farshad ghaderi

Today's social community pays great attention to human resources. In other words, the performance of employees in the service sector, especially the tourism industry, is becoming increasingly important. On the other hand, tourism industry employees contribute significantly to creating a competitive advantage, with organizations with better-performing employees experiencing better business growth. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the influence of internal marketing on the employees’ job performance mediated by knowledge sharing and the moderating role of communication. The current study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study comprised the 390 employees of four and five-star hotels in Mashhad. The required data were collected from the administered questionnaires, which were then analyzed via structural equation modeling using the AMOS software. The findings of the study indicated that internal marketing exerted a positive significant influence on knowledge sharing and staff performance. Moreover, knowledge sharing was found to have a positive effect on employees' job performance. Furthermore, the positive effects of the moderating role of organizational communication and knowledge sharing were also confirmed. The present research is descriptive-survey in terms of applied purpose and method of work. The statistical population of the study includes the staff of hotels in Mashhad. The collected data from 390 questionnaires were analyzed by structural equation modeling with AMOS software. Findings showed that internal marketing has a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing and employee performance. At the same time, knowledge sharing has a positive effect on employees' job performance. Another result was that the moderator role of organizational communication was also confirmed. In addition, the role of knowledge sharing interface was also confirmed.

Constituting half of society, women play a significant role in advancing the goals of different countries in this new social age. On the other hand, as organizations, especially the service-providing ones, are potentially subject to errors, they need to provide an appropriate environment for treating possible errors. Therefore, this applied survey study sought to investigate the effect of an error treatment atmosphere on the willingness to quit one’s job, considering learning behavior as the mediating factor. The statistical population of the study comprised female staff of four and five-star hotels in Mashhad, out of whom 390 people were selected as participants. Moreover, the required data were collected through a questionnaire, whose form and content validity were evaluated and verified by management experts and its construct validity was measured and confirmed using the confirmatory factor analysis in Amos software. Also, the reliability of different constructs of the questionnaire was confirmed, as the reported Cronbach's alpha coefficient was over 0.7. The findings of the study indicated the positive influence of error management and perceived forgiveness atmosphere on the staff’s learning behavior, with their effect rate being 0.48 and 0.57, respectively. On the other hand, error management atmosphere, perceived forgiveness atmosphere, and learning behavior had a significant influence on reducing the willingness of the staff to quit their jobs, with their effect rates being -0.34, -0.20, and -0.28, respectively. Moreover, the mediating role of the learning behavior in the causal relationships between the error management atmosphere and the willingness to quit one’s job, and between the perceived forgiveness atmosphere and such a willingness was confirmed, with the former and latter’s effect rate being -0.13 and -0.16, respectively.

 Tourists in their trips, in addition to visiting the city's sights, want to enjoy their trip by staying in a suitable hotel, and hotels also seek to provide satisfactory services to tourists, so that they can take steps to encourage tourists to visit again and promote their positive word of mouth to others. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research in order to provide the correct solutions to hotel managers in this direction. Therefore, the aim of the current research is the effect of multisensory marketing model on word of mouth in tourism business has been investigated through mediating variables of brand sensory experience and brand love.

 This research in terms of purpose, application and method of doing work, it is a survey. Its statistical population includes tourists staying in 17 hotels, including four and five star hotels in Mashhad. Data collection was done through a standard questionnaire and based on Cochran's formula, the minimum sample size for unknown communities is estimated to be 384 people, which in the end, in this research 387 questionnaires were collected convenience non-randomly and analyzed. Structural equation modeling method and (SPSS v.19) and (AMOS v.18) software were used for data analysis. The findings indicate the confirmation of all research hypotheses. The results show that the effect of multi-sensory marketing model on brand sensory experience, brand love and word of mouth is positive and significant, and also brand sensory experience and brand love have a positive and significant effect on word of mouth.
This research is applied in terms of purpose and due to the fact that in this research, a questionnaire is used, so this research is a survey in terms of method. Standard measures of previous studies were used to measure the variables. The construct and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by reviewing the opinions of management experts. The multisensory marketing model variable with 25 questions and the brand sensory experience variable with 3 questions were measured from the study of Wiedmann et al. (2018), the brand love with 10 questions and the WOM with 3 questions were measured from the study of Carrol and Ahuvia (2006). The validity of the questionnaire constructs was also evaluated using factor analysis technique. The statistical population is all tourists living in four and five star hotels in Mashhad. The non-random sampling method available and the number of samples using the Cochran's formula for an infinite population, the minimum sample size of 384 people was determined (standard deviation of the sample was 0.5 and the error value was 0.05). Therefore, about 400 questionnaires were distributed in 4- and 5-star hotels, Including hotels Qasr Talaee, Darvishi, Almas 2, Qasr International Hotel, Pardisan, Homa 1, Sinoor, Pars, Madinah Al Reza, Homa 2, Parsis, Almas 1, Almas Novin, Javad Hotel, Mino, Sarina and Ferdows Mashhad, and finally 387 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. In order to analyze the data, various statistical analysis methods such as Pearson correlation analysis were used to calculate zero-order correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling was used to examine the fit of the structural equation model with the collected data. The analysis was performed using (SPSS v.19) and (AMOS v.18) software.

 According to the obtained results, it can be said that multisensory marketing model through the five senses and its effects on the brand sensory experience and creating a lasting experience cause a kind of interest in people that brings the highest level of interest, its brand love and acts as an effective variable for word of mouth. In this study, special attention has been paid to the industry of 4- and 5-star hotels in Mashhad, which offer a strong potential to create positive experiences through a wide range of services. Also, a hotel in terms of smell, hearing, sight, taste and touch can strengthen a positive feeling and, following the experiential logic, creates a special value for the individual and, in particular, a brand image. Therefore, the findings show that in the tourism business, through the five senses, it is possible to create an experience in people that induces a positive or negative feeling, and based on this feeling, a person decides to choose or not to choose his place of residence.

 In this study, six hypotheses were developed that were confirmed. The first, second, and third hypotheses of multisensory marketing model on brand sensory experience, brand love, and wom are confirmed. In the fourth and fifth hypotheses, the effect of brand sensory experience on brand love and word of mouth was confirmed. Finally, in the sixth hypothesis test, the effect of brand love on word of mouth was confirmed. In fact, in multisensory marketing model, multisensory marketing model can enhance word-of-mouth through brand experience and brand love. According to the obtained results, it can be said that multi-sensory marketing model through the five senses and its effects on the brand sensory experience and creating a lasting experience cause a kind of interest in people that brings the highest level of interest its brand love. It works effectively for word of mouth. In this study, special attention has been paid to the industry of hotels in Mashhad, which offer a strong potential to create positive experiences through a wide range of services. It is recommended in detail to the managers active in the tourism industry, to implement a multisensory marketing model concept, they must constantly stimulate each of the senses of the hotel guests during their stay so that they can leave a lasting sensory experience of their brand on people who lead to brand love so the guests that they can contribute to the prosperity of their hotel through their word of mouth.

Coopetition strategy is a phenomenon that is the result of the simultaneous pursuit of cooperation and competition between companies, and nowadays it has become increasingly popular in strategic management studies; However, since high-tech industries require expertise and high technology, which any business may not fully possess, are in urgent need of cooperation and sharing of this expertise and technology so that in addition to competing, they can create a unique competitive advantage with cooperation. Therefore, the adoption of a strategy based on competition and cooperation in high-tech industries becomes more and more prominent. This research aims to study the role of management ambidexterity between strategic goals and the cooperation competition strategy with the moderating role of knowledge sharing.This study is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of the method of doing the work. The statistical population consists of 109 active managers in high-tech industries who have experienced competition-cooperation, and who were selected by the non-probability sampling method. The research tool is a questionnaire whose form and content validity were examined using experts' opinions and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables was more than 0.7, which shows the reliability of the tool. The obtained data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and AMOS software.The findings of the research showed that strategic intent has a positive and significant effect on the management ambidexterity and the cooperation competition strategy, and management ambidexterity has a significant effect on the strategy of competition and cooperation. Furthermore, the result shows that management ambidexterity plays a moderating role between strategic intent and the cooperation competition strategy.

The impact of organizations on the intention to repurchase consumers in today's highly competitive markets is one of the main issues and challenges for organizations that companies must recognize and personalize the needs of customers in order to survive and be active in investing in customer relations to  act. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of multidisciplinary marketing strategy including relationship marketing and personalization on consumers' intention to repurchase through appreciation. Data were collected by distributing 390 questionnaires among customers of luxury restaurants in Mashhad. The relationship between the variables was investigated through structural equation modeling with the help of AMOS software. The results show that relationship marketing and personalization affect customers' repurchase intent; In addition, relationship marketing and personalization have a positive and significant effect on appreciation. Also, the role of appreciation mediation in the relationship between relationship marketing and personalization with the intention of repurchasing customers was confirmed.Competition in the restaurant industry is growing, especially among luxury restaurant owners, and restaurants that used to have a good market share are now worried about losing customers as a result of their market share. However, with increasing competition among restaurant owners, success in this area is no longer easily possible, because customers, as in the past, do not just go to restaurants to eat, but to have the best service to have a good time. As the number of restaurants increases, more options will be available to customers, and in these circumstances, expecting customer loyalty is a mistake. Restaurant owners expect to have an impact on customer reuse for the huge costs they incur in setting up stylish and luxurious restaurants to leave beautiful memories in the minds of their customers. So in today's era, in order to influence customer purchases, multifaceted attention and impressing customers using several marketing methods is a way to success. Among the issues mentioned influencing customers, we can mention relational marketing, personalization and appreciation, which have been widely considered by researchers in recent years. The city of Mashhad, as the largest guest city in Iran, receives about twenty million guests annually, while the population of the city as the second largest and most populous city in Iran makes it a place with high potential for the construction and operation of the hospitality industry. Therefore, the necessity of conducting research can be expressed as follows: The importance of designing practical solutions to influence consumers' intention to repurchase in the food industry is increasingly felt.2. Losing customers entails huge costs for the organization, and in addition, customers who leave organizations turn to competing organizations. 3. Given that most studies on the use of several marketing methods simultaneously and its effect on repurchase intention Consumerism has taken place in developed countries and the food industry has been neglected. To better understand this phenomenon, research is needed according to the cultural conditions of Iranian society.  

This research is applied in terms of purpose and survey-analytical in terms of method. Standard measures of previous studies were used to measure the variables. Questionnaire questions in relational marketing variable 3 questions from Mishra studies (2016), in the field of appreciation 3 questions from research conducted by (Hassan et al., 2015), 5 questions about personalization from studies (Hassan et al., 2014) and finally Three questions were selected to measure repurchase intention taken from studies (Palmiter et al., 2009). The validity of the questionnaire constructs was also evaluated using factor analysis technique. Customers of luxury restaurants in Mashhad who have used the services of these restaurants more than twice make up the statistical population of this study. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size for the unknown community (384 people). Since some of the questionnaires were not returned, 450 non-randomly available questionnaires were distributed among the customers of these restaurants, and at the end of the follow-up, 390 of these questionnaires were returned to the researchers for analysis. In order to analyze the data, various methods of statistical analysis, such as modeling structural equations to fit the pattern of these equations using the collected data, Pearson correlation analysis has been used to calculate zero-order correlation coefficients. In this study, the features of AMOS software such as torque structure analysis and social science statistical features of SPSS software were used.

In this study, seven hypotheses were formulated that were confirmed. Therefore, based on the results of research in the statistical community, it can be said that: relational marketing and personalization affect the intention to repurchase customers; In addition, relationship marketing and personalization have a positive and significant effect on appreciation. The role of gratitude mediation in the relationship between relationship marketing and personalization with the intention of repurchasing customers was also confirmed.Discussion and

Considering the results of the research, it can be claimed that the adoption of multifaceted marketing strategies in the organization has a significant effect on increasing the impact on the intention of customers to buy restaurants in Mashhad. And by having multifaceted marketing strategies, it is possible to meet the needs of customers in different ways and achieve a satisfied customer who will show his loyalty in future purchases from the organization. Therefore, managers in the service industry remained industry. Tourism and restaurant management should be diligent in adopting multiple marketing strategies at the same time and seek to improve customer relationships by adopting multidisciplinary marketing strategies. According to the obtained results, these suggestions are that restaurant managers with strategic planning in order to create long-term bilateral relationships to instill a sense of gratitude in their customers and by training a tasteful, creative and capable force in creating verbal communication in the direction of attention to Making connections in addition to the above is achieved according to the results, restaurant managers should seek to know their customers and by hiring and training skilled people, conducting thorough marketing research to obtain customer information and personalize services for them In this way, to prove the customer's sense of attention to him in practice. Another suggestion is to use customer relationship techniques and the science of consumer behavior to influence customer repurchase intent. The application of new methods of marketing research to identify the new needs of customers and the development of a variety of services in line with these needs, as well as the use of new methods of sales, promotions, special discounts, awards and lotteries should be considered. Use trained people in the sales department in such a way that these people communicate well with customers and in line with the organization's strategy to instill in them a sense of appreciation for the customer's purchase. Other suggestions include having a suitable strategic plan for marketer research to identify the tastes and needs of customers and having an integrated marketing plan for the organization. The above seeks to create a customer-oriented appreciation so that the consumer fully understands that the organization values ​​the customer's trust and appreciates his behavior.

Paying attention to the position and role of knowledge-based companies in advancing the country's economic and social goals is very important. On the other hand, the issue of dynamism and market turbulence in today's markets makes it even more important to pay attention to these businesses. The knowledge-based companies are based on innovation in business. However, the turmoil in markets and competition makes it important to pay attention to the dimensions of innovation strategies in different environmental conditions, and the business of students who do not consider innovation in line with environmental conditions will fail in innovation and will not perform well. The aim of this study is to investigate the strategic relationship between innovation strategies and business performance with the role of moderating market turbulence and environmental dynamics. The statistical population of this study includes 115 knowledge-based companies in East Azerbaijan province. In order to analyze and analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used and the hypotheses were analyzed and analyzed using AMOS software. The results showed that product innovation and process strategy have a positive relationship with business performance. However, the modification test results showed that process innovation performs better in high environment dynamics and product innovation in high market turbulence.

Today, with the critical situation of corona disease and with people staying at home, the role of online sales has become more and more prominent. However, despite staying at home, customers can choose the items they need and deliver them to their doorstep in such a critical situation. Therefore, the role of online sales is important in preventing the transmission of disease and the larger crisis. On the other hand, influencing online businesses to customer satisfaction is very important to continue these purchases. According to the stated cases, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of strategic dimensions of e-customer relationship management on customer satisfaction with mediator role of perceived quality services in crisis situations. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of survey method and using structural equation modeling model. The study looked at 390 customers who bought from Digi Kala's website to stay home during Corona's illness. Based on the obtained findings, e-customer relationship management has a positive effect on service quality and customer satisfaction. However, the mediating role of perceived service quality in the relationship between strategic dimensions of e-customer relationship management and satisfaction was confirmed.

As Women who form almost half of each society’s population significantly contribute to the fulfillment of national goals, their effective role in the service sector of societies is becoming increasingly important. While the positive impact of forgiveness climate on organizational performance has been confirmed, many organizations have neglected this factor in their performance improvement. This applied survey research, therefore, sought to investigate the effect of perceived forgiveness climate on the efficiency of service recovery through the mediating role of psychological safety and organizational fairness. The population of the study consisted of 390 female employees who were selected from four and five-star hotels of Mashhad. The findings of this study indicated that perceived forgiveness climate had a positive and significant impact on women’s psychological safety and organizational fairness. It was also found that psychological safety and organizational fairness were effective in the efficiency of service recovery. Moreover, the mediating role of psychological safety and organizational fairness was also confirmed.

Today, improving the export performance of businesses has become a very important factor for the survival of organizations and the economic growth of countries in international level. Human resources management has also consistently developed this approach from a strategic approach to a sustainable approach. Environmentally friendly human resources management, as a cornerstone of sustainable human resource management, is a modern issue in human resource management that emphasizes the goal of environmental sustainability. This research is a practical purpose, and is a survey method using the structural equation modeling model. The study examined 175 exporters in mashhad, which exported over the past five years, as part of a group of exporting companies that were randomly selected. Based on findings and outcomes, the mediator role of the competitive advantage of cost differentiation and differentiation in the relationship between the environment friendly human resource strategy and the export performance of organizations was confirmed.

The purpose of this reserch is to Investigate the relationship between social media marketing and electronic word of mouth with the mediator role of brand awareness and brand image in sportswear Customers. The statistical society of this research is sportswear customers. In order to collect data, 500 spreadsheets were distributed randomly among the sportwear customers and 455 questionnaires were analyzed. The relationship between variables was investigated through structural equation modeling with AMOS software. The results indicated that the social media marketing has a positive impact on brand awareness and image; the positive impact of social media marketing has also been confirmed on electronic word of mouth. Moreover brand awareness has  positive relationship with brand image. brand image has  positive mediating role in the relationship between social marketing and electronic word of mouth.

Nowadays, organizations must always be creative and innovative to successfully deliver their activities and survive in international markets. Therefore, if organizations do not have creativity and innovation in their products, they will be downgraded and eliminated from the competition cycle. In global competitive markets, putting innovation strategies in the organization's programs is key to improving performance (Durand et al, 2017). Product Innovation Strategy (PIS) isthe invention of innovative and innovative methods of products and services has always been important for the lives of groups in competitive environments (Croitoru, 2012) .In this case, process innovation strategy is process innovations may include such things as input materials, job characteristics, workflow and information (Abernathy & Utterback, 1978). The main feature of the process innovation is that this type of innovation is within the organization and occurs in the production line and is not discoverable by individuals outside the organization, and this is a unique feature because it is not imitated by rivals because it is within the organization and cannot be outspoken (Maine et al, 2012). Competition means an attempt to employ a range of rivals in an industry to undermine each other, and in this way, each competitor will maximize his ability and ability to survive in the field and to achieve future growth and development (Knight, 2011). In this research, sales, profitability and market share were used to measure the export performance of the organizations. The statistical population of this study consisted of 230 companies that exported in the past 5 years in Tabriz city, with 148 companies selected as the sample. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The hypotheses were analyzed using SPSS18 and AMOS software. The results from such research will draw the attention of managers and organizational researchers to dimensions that are more important.  

Since this research analyzes the relationship between innovation and business strategies of exporters in Tabriz city considering the moderating role of competition intensity. This research in terms of its purpose is an applied research. The data has been collected using the questionnaire. Therefore, this research is a survey based on the field work. For measuring variables, standard measurements of previous studies were used. The face and content validity of the final questionnaire were confirmed by reviewing the views of management experts. The validity of the questionnaire constructs was also evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis technique using AMOS software and the significance of the related items to the proposed structures was confirmed.

The research findings are presented in two tables. Table 1 shows the results of the research hypotheses test.   Table 1. Test results of research hypotheses Relationship results Standard coefficient t- value p- value Test result Product Innovation← Business Performance 0.25 2.471 0.013 Confirm prosess Innovation← Business Performanc 0.75 3.074 0.002 Confirm   And Table 2 shows the effect of product innovation and process innovation on business performance in two groups with high and low competition.   Table 2. Effect of product innovation and process innovation on business performance in two groups with high and low competition. Model Independent variables Dependent variables β sig R2 View count low competitive intensity prosess Innovation Business Performanc 0.255 0.000 0.065 72 High competitive intensity prosess Innovation Business Performanc 0.530 0.000 0.806 76 low competitive intensity Product Innovation Business Performanc 0.471 0.000 0.222 72 High competitive intensity Product Innovation Business Performanc 0.029 0.000 0.806 76   As can be seen in the above discussion, the effect of process innovation on business performance in two groups of companies with high competition is higher than that of low competition. The more the competition intensifies, the greater the impact of process innovation on business performance.

In this research all hypotheses were approved. According to these hypotheses, product and process innovation strategies have a positive impact on the performance of export organizations. It is important to note that in a high competitive environment, the use of process innovation strategy on export performance has a better impact on the product innovation strategy. One of the reasons for using the process innovation strategy in a competitive state of affairs is that the process innovation process is hidden from the eyes of competitors. In this case, the business will be able to maintain its financial resources for producing products and avoid the imitation of competitors.  It is safe to say that this is important to maintain business life in a competitive environment. The results are consistent with the results of previous studies. Paying attention to the external environment of the organization and understanding the intensity of competition in the environment will make it more effective for decision makers to get a better strategy. In short, attention outside and within the organization to adopt an innovation strategy must be consistent with the organization's success. A strategy, as it can be a business success, can equally create barriers to this path and eliminate the market. Therefore, taking innovation strategy in line with the market situation and international competitors not only helps to improve performance but also plays an important role in business development. Export companies provide successful businesses and executives by adopting a market-oriented strategy to innovate and utilize existing creativity while increasing sales by increasing market share and profits.

As a natural phenomenon, dust storm occurs in all climatic conditions, however, as a typical feature of arid and semi-arid climate, causes severe problems in infrastructures and activities of human society such as agriculture, transportation and industries. Dust storm is a phenomena that has a high frequency of occurrence in some parts of the world, especially in the Middle East. Dust storm occurrence in this region has been increased in the past decade, even in the humid months of the year. Studies on dust storms in Iran have shown that many environmental factors contribute to occurrence of this phenomenon and its long-term stability besides the natural factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the dust deposition rate during a one-year period, and its relationship with selected climatic and spatial factors, in Javanrood township.
This study was carried out in an area of about 5500 hectares in Javanrood township, located in Kermanshah province. Since the beginning of August 2015 until the end of June 2016, dust samples were collected at the end of each season, from 35 sampling points randomly distributed throughout the township, including 21 points located in the urban and 14 points located in the rural areas. Dust deposition rate was calculated by dividing the mass of dust on the sampler surface and the sampling period. Dust deposition rate relationship with selected climatic parameters such as prevailing wind speed, wind direction, humidity, rainfall and mean temperature (provided by Meteorological Organization), and spatial parameters such as distance from the western border of the country (assuming that Iraq country is one of the dust resources in this region) and the elevation (above sea level) were examined using Pearson correlation test.
The average rate of dust deposition was 0.38 gr m-2 day-1(1376 kg ha-1 year-1) in the study area. In terms of time, spring season had the highest rate of deposition with an average of 0.47 gr m-2 day-1, and summer had the lowest rate with an average of 0.26 gr m-2 day-1. Considering the spatial aspect, rural areas in winter had the highest rate of deposition with an average of 0.52 gr m-2 day-1, while, urban areas in summer had the lowest amount of deposition rate of 0.23 gr m-2 day-1 in average. Results indicated that the amount of dust deposition in the study area is higher than defined standard levels for most parts of the world. The dust deposition in the rural parts was greater than urban parts, probably because of the adjacency to the dust source areas. The dust deposition rate decreased with increasing in elevation. It had positive and significant correlations with direction and speed of wind (at p It seems that the differences among the values of dust deposition, were resulted from local dust events, the elevation differences, the distance from Iraq border, differences in sampling platforms height, and also adjacency to the farmlands and uncovered pastures. High levels of atmospheric dust deposition in the region and its relation with climatic factors, is probably due to the simultaneous effects of local and regional (which is created in neighboring countries and transported to the area) dust storm events.

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, inductive agents, potential risk factors, and prognosis pertaining to the specific risk factors of fungal infections in the hospitalized children in the northwest of Iran.
This descriptive-analytical, retrospective study was conducted on all the children who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Hospital of Tabriz, Iran due to positive fungal culture during 23 August 2010-23 September 2013. The culture samples were collected from various positive fungal body fluids, secretions, and/or catheters.
In total, 40,638 patients were hospitalized during the study period, 191 of whom had fungal cultures and were enrolled in the study. Among the studied patients, 58% were male, and 42% were female. The prevalence of fungal infections in the pediatric healthcare center was 0.47% (approximately four infections per 1,000 cases). The most common comorbidities in the hospitalized children with positive fungal culture were aspiration pneumonia (15%), urinary tract infections (9%), and septicemia (7%). In addition, the most frequently infected area was the urinary system (37%). Candida albicans and mycelial fungi accounted for the most common varieties of the fungal isolates obtained from the patients. The mortality rate among the studied children with fungal infections was estimated at 27%.
According to the results, the main risk factors for fungal infections included the use of intravenous catheters, urinary catheters, intubation, and history of surgery. Therefore, it is recommended that the potential risk factors of these infections be screened and investigated in the patients admitted to the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Tabriz.