014.
In This descriptive - analytic study, 384 mothers through a multi-stage stratified random sampling were selected. The tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were considered. After collecting the data, they were analyzed by using the software SPSS 18, chi-square and Mann-Whitney's and Kruskal-Wallis's analytical tests.
The results showed that, 24.7 percent of samples had low, 45.6 percent moderate, and 29.7 percent had high attitude . Statistics showed that 23.7 percent had low, 47.1 percent moderate, and 29.2 percent had high performance. The attitude had a positive and meaningful statistical relationship with performance, being native or non-native, and mother's level of education. Significant statistical difference was seen between performance and the different levels of education. (P The results show that most of the mothers have middle level of attitude and performance approach towards using medicinal plants in Pediatrics disease. Therefore, It is necessary to plan to improve mothers’ knowledge and attitude regarding the usage of medicinal plants in pediatrics diseases. Keywords: Attitude, Performance, mothers, medicinal plants, children