farhad rajabi

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) training on movement patterns and postural control in female athletes with lower cross syndrome (LCS).
This research employed a quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test design. Thirty healthy female athletes with an average age of 24.98 ± 2.26 years and diagnosed with LCS were randomly divided into an experimental group (15 subjects) and a control group (15 subjects). Participants in the experimental group completed the DNS training protocol, which consisted of three sessions per week for eight weeks. Postural control and functional movements were assessed using the Y-balance test and Functional Movement Screening (FMS) before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests, ANCOVA, and the Wilcoxon test.
ANCOVA revealed a significant difference in the Y-balance test and FMS scores between the experimental and control groups for participants with LCS. Within-group analysis indicated that the post-test mean scores of the experimental group were significantly improved compared to pre-test scores following DNS training (P<0.05).
The results indicate that eight weeks of DNS training significantly improved functional movement screening and Y-balance test scores in female athletes with LCS. Therefore, DNS exercises may be recommended to athletes to enhance balance and lower limb performance.

Signs form an important part of human consciousness and communication level and by playing a meaning-making role, especially in literature, in addition to their main role, they cause the expansion of meaning and the conscious effort of the audience to communicate with the text. The role of signs is more visible in texts that have a complex narrative structure and elements. It seems that after the experience of the Corona era and the dominance of the virtual communication space, which uses signs widely, the literature of the new age has gained the opportunity to benefit more from these facilities. Therefore, in this article, we are going to read the novel "The Tragedy of the Author of the Short Story" by focusing on the two geometric shapes of the square and the circle as signs. . In the present novel, in accordance with the general belief, the symbol of the square means the earth, stillness and the presence of man, while the symbol of the circle represents the sky, spirituality and time. But in some cases, we see the semantic overlap of these two signs and the author's attempt to expand their meaning. The results obtained during the research show that the author explains the events, characters and overall movement of the narrative by using the semantic field of these signs And when necessary, he adds new meanings to them.

History and literature have been in a dialectical relationship for a long time, and the study of literary and critical works shows simultaneous developments in these two phenomena. Which one is the cause of change in the other is not very important in this discussion, but what is very important for us is the dual relationship that has always existed between them. History and literature, which are presented in a more detailed form in the history of literature, function in shaping each other or providing a report of each other, and this is important in the past in a traditional way and in the contemporary period in a new way, and in this The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the relationship between history and literature and an introduction to traditional historical criticism, and discuss the category of modern historicism in criticism or neo-historical criticism.The result of the discussion shows that in the new reading of historicist criticism, literature and literary text in providing historical report is not only dependent on history and historical texts, but it can also use multi-voice and multi-dimensional structure and artistic techniques. To provide the audience with a clear picture of the current and past events, something that history generally considers its right to do.

As a form of narration characterized by various writing techniques, the novel can be analyzed from different critical perspectives. Gérard Genette, drawing on several theorists, studies the function of time in the novel by presenting a salient structural model that can be used to examine its presentation in a given literary text. This study examines the structure of time in Fazl Mokhadar’s Eskandarone based on Genette’s framework. Throughout the novel, the author employs a standard speed of time by creating dialogue between the narrator-protagonist and minor characters. The writer also fills the gap in time by using analepsis in connecting the events and the minor heroes. However, it is possible to observe anachrony in the narrative structure as the narrator sometimes narrates the events in terms of analepsis. Moreover, the author speeds up the narration by eliminating/summarizing events and slows the narration through pauses. This study finds that Eskandarone enjoys a regular and ordered temporal structure which is created by the narrator. The most important aspect of the narrative is its open-ended form as the narrator ends the novel by prolepsis. The novel, accordingly, oscillates between standard and negative narrative speed.

Al-Sayyab and Shamlou are two of the most prominent contemporary poets who, in spite of their love poems, tried to address the revolutionary function of women in their literary work. By promoting the woman's personality in this respect, they have detached her lover stereotypical face and have highlighted their revolutionary share and their ability to fight for liberation alongside men. Therefore, this research attempts to study the position of women in poetry of the two poets, and depicts their presence along with the changes that have been made in their personality. This is why categories such as struggle for liberation, accompaniment of solving human problems, and the escape of traditions are referred to as the most important constituents of women presence in the literary work provided by these poems. In Badr Shakir Al-ssayab’s poem, except for their traditional role, women are the symbol of the vanished homeland and sometimes represent the symbol of return to oneself. However, this linear trend in presenting women reflects well in the personality of those such as “Hafsa al-omari” and “Jamilah Bouhired” and reaches perfection. Al-Sayyab seeks to depict his revolutionary function in defending human freedom by matching women's personality with “Ishtar” and giving them Christ’s personality. On the other hand, in Shamlou's poems, women play an independent role in the social struggle. “Roxana” and “Aida” are models of revolutionary women in such poems. It seems as if the poet is looking for his soul-mate so as to enter the battle with her. The results show that the occurred metamorphosis, expect for the two poet's intellectual maturity, is influenced by the evolutionary process of Arab and Persian societies, modernization process, and initiation of humanity in contemporary thought and poem.

Surrealism is referred to as an anti-fundamentalist artistic-social movement in the twentieth century which, since its formation in the West, sought to change the worldview and attitude of man towards human evolution. This movement has considered the discovery of the human subconscious mind as a way to create a work of art and, this way, many areas of language have been overshadowed. Nima Yoshij and Serkon Bolus (1946-2007), who is a contemporary Iraqi poet, are referred to as the two pioneers of this new poetic style. This style includes some current approaches and literary styles that create new and transformational ideas in the poems` form and Level which, as the result, have revitalized literature and called for the emergence of new literature in line with modern life. The present article, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the collection of "Afsane" by Nima Yoshij and "Eza konto naeman fi markab nuh" by Sarkon Bols by observing the similarities, differences, and the quality of the existing Surrealism identities in the two. The research findings indicate the crystallization of surrealist components such as; spontaneous writing, dreaming, amazing images, discontinuity of time and place, and love in both collections. The only difference is that the first four components have almost the same frequency. But the nature of the element of love in the mythical system is the same as chaste love combined with enthusiasm and decency, while this characteristic in the poem of Boles shows a compact, erotic image and far from social values.

Matter consciousness is a view along the lines of ontologists and modernists and the result of a series of field and laboratory research on the two categories of matter and consciousness, new dimensions of which have been considered in recent centuries. According to this theory, the realm of consciousness and perception is very wide and all objects are conscious. This theory, the main basis of which is indebted to Eastern philosophy and mysticism, has been crystallized in the works of contemporary Arabic and Persian poets, Among its followers are Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani and Fatemeh Naoot. The category of material consciousness has a significant presence in the poetry of two poets and has made the minds of two poets to spread the spirit of this meaning in various events and forms today. For this reason, the readability of their poetry based on the theory of matter consciousness is one of the most important findings in the study of their poetry. The present article intends to examine the degree of compatibility of the works of the two poets with the foundations of the theory of matter consciousness. The results of this study show that Naoot and Shafi'i, while accepting the perceptibility and intelligence of the elements, discovered the relationships between objects based on systematic networks, hidden memory and intelligence, and reflected them using poetic techniques, albeit for Escape from the complexities of philosophical and mystical language have generally used tangible subjects in poetry.

According to Goldman, the artist with his potential consciousness that is the maximum of his consciousness and ideal, when faced with the false ideology and consciousness represented by the dominant power in society finds a complicated situation, and a problematic change occurs to him at the structure of society. The artist's potential consciousness can be transpersonal and belongs to the class that the artist represents. Organic unity sets among the components of literary work and shows the social structure among the elements of the work. Critic tries to reach this unity in the structure of the work. The critic then analyzes the literary work concerning the all-encompassing social structure to determine how the worldview of social classes and groups becomes the building blocks of the literature world. After studying the poem "The Torment of Hallaj" based on Goldman's generic structuralism theory and with a descriptive-analytical method, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the social structure of Bayati's time and the structure of the poem. In the historical context of Iraq, Bayati represents the worldview of communism that is a potential consciousness in his class. Such consciousness confronts the authoritarian ideology and false awareness of the government of Nouri al-Saeed, and it makes the poet a problematic character. This historical structure has also been transferred to the components of the poem, and in Bayati's literature, Hallaj is a problematic hero. He rises against the tyrant and dogmatic emperor of the time and attacks the false and absolutist ideology of the ruler. The clown also has a symbolic personality in the poem, which faces the catastrophe of the death of her beloved (the death of ideal consciousness symbol). Therefore, the poet and his social class play an essential role in the evolution of the structure of Bayati poetry in the role of the personal and transpersonal actors.

The literature of any society is deeply under the effect of the social issues of that society. Hence, it is not possible to study the literature of a country without studying the values and traditions of its society. On the other hand, the humankind has always been attempting to be released from dystopia and achieve to utopia.Until now, many plans have been proposed for establishing utopia, but none of them were successful. One of these utopic plans raised in sociology is structural functionalism. Many sociologists and philosophers have studied this idea. Robert King Merton is a structural sociologist who has accepted this idea, but he criticized some elements of it which he thought were barriers for realizing utopia.

In this article, we want to study the dystopic aspects of Frankenstein In Baghdad, a novel by Ahmad Sa'adawi based on structural functionalism, and especially Merton's criticisms on it. By using a descriptive-analytic method and examining structural functionalism and Merton's criticisms on it, we have studied and compared these elements in this novel. According to structural functionalism, a society is like a system and different elements in it are components of this system each of which has its special function and behavior.

The body of al-Shesmah, the main character of the novel, is made up of parts of bodies of terrorism victims who are from different races and classes. He is the symbol of a social system which is made up of different parts. The goal of this system, which is a functional one, is taking revenge against the killers of his parts and establishing a utopia in which there is no assassination. To achieve this goal, he has some helpers and each of them has its special function.The three principles of structural functionalism criticized by Merton and found in the novel are as follows:Functional unity: According to this principle the standard social activities and cultural elements are functional for the whole system, and each of them has its own function which is in harmony with other structural elements to create order and balance in the society. But Merton believes that, in a society, traditions and behaviors can be functional for some people but not for others. On the other hand, any structural element can have more than the predictable and apparent functions, and have also unpredictable and hidden functions.Assassination is the way by which Al-Shesmah wants to establish his utopia and considers it functional for the whole components of his system. At first, he just kills the people who are guilty of assassinating parts of his body, but, later, he finds out that by killing each of them, that part of his body which is related to that victim will rot. He feels that, for living and ending his mission, he needs new parts of bodies of new victims. The rotting of the body parts after punishment of assassinators is a kind of hidden function which gradually turns the system to a horrible monster whose only goal is its own survival. He must commit new crimes for survival and substitution of his lost body parts.Functional universality: This principle argues that all the standard cultural and social forms and structures, in addition to being functional for the whole system, have also positive functions for that element in order to maintain its harmony and balance. However, Merton claims that, in today’s societies, any structural element may have positive function for one micro system but negative function for others. Assassination as the main way of achieving his goal is a standard social activity which is done by the system. Although this social activity has some positive functions like taking victim's revenge, it has also many negative functions like riot, destruction, terror, as well as the corruption of the system members by entering the endless cycle of murders.Functional indispensability: According to this principle, some functions for the society (groups or individuals) are necessary and not replaceable. In other word the function of any structure is necessary for maintaining the balance and survival of the society. But for Merton, the function of each structural element is not necessary. On the contrary, by considering the different functions of any element and the possibility of creating the same function by using different structural elements, we can rebuild many structural elements or even eliminate them.The system of Al-Shesmah which is functional introduces himself as the only system which can confront assassination and establish justice. He imagines no substitute for his own solution, assassination. This is because, after any criticism or proposal, he feels in danger. He kills even policemen in spite of the fact that their duty is making the society secure. He does this because they belong to the old society.

By considering Merton’s criticisms of the three main principles of structural functionalism, we find out that establishing utopia in the novel's functional system is not possible. This is because, in the functional unity principle, inattentiveness to the hidden function of the main components, i.e., their corruption after revenge, made Al-Shesmah a cruel dictator. In functional universality principle, dismissing the negative function of assassination and revenge and the devoted members of the system allowed the system to kill the people who were not guilty. In the functional indispensability principle, considering the assassination as the only solution led the system to rotting and dictatorship. Finally, all these factors together turned the utopia promised in the novel to dystopia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Iranian slim guide skinfold caliper and the Harpenden skinfold caliper to measure subcutaneous fat. A total of 15 healthy subjects who met inclusion/exclusion criteria were included in the study. The seven-point subcutaneous fat was measured to evaluate the reproducibility of the slim guide skinfold caliper on 2 different days according to Heyward and Wagner instructions. Also, to assess the validity of the slim guide skinfold caliper, the results of subcutaneous fat measurement using the slim guide skinfold caliper were compared with those of subcutaneous fat measurement using the Harpenden skinfold caliper, which is considered as a gold standard method for skinfold measurement.  Examiners 1 and 2 demonstratedGood intra-examiner reliability, with high ICC values (ICC=0.95-0.96 and ICC=0.96-0.97 respectively) as a mean of the seven points per day. A good inter-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.93-0.93) was found for the slim guide skinfold caliper on two days. Also, the validity of this method in all seven points was a mean of r = 0.98- 0.97 on two days, indicating an acceptable level of validity. Also, a significant value was acceptable in all tests (P≤ 0.001). Therefore, it is recommended that the Iranian slim guide skinfold caliper made in-house can be used for anthropometric measurements, especially in measurements that last more than one day, which is considered as an accurate tool with an acceptable level of validity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the scientific participation of members, departments and faculties of physical education and sports sciences of universities across Iran in the production of articles published in journals with Web of Science index during the years 1970 to the end of 2019. This research was carried out with scientometric approach and network analysis method using Histcite, Nodexl and Vosviower. The research community was the scientific products of researchers in the field of physical education and sports sciences in Iran on the Web of Science website. The findings showed that 1520 articles in 513 journals in the field of physical education and sports sciences have been published in Web of Science, out of which more than 550 works have been published in open access journals. Data analysis showed that based on the number of scientific productions, Tehran, Guilan and Isfahan universities are ranked first to third in the country with 265, 200 and 148 articles, respectively. Findings also show that researchers of physical education have published most their work in three countries respectively; Iran (Emerging list), Italy (with the index of Q4) and Turkey (Emerging list). It was also found that most of the collaborations and citations of Iranian writers have been with researchers from the United States.This study showed that in recent years, although the process of publishing articles in Web of Science journals has been associated with a steeper slope, a significant number of these articles have been published in domestic journals (Emerging) and other foreign journals that this phenomenon needs a closer look. The results also showed that some experienced colleges as well as some specialized and research bodies have appeared in order to publish articles in prestigious journals far from expectation, which also needs more detailed study.

The criticism of contemporary literature has taken a big step to change the one-sided view of the events of the text and to implement the method of external dialogue in its context in order to recognizing various views and awareness. According to Bakhtin's view, polyphony is based on the multiplicity of interconnected and various sounds and languages in the structure of dialogue and its composition. The contemporary Arabic poetry is known for its narrative action between the thoughts of the characters and the exchange of common and different voices in order to explore literary polyphony, especially in the poems of Fereydoun Moshiri and Adib Kamaluddin allow them to express their concerns, desires and pains in various ways. This descriptive-analytical method seeks to address the most remarkable literary polyphonic techniques of two poets based on the American school of comparative literature. The summary of the results shows that the two poets, in addition to adopting to the traditional method of voice narration, resort to polyphonic types such as hybridization in order to developing the social views of languages in the light of ambiguity and ambiguity in their function, as well as stylistic style. In order to achieving the structural unity between the sounds, despite the difference in the type of dealing with another sound. The two poets use pure dialogue when engaging in controversy between characters or exchanging questions and answers on a particular subject, and at the end use a variety of ideologies to show how the characters deal with fundamental known values and ideas in the form of an ideology of surrender or defiance.

Subordination, as an important topic of social feminism, is widely dealt with in literary works and theories. Although feminism has different dimensions and themes, it seems that the result of all the feministic concerns is the protest at the woman's lower position in the history and the contemporary world. The feminism, with all its ups and downs, after experiencing Western literature, was followed seriously by women writers in the Arabic literature. A well-known writer in this field is Nawal el-Saadawi from Egypt. She is impressed by the position of the Egyptian woman and, specifically in the novel Al-Hobb fi Zaman-al-Naft seeks to retrieve the woman's identity. She believes that, in the light of the social rights of the woman, achieving her identity occurs only as a result of leaving her subordinate position. This approach can be viewed in various aspects of her novel. The present study aims to investigate female subordination and its results as well as provide an image of women's efforts to achieve their desired goal. So, after a brief overview is given of social feminism and Saadawi’s novel, the concept of subordination is examined using the descriptive-analytic method. The results show that, according to the theoretical foundations of the research, the concept of subordination in the present novel is affected by women’s dependence, the mental construction of men, patriarchy and male power, and the control on women's education.

The art of play is the result of human social life, more than any other type of art in relation to social man, and accordingly, its connection with the new civilization can be emphasized more than other components. In the new era, the play is one of the most important topics for critical discussions, whether as a text or as a collection of narratives performed by actors on stage to the extent that the critical and historical books of this type of art have a wide range of the oldest types of art. One of the most recent works of this kind is Nashat 'al-Masrah fi al-Mashreq, (The Emergence of Theater in the East), whose author has studied the origin and evolution of this art in the Orient, focusing on Lebanon and Syria, Turkey and Iran. The article intends to provide a critical reading of it by adopting a descriptive method, and the results show that although the value of the book in question is small, the author has been able to use accurate methods in reviewing the evolution of the work as a historical-analytical book by using reliable documents and sources.

The novel is a genre of literature that can be employed to reflect the problems of humans and societies, in particular societies in which abundant problems deny people their freedom and dignity and prevent them from access to their human rights. In such societies, women tend to be more vulnerable than men are. To address this issue, the feminist movement was formed, and the writers and leaders of this movement defended the rights and demands of women. The feminist novels of Saudi Arabian literature are more consistent with the feminist movement than other Arabic novels are, because women in Saudi Arabia suffer numerous problems, and live and work under more difficult conditions. Badriah al-Beshr is a contemporary Saudi Arabian writer and novelist. She is one of the most active writers in the field of feminism. She has dedicated many of her writings and activities to solving the problems of women. Hence, her writings are full of tragic cases of women in Saudi Arabia. In her latest novel entitled Love Stories on al-Asha Street, published in 2013, she takes the reader into life in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. The stories are mostly told from women’s points of view, although male voices also feature. The novel narrates the lives of women under the male domination and the means of violence and oppression that are used against them. Among the female characters of the novel, the problems of a character called Aziza are highlighted. The writer portrays numerous obstacles that prevent her success in the society and how she makes endless efforts to overcome them but fails to do so. The present article employs the definitions and the terminology of feminist criticism in order to analyze the most significant effects of women’s oppression depicted in this novel through a descriptive-analytical method.

The principle of the status transformation, as a social reality, can be examined based on sociological studies and in harmony with Anthony Giddens’ Structuration Theory. This theory is founded on the inseparability of two dimensions, i. e., agency and structure, in the realization of social events. Likewise, his other ideological approaches evoke the establishment of a certain type of human relationship and the realization of utopia. Based on Structuration Theory, the role of women in the realm of literature, in harmony with the motivations of works’ agent/creator, and the spatial-temporal requirements, has experienced numerous ups and downs. The presence of this element in the poems of the Iraqi poet, Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati, and those of the Iranian poet, Ahmad Shamlou is significantly frequent. In this paper, the suggested solutions of Giddens are examined; in addition, to depict the process of the transformation of woman’ social status in the poems of these two poets, woman has been studied as an expression of personal love, along with the reflection of social commitment and in conflict with imaginative realism. The results revealed that the poets noticeably converge in the first two levels whereas they diverge as far as the third stage is concerned.

Literary criticism has been considered as one of the branches of research in the field of literature for a long time and has always been used as a method for analyzing, evaluating, and correcting literary texts. This branch of human knowledge nowadays, in view of the breadth and variety of literary productions, requires the use of most scientific findings to strengthen its ability and ability to perform its tasks. It is also noteworthy that these works are also subject to critique and evaluation from time to time. In this regard, the present paper seeks to examine a critique of Arabic language and literature with an analytical-critical reading. The book “Research in Contemporary Arabic Literature” by Mohammad Mostafa Hadara, is a book that has been considered in this article, while presenting a brief account of the contents of the book, we should mention the positions of strength and weakness in two categories of form and content. The results show that the book contains useful information and is well versed in considering two parts of poetry and prose, but it seems that due to the lack of a scientific method in criticizing and not following some principles accepted in this area, it is suggested that some some fundamental changes be made

Contemporary Arabic poetry, using its western experience,can use more extensive mechanisms to express its concept. One of these techniques is the use of the method of trans-realism in relation to the meanings and phenomena of being, which has been especially noted in the poetry of poets such as cercon Bowles. The contemporary Iraqi poet cercon Bools (2007- 1944) is among the poets influenced by surrealism whose by studying of his works can illustrate the surrealist identities in the two parts of Western surrealism and the localized version. In some of his poems, he uses a transcript of the Western version, especially in the elements of "autobiography", "surrealist imagery" and "the wonder". By referring to these criteria, it often deals with its inner dimension, Citing celebrities in Arabic literature, symbolic references and rhetorical parallels to Surrealism, he lends an indigenous form and uses other elements to correct social disarray.He has been able to give his poetry the color of surrealism by invoking ideas such as the freedom of life of the constraints, provoking imagination and imaginary demands, Risk in timeless routes, and passing through the material to get to the truth. The present research, considering the surrealistic capacities of his work, uses the method of content analysis to analyze the collection of "Hamel of Al-fanus Fi Leel al-ze-ab" and seeks to reveal the reality beyond the appearance world in Bowles poetry.

Establishing any type of communicative action in social systems requires the leading role of semiotic units. This element, as the smallest functional mechanism, has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. One of its most important aspects is Yuri Lotman’s semiotic approach, as the link between sociology and literature, which utilizes the power of fantasy in service of the community and is named ‘semiosphere’ as the interface of language and culture. Play is one of the most significant grounds relevant to the realm of social bias. In this area and in the contemporary Arabic literature, we see literary scholars, such as Salah Abdel Sabour, who express their views in different ways when facing important national and international issues. Abdel Sabour, like Lutman and Pierce, believes in a semiotic structure not only for the language but also for the whole universe. In line with his particular view, Abdel Sabour goes beyond that and assigns a new semiotic aspect to objects and types. The salient sample of this movement is vividly reflected in the plays of ‘The Princess is Waiting’ and ‘The Night Traveler’. In addition to the poet’s power in making meaning in these two plays, his divergence concerning a single issue is in the same historical period. As such, this paper aims at examining this issue based on Lotman’s model of semioshere. The approach used in this study is a thorough comprehension of the semiotic atmosphere of these two plays and re-analysis of the semiotic functions with regard to Lotman’ theory.

The connection between literature and philosophy has always been one of the accepted principles in the area of criticism and theorization for a long time. Regardless of the views of those for or against this connection, what is of utmost importance is the role of each in development and meaningfulness of the other. As philosophy contributes particularly to poetry in line with increasing the richness of poems, it offers a novel face to literature whilst attempting to convey its messages through literature so as to diminish the border between literature and philosophy .I In this regard, poetry is effective in a simpler, more beautiful transfer of philosophical notions. Consequently, given the new era in which philosophy and literature have been united once more, philosophical awareness has become immensely important for a better understanding of profound literary works. As one of the schools of thought in philosophy, existentialism involves a more tangible connection with arts and literature. This school has integrated philosophy with literature extensively, becoming the focus of many scholars all around the world. The connection between contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry with philosophy, especially given the achievements of existentialism, has turned into a distinguished identity in certain poems. Instances of this claim includes the manifestation of such a philosophy in Ahmad Shamlou’s Little songs of foreign lands and Adonis’s Songs of Mahyar al-Dimashghi; both poets have created these works of art by considering the fundamental components of this philosophy. In the examination of these poems, the readers are faced with poets who think, or thinkers who are also poets; such a phenomenon becomes more prominent when accompanied by the existentialist outlook.
Some of the common prominent themes showing the influence of existentialism on both poets include the meaninglessness and exorbitance of existence, human alienation, and humans’ contradictions regarding the agency and meaningfulness. In addition to offering an image of the connection between the existentialist philosophy and contemporary literature, the present inquiry aims to examine the instances of this philosophy in two cases. The method used in this study is based on analyzing and comparing both poems through the existentialist outlook. Even though Shamlou and Adonis lived in the same era and met each other several times, it is highly unlikely for them to have been influenced by one another; rather, both have been influenced by the same school of thought, that is, Western existentialism. Accordingly, what is offered here in comparing both works is the American comparative literature method of criticism. In this approach, the proposed figures such as Henry Remak (1916-2009) and René Wellek (1903-1995) not only do not consider the basis as essentially the presence of a historical relation or impression and influence, but also accept the connection between literature and other types of sciences and arts in the area by expanding the scope of the discussion (Alkhatib, 1999). On the other hand, the American school considers the presence of intellectual and cultural similarities between two literatures or cultures producing similar works to be inside the scope of studies in the area of comparative literature. In other words, according to the view that states, “Comparative literature involves comparing a literature to other literatures as well as comparing literature to other areas of human tastes and intellects” (Anoushiravani, 2010, p. 15), the origins of Little songs of foreign lands and Songs of Mahyar al-Dimashghi, which are of the same intellectual and cultural backgrounds, could be a motivation for conducting such a comparison. On one hand, the examination of the presence of existentialism in the poetry of Shamlou and Adonis confirms an interdisciplinary connection between literature and philosophy which is considered as one of the functions of comparative literature in accordance with the American school; on the other hand, it represents the feedback which is observed in the poems of both poets, particularly in Little songs of foreign lands and Songs of Mahyar al-Dimashghi. Such a consequence often leads to unity between the mutual ontological approach and outlook of both poets while it sometimes shows minor differences in their orientations. Accordingly, the following results were obtained through examining both works:When faced with the absurdity of existence, Shamlou portrays an atmosphere full of hopelessness and objection, often being under the influence of realism; however, not only Adonis does not halt amidst absurdity, he moves on and confirms the active role of humans by doing so.
In the poems of both poets, offering uncertainties regarding human loneliness is of more importance than providing answers to questions related to the subject. This is due to the fact that for an existentialist, discovering evil is of priority over solving it. In this regard, both poets have attempted to portray the present contradictory atmosphere by using antonyms.
Both poets regard humans as the center of existence. They consider humans as the ones creating meanings and their presence as the beginning of existence. Humans are constantly attempting to provide the means for the presence of another human so as to make pain and suffering more tolerable. They also believe in the agency of humans; however, Shamlou hopelessly regards himself as the agent of the dead, while Adonis looks forward to his next generation, wishing for humans to restore their own values.
Riot and rebellion against the terrible contemporary conditions are mutual mechanisms used by both poets; however, Shamlou acts as a warrior, while Adonis manifests himself in such a role by referring to what lies within him.
On the subject of becoming meaningful, Shamlou initially turns to romanticism followed by the real world, asking his audience to venture beyond themselves. Nevertheless, Adonis portrays this subject by offering a brief trace of romanticism within the surreal world, leading his audience to a vague atmosphere.

The last years of the twentieth century were the end of a period in Arabic poetry where poets were using clear or mysterious symbols to express their views. Yet the new period in Arabic poetry, made it possible for a mainstream in Arabic poetry, and poets tends to resort to simplicity and avoiding symbolic language as they offer noticeable vision relevant to facts of life with reservation of humane poem. However, the current era paved the way an Arab poetry, namely simplicity and avoidance of the symbolic language of ambiguity, as poets provide a vision associated with life realities while preserving the humane message of poetry. On the other hand, the evolution of relationship between human consciousness on the one hand and between art and literature on the other has deepened the meanings inherent in literary works, where we feel an attempt to present meanings more simply than before. This relationship helps facilitate the introduction of this human consciousness first, while influencing the expansion of vision in the field of poetry at the same time; and also contributes to the development of literature and poetry. One example of this claim is contemporary Syrian poet Maram al-Masri’s poetry. Masri has a new and varied face in the meaning. Maram Al-Masri, a Syrian poet, is considered a poet who tries to enrich readers with life experience as a woman in her poems specifically in "Looking at You." So we can analyze these series as a feminist poetry also, we are going to analyze it in accordance with the views of the existentialist feminism for "Simone de Beauvoir”. The results show that the poet was able to express her Eastern and Western experiences utilizing easy language while maintaining the technical framework in a different space. Also poet tries to visualize these experiences in her poems. Expression of despair of active presence of women in society and life, the identity crisis, social concerns and search for the establishment of unity between itself and other is one of the main axes in the reflection of experience of the poet.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soft tissues in measuring thoracic kyphosis by Iranian kyphometer through placement on the body and on the X-Ray and also comparing the results with with Cobb method.
The method of this study is Descriptive – correlation and it's sampling was targeted and vailable. The number of subject formed 18 persons. The measurements of each subject were Cobb angle with X-ray and kyphosis angle with putting kyphometer on the body and on the X-ray.
The result of this study showed, the high Validity and high correlation between measurement with kyphometer on body and on X-ray and Cobb method (p≤0.05), and also reported high correlation between measurement with kyphometer on body and measurement with kyphometer on X-Ray (p≤0.05). The comparison of the three methods in terms of mean; there was no considerable difference between the result of kyphometer on body and kyphometer on X-Ray and also between measurement with the kyphometer on X-Ray and Cobb method (P=0.34).
Based on the high correlation between the three measurement methods (kyphometer on the body, kyphometer on the X-Ray, cobb method) and also lack of significant difference between these three methods, we can say Iranian kyphometer is a valid device in measurement of thoracic kyphosis and soft tissues of the spine have no effect on the measurement by kyphometer.

The Iraqi political and committed poet, Mozafar Al-Navab, is one of the poets who consider their technical features and social commitment in line with each other. Using the existing capacity of lyrics, he seeks to turn against and break down the barriers of Arabic communities. Therefore, the cornerstone of his thought lies in his disobedience strategy against the tolerance-oriented attitude of Arab leaders and their inefficiency. He also takes advantage of the foundational issues such as poetic style influenced by his own goals. Furthermore, among conditions necessary to gain deeper insights into the mind of the poet are the meta-perceptions of the symbols used in the collection of his poems. To present attitude and awareness and also a vivid image of contrast between these issues and the reality of Arabic societies, Mozafar has acquired codes from the collective consciousness of the Arab communities, and expresses abstract concepts through those codes. In this study, through studying the poet’s Divan (collections of poems), an attempt was made to consider mutual solidarity and coherence between the function of symbols and his worldview.

Orientalism, apart from being an attempt to introduce “the Orient”, and a manifestation of liaison between the East and the West, also has aimed to control and colonize. Therefore, Colonial Orientalism is a familiar term for the educated eastern writers, who are concerned about identity issues and work for resolving them. Confronting colonial orientalism happens in various forms, the most important of which is exploiting the potentials and possibilities available in literature, especially in novels. The novel Ard As-Sawaad (the Land of blackness) is an example of this confrontation in which Abdulrahman Munif attempts to create events and characters that portray a picture of the colonizing and the colonized in a way that the artistic features of the work are also preserved. Munif reminds the readers of the goals of colonization and how the people of the Orient confront those goals. Rich symbolizes the Colonizing West and Dawood Pasha represents the Colonized East. The conclusion which can be drawn is that colonizing forces would never succeed in their domineering goals if they are resisted by Easterners who are cognizant and knowledgeable and take sensible action.

From the very beginning, the study of scholars, poets, and writers’ lives and keeping written records of their literary works and commentaries were considered the first steps towards literary historiography. This movement has developed from the traditional biography writing into modern scientific literary history. Arabic which inherits a modern literature has benefitted from some seminal historiographers who undoubtedly keep a lot of new literary findings in their works.Al-jame fi Tarikhe Al-adabe Al-arabial-hadis is one of the recent loops of Arabic literary historiography circle whose author, Hana Al-fakhuri, has attempted to tender a worthy history by using modern theories. In spite of having some good points, the number of problems and shortcomings has pushed this book away from the scientific criteria of literary history writing and made it close to the traditional works. Because of this important reason, the main objective of this article is to study the pathology of this book from a critical point of view within a descriptive-analytical framework.