فهرست مطالب farhad mohammadi

The historical Battle of Dimdim Castle, occurred between Shah Abbas Safavi and Amir Khan, a Kurdish commander, has been narrated differently in Tarikh Alamaraye Abbasi and the novel Dimdim. The main question here is that what issues have led to the difference between the two narratives. This study tried to analyze the discourse of two narratives. It focused on the role of discourse in showing emergence of a specific stance in the narratives; that is, how discourse help determine the semantic and value relationships between different elements of the narratives. The analysis showed that the different narratives in the two works are the result of two opposing discourses, each depicting a specific type of politics and power attitude. Although none of the two narratives directly or explicitly points out the power element, the major discursive issues of both narratives are power and governance, manifested in two opposing discourses: The governance-oriented discourse dominating the narrative of Tarikh Alamaraye Abbasi is based on the centralization of power; and the minority-oriented discourse that exists in the narration of the novel Dimdim. Amir Khan as an activist subject is described in Tarikh Alamaraye Abbasi as a rebel who stands against the government, but the same person bears the role of a national hero in the novel Dimdim.

The presence of a dominant and central theme in a nation's poetry signifies the historical progression of an idea through various stages and levels. These stages encompass diverse semantics and artistic expressions, highlighting the dynamic nature of ideas. In the context of Kurdish poetry, the idea of nationalism and patriotism can be observed to evolve through three distinct stages: the emerging stage, the evolutionary stage, and the peaking stage. At each stage, the idea of nationalism and patriotism in Kurdish poetry unfolds with distinct levels of functional-semantic and artistic-literary elements. Through the application of an analytical approach, this study aims to investigate the level at which nationalism and patriotism appear in each of these stages. According to the findings of the study, during the emerging stage, the functional-semantic aspect of the idea of nationalism and patriotism in Kurdish poetry is characterized by declarative elements, while the artistic-literary aspect maintains a level of simplicity and directness. As the idea progresses into the evolutionary stage, the artistic-literary aspect largely remains consistent with the previous stage in terms of simplicity and directness, while the functional-semantic aspect begins to shift towards centrality. Finally, in the peaking stage, the functional-semantic aspect of the idea reaches the level of discourse and centrality, accompanied by an artistic-literary aspect that showcases a higher level of artistic expression.

The incidence rate of melanoma is dramatically increasing worldwide, raising it to the fifth most common cancer in men and the sixth in women currently. Resistance generally occurs to the agents used in chemotherapy; besides their high toxicity destroys the normal cells. This study reviewed a detailed summary of the structure, advantages, and disadvantages of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of melanoma, as well as some nanocarrier applications in animal models or clinical studies. Respective databases were searched for the target keywords and 93 articles were reviewed and discussed. A close study of the liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, cubosomes, dendrimers, cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was conducted. It was found that these nanocarriers could inhibit metastasis and migration of melanoma cells and decrease cell viability. Conclusively, some nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, and transferosomes have been discussed as superior to conventional therapies for melanoma treatment.

There is a generative constructional process in both Persian and Kurdish languages, through which some syntactic constructions can be transformed from a simple expression to an emphatic expression without changing the original meaning. This process, which is the proof of a subject through the negation of other states, can be called “affirmative negation". “Sentence to express the concept of obligation", "sentence to express inclusion" and "positive news sentence in the present tense" are among the cases that are transformed from their fundamental and unmarked structure into a marked structure with specific verbal motivations. In this research, within the framework of the markedness approach, the marked form of the mentioned sentences in Persian and Kurdish languages is described and analyzed from the structural and functional aspects in order to determine their difference from the basic and unmarked form in terms of semantic function. The aim is to explain and prove the nature of the construction process of affirmative negation in Persian and Kurdish languages as a structural pattern and to show the performance of this process in construction from unmarked to markedness. The result of the research shows that marking in syntactic constructions does not occur only with the movement of sentence elements, but sometimes it is done through this process, which is one of the processes of emphasis.

Increasing evidence indicates the detrimental effects of obesity and hyperlipidemia on sperm quality. The degree of reversibility of these quality changes in studies is different. One of the properties attributed to cinnamon in traditional medicine is to reinforce fertility. This study was designed to investigate the effect of cinnamon extract on sperm parameters in hyperlipidemia conditions.

In order to conduct research, 36 male rats were allocated into six groups: control, model, vehicle, lovastatin, cinnamon with low dose (130 mg) and high dose (260 mg). Animals of all groups, except the control group, received high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Then the treated groups (groups 3 to 6) received their treatment intra-peritoneally for 6 weeks along with normal diet. At the end of the study, lipid profile and sperm parameters were evaluated.

Cinnamon extract with a low dose was effective in reducing serum cholesterol and triglyceride, and high dose of cinnamon was effective in reducing serum LDL. Using a high-fat diet had no effect on the number, motility and morphology of sperm, and pre-treatment with both doses of cinnamon extract had a decreasing effect on sperm count and had no effect on sperm motility and morphology.

It seems that cinnamon as a pre-treatment has beneficial and reducing effects on serum lipid profile. But in this study, cinnamon had no improving effects on sperm parameters in hyperlipidemic conditions. The difference between the obtained results and the results of previous studies needs further investigation.

Dyspepsia is a common disorder that puts much socio-economic pressure on patients due to its high prevalence. Various factors can cause this disorder.

This study investigated the relationship between dyspepsia, quality of life, and personality traits.

This case-control study selected 50 people with dyspepsia and 50 healthy people by simple random method. Patients’ demographic information was recorded using a researcher-made checklist. Then, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire measured the quality of life, and the NEO-FFI-60 questionnaire assessed personality traits. Finally, the data were analyzed using a chi-square test, independent t-test, and multivariate linear and logistic regression by SPSS software version 22 at the significance level of 0.05.

The mean score of anger was higher in people with dyspepsia than in healthy people (P = 0.000), but other indicators were higher in healthy people than in people with dyspepsia (P < 0.05). Finally, the personality traits of anger, acceptance of new experiences, and conscientiousness had a significant relationship with quality of life in people with dyspepsia (P < 0.05).

Dyspepsia reduces the quality of life and affects the personality traits of individuals. Thus, improving dyspepsia can improve patients’ personality traits and quality of life.

Onomatopoeias in both Persian and Kurdish, despite having common features, are fundamentally different in terms of classification and phonetic structure. These kinds of words in Persian are considered as nouns; while in Kurdish, because in addition to nominal onomatopoeias, there are also verbal onomatopoeias, such words are practically divided into two categories: noun and verb. In terms of phonetic structure, onomatopoeias, as a special lexical family, in each of these two languages often have specific patterns that do not exist in other words. The pattern of syllable sequences and Phoneme combinations in onomatopoeias differs from non- onomatopoeias words and the combination of consonants in this type of word do not face the limitations that exist in other words. Patterns of phonetic structure of onomatopoeias in Persian language are often based on the process of repetition, whether repetition in syllable or repetition in phoneme; for this reason, music and rhythm harmony are a prominent feature in the structure of the onomatopoeias of this language. In contrast, in Kurdish onomatopoeias, there is no repetition in phonemes and syllables, and the phonetic structure of these words is not based on a specific process and only in the case of the infinitive, they all end in the vowel "e".

Today, due to the rapid growth of the world's population and its concentration in cities, the concept of sustainable urban development has been proposed as a basic component affecting the long-term vision of human societies, and housing and related issues are a global issue, and planners and policy makers in different countries are looking for solutions to solve the related issues. Due to the fact that housing is one of the most important urban uses, it is necessary to design the residential environment properly so that, in addition to greater productivity and security, the correct use of renewable and clean energy causes the least damage to the environment. In this regard, in this research, the components of sustainable housing in Salmas city have been investigated. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests, step-by-step regression and one-way variance analysis were used. The results of the investigation of the components of sustainable housing in Salmas show that the physical component has the highest rank with an average of 2.95, followed by the environmental component with an average of 2.91 and the social component with an average of 2.76 and the access component with an average of 2.46, and finally, the economic component with an average of 2.03 has taken the last rank, these results show the great contribution of physical and environmental components in the sustainable housing of Salmas city and the least impact on housing the stability of this city is related to the economic component. In addition, the overall average of all components was lower than the base limit (number 3).

In 2019, a new disease called Covid-19 was identified in Wuhan, China. Anyone can get this disease at any age and become seriously ill, or even die from it. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the re-admission of coronary patients.

In this study, 2411 Covid-19 patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran were included. Variables such as gender, age, death, body mass index, headache, vomiting, having cold, cough, muscle pain, underlying disease, fever, hemoglobin, blood platelets, glucose as well as ALT, AST, and LDH enzymes were examined. SPSS software was used to fit the model of multiple logistic regressions in soft.

Majority of the patients (54.5%) were males. The average age of readmitted patients was 63 years, and 23% of these patients died. The results of logistic regression test showed the variables of age (OR=1.02, P=0.029), sex (OR=0.637, P=0.047), underlying disease (OR=2.36, P=<0.001), hemoglobin (OR=0.91, P=0.04), blood platelet count (OR=0.99, P<0.001), vomiting or nausea (OR=0.48, P=0.03), and muscle pain (OR=0.61, P=0.04). Effective factors were also identified.

It was concluded that having a comorbid disease and old age increased the chances of re-admission. Moreover, it was scientifically confirmed that an increase in age along with having an underlying disease significantly contributed to re-admission of patients with Covid-19.

The maximum effectiveness of the treatment of Covid-19 patients was confirmed by this study and, therefore, it was recommended that re-hospitalization should be avoided in order to avoid additional treatment costs and waste of resources.

As we know, thyroid nodules are common, but many of them are benign, and this shows that sampling of nodules is not necessary to diagnose benignity.The aim of this article was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound features for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules in patients referred to Fajr infirmary in Ilam.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 patients referred to Fajr Ilam Clinic in October 2015 to January 2018.Clinical characteristics such as age, gender, BMI and history of underlying thyroid diseases and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were collected with the help of a questionnaire.The dependence of ultrasound characteristics with thyroid malignancy was determined using a multivariate analysis test. This ultrasound feature was compared with the results of fine needle aspiration cytology and the diagnostic accuracy indices were calculated for each ultrasound feature.This article was conducted using statistical tests, chi-square, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and bivariate logistic regression using Spss software.

The study sample included of 30(24.6%) malignant and 92(75.4%) benign nodules. Hypoechogenicity and microcalcification showed statistically significant positive associations with thyroid malignancy (P<0.05).Also, according to Fisher's exact test, 7% and 20% of men had benign and malignant nodules, and 86% and 80% of women had benign and malignant nodules, respectively. But there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Hypoechogenicity had 63.3% sensitivity and 67.04% specificity, microcalcification had 60% sensitivity and 65.93% specificity. Having at least one good sonographic feature resulted in the highest sensitivity (86.67%), while the presence of both features had almost perfect specificity (91.3%) and the highest positive likelihood ratio (4.21).

According to the results of this article, the presence of Microcalcification variables and Hypoechogenicity are the most important criteria in predicting thyroid malignancy, and they are Locate in the TI-RADS grading. Therefore, nodules larger than 1 cm in size with the characteristics of microcalcification and homogeneity ultrasound should be the main focus of diagnostic evaluations.

Two Kurdish poets, Hajar and Suwara, have recomposed the Khanlari,s poem of Eagle to Kurdish language. In spite of the fact that the plot and theme of the story haven’t been changed in this recomposed process, there are differences between the narration of Khanlari and two Kurdish poets, because in narration of this story, the Kurdish poets have changes some elements which have made their narration different to addressee. The most important changes occurred in their narrations are: “elimination of some free motifs”, “summarization of depending motifs”, “to add the atmosphere to the beginning of story”, “difference in characterization”, “to state directly the result of story” and etc.In this paper, we compare the narrations of two Kurdish poets with the ones of Khanlari, in order to be shown the similarities and differences of them. The results relate that the Kurdish poets changed the narration in order to make innovation in narrative.

 In 2019, a new disease called Covid-19 was identified in Wuhan, China. Anyone can get this disease at any age and become seriously ill, or even die from it. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the re-admission of coronary patients.

 In this study, 2411 Covid-19 patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran were included. Variables such as gender, age, death, body mass index, headache, vomiting, having cold, cough, muscle pain, underlying disease, fever, hemoglobin, blood platelets, glucose as well as ALT, AST, and LDH enzymes were examined. SPSS software was used to fit the model of multiple logistic regressions in soft.

 Majority of the patients (54.5%) were males. The average age of readmitted patients was 63 years, and 23% of these patients died. The results of logistic regression test showed the variables of age (OR=1.02, P=0.029), sex (OR=0.637, P=0.047), underlying disease (OR=2.36, P=<0.001), hemoglobin (OR=0.91, P=0.04), blood platelet count (OR=0.99, P<0.001), vomiting or nausea (OR=0.48, P=0.03), and muscle pain (OR=0.61, P=0.04). Effective factors were also identified.

 It was concluded that having a comorbid disease and old age increased the chances of re-admission. Moreover, it was scientifically confirmed that an increase in age along with having an underlying disease significantly contributed to re-admission of patients with Covid-19.

 The maximum effectiveness of the treatment of Covid-19 patients was confirmed by this study and, therefore, it was recommended that re-hospitalization should be avoided in order to avoid additional treatment costs and waste of resources.

Controversy between modern poets and fans of traditional poetry is an issue that has always been of interest to scholars in the historical and cultural study of the formation of modern poetry. The debates that each of these two factions raised about poetry and its implications were based on a critique of the other side's discourses and views; therefore, by analyzing the content of each of these two groups, the concepts and opinions of the other group can be understood. The issue of the controversy between modernists and traditionalists over poetry was not only raised in literary circles, but also the poetry of modern poets. The poet's mental design in such poems is based on the contrast between the nature of modern poetry and classical poetry, which can be analyzed to understand both the poetic discourse of modernists and the implicit views of traditionalists. The subject of "Poetry that is life" by Shamloo and the poem "Honrawakanm" by Sherko Bekas, a Kurdish modernist poet, are taken from the same discussions about the nature of modern poetry and its difference from classical poetry. In this essay, they are analyzed analytically, based on literary discourse, to show the common concepts and foundations of new poetry discourse in both Persian and Kurdish literature. The result of the research shows that the literary discourse in these two poems is subject-oriented and function-oriented, and both poets have explained the nature of new poetry and criticism of classical poetry from the aspect of motivating and informing.

The story of the ‘Jewish King and Minister’ in Masnavi Ma'navi, in the first reading, shows a way in the policy that the landlords divide the followers of a religion. From epistemological and intellectual perspectives, it has also shown the misconceptions and mistakes of human beings in reasoning. In this story, Mowlana, by showing the plan of the minister to destroy the religion of Christianity, has practically shown how wrong reasoning, as well as judging and acting on that argument, causes disaster. The results show that the mistake of the Jewish king and the minister has a cognitive origin and it goes back to their misconceptions. They have thought about the subject (= Christianity) with a bipolar fundamentalist mentality and based on this mentality, they have evaluated, judged, and finally issued a verdict.

Lighvan hot spring and Toptapan mineral spring are located in the Eastern Azarbaijan, NW of Iran. The host rocks of Lighvan hot spring are dacite, andesite and Quaternary volcanic tuffs. Their main rock forming minerals are quartz, plagioclase, biotite and rarely amphibole. The host rocks of Toptapan mineral water spring are Cretaceous and Jurassic sandstone, shales and carbonate sedimentary rocks. Their main rock forming minerals are quartz, calcite, dolomite and clays. Due to the deposition of mineral water springs, travertine is the main Quaternary sediments around the springs. Water samples were collected from Toptapan mineral spring and Lighvan hot spring in July (dry season). The sampling method was according to standard methods for geochemical analysis. Field parameters such as PH, temperature, and EC were measured in situ, and samples were analyzed by ICP-OEC and ICP-MS in the laboratory of the Geological Survey of Iran. The measuring data showed that pH varies between 6.1 to 6.4. The surface temperature varies from 20.1˚C to 32.8˚C. The concentration of anions and cations in the Piper diagram show calcic bicarbonate type for Toptapan mineral spring and sodic bicarbonate type for Lighvan hot spring respectively. According to Lunglier – Ludwig diagram, the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals is the most important factor in increasing calcic cation. The Cl-Li-B diagram shows that the dissolution of sodic minerals and clays and ionic exchange are also the most important factors for increasing sodium in these springs. These data are in agreement to the host rocks, their mineralogy and their chemical composition. Based on the Ca-Mg-K geothermometer diagram, the geothermal reservoir temperature for Lighvan hot spring is 95-100 ˚C with a depth of about 2Km and for Toptapan mineral spring is 65-85 ˚C with a depth of less than 1Km. Also, high concentrations of chlorine show a deep geothermal primary reservoir in the Lighvan hot spring. These geochemical data show that these cold and hot springs are not polluted and not harmful for environmental point of views.

Classical Kurdish poetry has such a high level and coherent structure in terms of poetic images, subjects, concepts, words and terms that, one can argue, it would not have been rich without a background. There should have been a familiarity at work with the experiences that have emerged at such a level. From the point of view of intertextual theory, it can be demonstrated that a poetic background has played a role in the creation of visual, semantic, and structural layers of classical Kurdish poetry. Of all the possibilities that researchers may pay attention to, it can be demonstrated on the basis of in-text and out-of-text cues that the poetic background of Kurdish classical poetry goes back to classical Persian poetry. Many poetic motifs and images from the literary traditions of Persian classical poetry have entered Kurdish classical poetry. Although this can be observed in all three branches of classical Kurdish poetry, it is less common in Gorani poetry than in Middle and Northern Kurdish poetry. This study examines how classical Kurdish poets benefit from the literary traditions of Persian poetry to reveal that in what poetic subjects are the literary traditions mostly reflected and to what extent the level of creativity of Kurdish poets has been. The result of the research indicates that the reflection of literary traditions can be seen more in lyrical and mystical poetry, and Kurdish poets have tried to create creativity and innovation within these traditions. New theming and localization of images and poetic themes are the most prominent techniques that Kurdish poets have shown creativity in literary traditions.

In the Persian language, there is a special syntactic structure in which the proposition of the sentence, which is a complete sentence itself, together with the subject, forms another sentence. Abdul Rasul Khyampoor, the traditional grammarian, has mentioned such structure as a large and small sentence. The linguists also consider such a structure to be the result of the topicalization process, in which the proposition is basically an element within the sentence that then by the process of topicalization has separated from its grammatical position and moved to the beginning of the sentence and in place of that element, a co-referential pronoun has been placed. Of course, topicalization as a process in moving the components of speech to the beginning of the sentence has a wide structural scope and in this paper, only a special type of it is considered which causes doubled clitic in the sentence and produces a distinctive syntactic structure. The grammarian and linguists have studied this structure as a grammatical phenomenon. They have tried to describe and explain the way of this syntactic construction and to determine appropriate names and titles for its components. In this paper we study this structure with approach of rhetoric. We want to show that the main cause of forming this structure has been the rhetorical aims, such as “centeredness of the subject”, “observing the principle of speech” and “emphasis”.

Aluminum phosphide is known in our country as Phostoxin tablet. Human contact with Phostoxin tablet can have severe and fatal consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the group of patients dying due to Phostoxin tablet poisoning with the group that survived despite taking Phostoxin tablet.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on all patients poisoned with Phostoxin tablet in 2018 and 2019. The sampling method was a full census. According to the purpose of the study, T-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests were employed in SPSS software version 24 and Graph pad prism version 8.

This study included 35 poisoned individuals with a mean age of  (16-82) years. The highest frequency was in the age group of 20-40 years (82.9%) and 21 women (60%) and 14 men (40%). There was a statistically significant relationship between mortality rate with drug use, length of hospital stay, blood pressure, number of breaths, level of consciousness, abdominal pain (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the mean level of ALT and AST liver enzymes and blood pressure in the two groups of dead and rescued were significantly different (P<0.05).

Phostoxin Tablet poisoning is a common cause of poisoning in Iran that has a high mortality rate. This is a serious health problem in communities where Phostoxin tablet is used. Consequently, you must go to the hospital immediately after contact with Phostoxin.

 The present study was the effect of mindfulness therapy on the quality of life and sleep quality of patients with type 2 diabetes. This research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group.

 The statistical population of the research is type 2 diabetes patients referred to hospitals in Shiraz, from which 30 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) were selected based on the objectives and hypotheses of the research. In the current research, to collect data from the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996); Boyce et al.'s sleep quality (1989) and 8 sessions of 90-minute mindfulness therapy (Rodriguez-Romero and Smith, 2022) were implemented on the sample group. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS24 software based on covariance analysis.

 The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average quality of life and sleep quality in the experimental and control groups. Based on this, it can be said that mindfulness treatment in the post-test has increased the scores in the overall quality of life and decreased the scores in the quality of sleep in patients with type 2 diabetes.

 It seems likely that the rs3024839 T/C polymorphism of STAT4 gene plays an important role in the incidence of MI. However, more studies with a larger sample size are necessary to confirm the results of the present study.

Aluminum phosphide is known in our country as Phostoxin tablet. Human contact with Phostoxin tablet can have severe and fatal consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the group of patients dying due to Phostoxin tablet poisoning with the group that survived despite taking Phostoxin tablet.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on all patients poisoned with Phostoxin tablet in 2018 and 2019. The sampling method was a full census. According to the purpose of the study, T-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests were employed in SPSS software version 24 and Graph pad prism version 8.

This study included 35 poisoned individuals with a mean age of  (16-82) years. The highest frequency was in the age group of 20-40 years (82.9%) and 21 women (60%) and 14 men (40%). There was a statistically significant relationship between mortality rate with drug use, length of hospital stay, blood pressure, number of breaths, level of consciousness, abdominal pain (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the mean level of ALT and AST liver enzymes and blood pressure in the two groups of dead and rescued were significantly different (P<0.05).

Phostoxin Tablet poisoning is a common cause of poisoning in Iran that has a high mortality rate. This is a serious health problem in communities where Phostoxin tablet is used. Consequently, you must go to the hospital immediately after contact with Phostoxin.

Nonparametric regression can usually be used when the distribution of the dependent variable does not follow the property of normality. In this study, due to the nature of the variables, a bivariate Capula regression model was used to identify the factors affecting the liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and the relationship between these enzymes. This type of regression is suitable when the response variables have a relatively high degree of skewness and interdependence.

In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 2000 participants in the Shahrekord cohort study were randomly selected. To achieve the Capula regression model, the inverse Gaussian margin distribution and the Gumble joint function were selected according to the Akaike criterion. Gamlss, Copula, and Ggrm statistical packages were used in the R software.
(Ethic code: 3316)

According to the findings, some variables were identified as effective factors on the concentration of ALT and AST enzymes through marginal distribution parameters and Capula function. Blood urea, triglyceride, GGT, ALP, and BMI had a nonlinear and significant effect on the mean concentration of the ALT enzyme. The BMI, GGT, ALP, LDL, and HDL (nonlinearly), as well as blood urea (linearly), had a significant effect on the mean concentration of AST enzyme. Finally, the variables of BMI, triglycerides, GGT, and ALP affect the relationship between the concentration levels of the liver enzymes (ALT and AST).

Using this model, in addition to identifying the effective factors, it is possible to distinguish between linear and nonlinear relationships between independent and dependent variables.

Romanticism is one of the most complicated and at the same time the most attractive literary schools in the world. Its emergence in France in the eighteenth century was against the tradition of neoclassicalism. Nader Naderpour, as one of Nima Youshij's disciples who is the source of romanticism in contemporary Persian poetry, has used many of his features in the Romantic school of poetry, and their comparison with surreal poetry such as Paul Eluard is attractive, Because romanticism itself later opened the way to surrealism, and the poetry of the surreal school effectively utilizes romanticism in their poetry. Especially Paul Eluard, who sometimes romances so much in his poems that the poet's audience is skeptical about his surreal thoughts. In this essay, we try to discuss the elements of romanticism in his poetry with the poet Paul Eluard, a French poet who later became the founder of the school of surrealism, which aims to find common doctrines between two poets from two lands and two cultures from the school's point of view of Romanticism is that the literature is universal and epidemic by  this common vision of poet and writer. This speech was conducted in a descriptive analytical manner (library research).

In addition to the main construction of oath in which one swears to someone or something, it has another form in Persian language. This kind of oath is a conditional construction which, at its first part, is provided with the subject of oath and at the second part, with the act of oath. In this paper, using the "speech act" theory in John Austin's point of view as a theoretical basis and by mentioning examples of literary works as well as examples of slang register, we will specify the conditional construction of oath. The results of the present research show that the form of conditional oath, in comparison with the main form, bears more emphasis and thus is further used in occasions that the addresser tends to emphasize on the subject. 

Oath in Persian has always had a special syntactic construction that has changed over time. The basic complete construction of swearing consists of the following components:  *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)  In this construction, the ‘noun’ is what is sworn by. The ‘sentence’ is subject of the oath, i.e. what the oath is taken for, such as: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by the dust of your feet that I wish to die at your feet’ Apart from the main form mentioned above, the expression of an oath in Persian represents another form through a conditional construction. In a conditional swearing, the subject of the oath (i.e. what the oath is taken for) is stated in the dependent clause, and the act of swearing (i.e. what the oath is taken by) is included in the main clause.   

John Austin’s theory of “speech acts” suggests that, in the human language system, the speech inherently represents the performance of an act. In other words, the expression of words in itself is the doing of the action. Austin calls such speech ‘speech act’, i.e. the speech that carries an action. He argues that when a speaker utters a sentence, three levels of speech acts occur simultaneously: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the meaningful phrases and sentences that are expressed. In illocutionary act, the speaker expresses phrases and sentences to encode a specific meaning. In the perlocutionary act, the speaker influences the audience through the speech. Austin divides the second speech act, i.e. illocutionary act, into five categories: 1. Verdictive: Acts that emphasize the speaker’s commitment to the truth of a proposition, such as ‘express’ and ‘estimate’ verbs. 2. Exercitive: Acts that indicate the exercise of power, right, sovereignty, will and influence and are expressed through such verbs as ‘choose’, ‘advise’, ‘order’, ‘appoint’ and ‘plead’ . 3. Commissive: Acts that indicate the speaker’s commitment to do something and, by expressing them, the speaker obliges oneself to do things. The verbs ‘promise’, ‘commit’ and ‘swear’ fall into this category. 4. Behabitive: Acts that show the types of social behaviors of language speakers, such as the verbs‘apologize’, ‘thank’, ‘sympathize’, ‘insult’, ‘humiliate’, etc. 5. Expositive: Acts that deal with how words are used in language and describe how speech is organized in the conversational process. This type of act includes the following verbs: ‘Argue’, ‘answer’, ‘assume’, ‘accept’ and ‘explain’. Taking of an oath or oath, which is the subject of this inquiry, belongs to the category of commissive acts in which the speaker takes an oath to express their commitment to an issue. Thus, from the point of view of the theory of speech acts, ‘swearing’ is an act that the speaker does with speech. The pragmatics and semantics of the syntactic construction in question confirm that although the form of speech is conditional, it is used for a certain act, which is the expression of an oath.

In this article, the nature and the status of the conditional construction of oath is examined with examples of classical and contemporary Persian literary works. To do this, with a comprehensive plan and a practical approach, we will examine the conditional construction of oath to understand how the components of this syntactic construction may change to encode a different meaning at different tenses and for first-person, second-person and third-person forms.   

What is needed to know about this type of oath is to answer the following two questions: 1- What is its syntactic form and what are its components? 2- How does each of the syntactic components of this type of swearing change, and in what ways can it be plotted? In other words, in different practical situations, what structural changes might occur in conditional oath constructions to produce different forms of this type of oath? The nature of the conditional type of oath is best revealed when comparing the following examples, which expresses the same subject in both types of oath: The common construction of swearing:   *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by my life that I will not break my covenant’ Conditional swearing: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘Broken be my back and my soul! If I break my covenant’ The meaning of both sentences is the same, but the way they are expressed is syntactically different. In the conditional construction, the speaker considers breaking the covenant as a curse upon themselves to show that they do not break the covenant. In this syntactic construction of swearing, the dependent clause in which the subject of the oath is raised is not limited in terms of tense: it is used for any subject in all three present, past and future tenses: Present: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘May I be a base-born if I have any other mistake than this’ Past: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘May my poetry be ill-gotten if I had written only a poem in my life except with the echo of your name’ Future: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘I would be worse than a dog if I run after bread/sustenance like a dog’ The main clause can be expressed in three forms: ‘declarative’, ‘imperative’ and ‘exclamatory’, each of which can be converted into other forms. The possibility of converting these forms into one another form implies that the speaker feels free to express a story with three different constructions according to the situation: Main clause in the form of a declarative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘I am ignoble if I go with a complain to a stranger’ Main clause in the form of an exclamatory sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘If I have been contaminated by the wine so far, may God’s lawful be unlawful to me!’ Main clause in the form of an imperative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)
• ‘If this deed of mine is not true, make me die a Jew God’ Although the expression of an oath through the conditional construction is possible in all three grammatical persons, i.e. first, second and third person, in both ‘singular’ and ‘plural’ forms, it is widely used in the first person (singular and plural) and its meaning is clearer in this form. This type of oath is rarely used in the second or third persons, and its meaning is not very clear: First person singular: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘My house may be ruined if I have said such a thing’ First person plural: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘We are not human if we relinquish our right’   

The present paper illustrated that oath in Persian is not limited to the major common construction rather it has long been encoded through conditionals on special occasions. The conditional construction of swearing in Persian is used for any subject in all three tenses of the past, present, and future, with slight differences in the first-, second- and third-person forms. The main clause in this type of oath expression is always in negative form and can be expressed in declarative, imperative, or exclamatory forms. Rhetorically, this type of oath is used widely in situations where the speaker emphasizes the subject in question and tends to reassure the audience about the subject by removing any doubts. Uncommon abbreviations: SUBJ = subjunctive; DECL = declarative; EXCL = exclamatory; IMPE = imperative; PRS = present; PST = past; FUT = future; PL = plural; SG = single.   

 There is impressive relationship between the quality of syntax structure and rhetoric. Rhetorical aims are expressed by syntactic structures and in other hand the quality of syntax elements is influenced of conceptions and rhetorical aims. In this paper, one of the most important syntactic structures in the Persian language will be studied. This structure is “to conjunct sentences” which their verbs are different with each other. In the past, this structure was being used in order to express the rhetorical aims, such as showing the surety in doing of verbs. It will be explained that how this syntactic structure has been formed and what changes have been occurred in syntax of Persian language which caused to form this structure. Also we will mention the difference that each one of these forms has in comparison with others. Keywords: Persian language, syntactic structure, Rhetoric, Conjunction of sentence to sentence, moods conjunction.

The daily life within society is the best context for analyzing and studying different narratives of an incident. In most cases, different perspectives of people lead to multiple narratives of a particular event. Analyzing and interpreting different narratives of an incident that occurred in the daily life can thus provide us with a considerable knowledge, since the worldview and thought of individuals have a significant role in the formation of different narratives. In this research, several different narratives have been examined concerning the following incident: "A father kills his daughter for eloping with a boy." This incident can be narrated in different ways in such a way that each of the narrations is fundamentally different from the other, due to the particular personality of the narrators and the ultimate ending of the narrative in each. The role and personality of the girl's father, the girl herself, the boy, as well as the role of social, religious, and cultural institutions change in each of these narratives, thus maing them different from the others. The results show that the origin of this difference among the narrations stems from the narrators’ presuppositions and the causes behind their narrations.