farzad

 the interweaving of social relations affected by mutual needs in the global arena and the increasing growth of information and communication technology and the formation of new forms of macro-communities that break traditional boundaries on the one hand, as well as the formation of new businesses with currencies Digital, on the other hand, creates the basis for the emergence of crimes in the global arena by transnational organized groups in such a way that due to the existence of criminal organizations in different countries, governments are unable to follow up and deal with organized crimes. This issue makes the position of the international police sensitive. has become more and more important. The aspect of transnationality and organization of crimes provided the ground for countries to come to the conclusion that they should actively enter the issue. The components of being organized along with being transnational and the occurrence of new crimes made any action difficult until the determination of the international community found its place in facing the issue. From the opportunities obtained from globalization and the ease of international communication and the removal of borders, criminal gangs have expanded their role and power beyond the borders and not only threaten a society and nation, but also endanger global security. In this essay, the researcher tries to investigate and analyze the role of Interpol in the fight against transnational organized crimes.

 The current research was conducted in terms of its practical purpose and information collection by library method and the obtained information was analyzed by descriptive analysis method. Therefore, considering that the resulting information has been collected using library tools, it has been extracted from books, articles, internet sources and other reliable research sources and within the framework of international laws and regulations, so that the role of the international police to be identified in the fight against transnational organized crime.

 With the increase in the level of interdependence and dependence of countries on each other, the ground for the gradual elimination of traditional geographical borders provided as a result of the extent and complexity of relations, organized criminal groups with the aim of escaping from the clutches of the law, their activities are carried out by multinational teams. In several countries, they establish, design and implement, the increase in the level of committing transnational crimes and the high levels of its influence at the transnational level have caused the concern of the international community, so that global determination in the form of international law, documents and judicial decisions has emerged and established and Legislative, judicial and executive organizations have been formed around the issue and it is the concrete crystallization of the international determination of the international police, which is joined by almost all countries of the world and today plays a very important and valuable role in the field of dealing with transnational organized crimes. The international police, as the executive element of the follow-up and prosecution of organized crimes at the global level, will make the foci of the formation of transnational crimes insecure and create a foundation for global peace and security.

Even though women’s perception of factors affecting vaginismus is taken into account as a mental concept that can be induced by sociocultural values, it has not been assessed so far in the form of a qualitative study in Iranian culture. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify psychological factors associated with vaginismus in married women referring to Tolou Clinic in Rasht, 2018.

A qualitative content analysis method was employed in this study. Using a purposive sampling method, the data were saturated with a total number of 11 women affected with vaginismus referring to Tolou Clinic in the city of Rasht from March 2018 to January 2019. Moreover, in-depth semi-structure interview was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis

During the process of content analysis, the participants elucidated three main categories of “cultural-educational factors”, “sexual knowledge”, and “sexual cognition and arousal”.

Based on the findings of this study, vaginismus was introduced as a sociocultural and psychological disorder that is determined by internalization of norms and values in a society with lack of well-timed sexual instruction, induction of negative sexual arousal and cognition, district educational styles for girls and creating duality and contradiction in girls’ mental structure between what they have learned and what they are expected to do as a woman.

Purpose of the study was construction, questionnaire reliability and validation for measurement of patterns and premarital injuries. The research method was the testing. The statistical population was all of the engaged couples from 26 Iran provinces in 2018. Sample were selected through purposive sampling and according to Brown (2006), 550 people including 357 girls and 193 boys who were about to get married have electronically completed the questionnaire of Evaluation of Premarital Patterns and Injuries of Rostami, Navabinejad & Farzad 2018. After deleting 38 unclear questionnaires, 521 people were analyzed by using the content validity index and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that 79 items were classified into 5 factors; the first factor was the inefficient relationship patterns with the explained variance value of 10.50; the second factor was the inefficient relationship management patterns with the explained variance value of 6.84; the third factor was the value system of the couples with the explained variance value of 6.49; the fourth factor was the schematic mentality with the explained variance value of 6.43, and the fifth factor was the destructive effects of the main family with the explained variance value of 5.19, which represented 35.47% of the total variance of the questionnaire. Except χ2 index that was equal to 1200.65, the fitting indicators of the confirmatory factor analysis were also significant at the level of 0.001. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were respectively as follows: 0.92 for the inefficient relationship patterns, 0.90 for the inefficient relationship management patterns, 0.91 for the value system of the couples, 0.89 for the schematics mentality, and 0.87 for the destructive effects of the main family,  and these values for retest process with a 45-day-interval respectively were; 0.86, 0.87, 0.91, 0.85 and 0.90. The designed questionnaire is valid and reliable. It can be used to diagnose premarital patterns and injuries in order to identify the relationship patterns, the value system of the couples
and the schematic mentality of each couple

The present study[4] sought to investigate the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy in improving marital adjustment and couples’ intimacy. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest posttest control group design with a follow-up assessment. Thirty-two parents of school-aged children (16 couples) who were the clients of counseling clinics of Education Departments in Tehran were selected through convenience sampling method. These individuals were randomly assigned to two groups of emotionally focused couple therapy (N=16, 8 couples) and control (N=16, 8 couples). The emotionally focused couple therapy group was subjected to 10 treatment sessions and the control group was assigned to a waiting list. There was a subsequent follow-up two months later. The instruments comprised Spanier’s Dyadic Adjustment Scale (1976) and Walker and Thompson’s Intimacy Scale (1983). The data were analyzed using two-factor repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that emotionally focused therapy led to effective and lasting changes in couples’ adjustment and intimacy components (p

Academic performance in each society indicates the success of the educational system in targeting and paying attention to individual needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to the role of self-determination on academic performance in adolescent students with mediating academic engagement and attitude toward e-learning. The present research is an applied and correlation research method by Structural Equation Modeling. A total of 300 people (150 females and 150 males) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from all adolescents aged 12 to 14 years old in public and non-profit schools in Tehran. All of them completed La Guardia et al self-identification questionnaires, Fredricks, & McColskey academic engagement, and Pilli et al attitude toward E-learning. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling have been used. The results showed that self-determination, educational conflict and attitude toward e-learning and educational performance were significantly correlated. Also, the results of the model showed that self-determination (0.81), educational conflict (0.31) and attitude toward E-learning (0.22) have a direct effect on academic performance. In addition, self-determination due to educational conflict and attitude toward e-learning on academic performance (0.45) had indirect effect. Finally, the results of this study have shown that self-determination, academic engagement and attitude toward E-learning can have a positive and significant effect on academic performance and use them to enhance the academic performance of students.

Marital adjustment refers to the state of accommodation in marital relationship, by which spouses react to marital demands in constructive manners. Achievement in marital life depends on Adjustment and maladjustment causes tension. The purpose of the study was the identification of the dimensions of Iranian couple's marital adjustment.
The study was conducted with a qualitative approach during 2015-2016. The participants included 17 couples referring to Tabriz Yavarane Roshd Counseling Center, selected by purposive sampling. Data were gathered by semi-structured interview (up to saturation of the data). The texts of the interviews and field notes were analyzed by Conventional Qualitative Content Analysis within 16 month.
Data analysis lead to extraction of 643 open codes, 196 initial concepts, 31 focused concepts and 4 categories including responsibility, mutual understanding, communicational structure and conflict resolution as the dimensions of of Iranian couple's marital adjustment.
Marital adjustment can be described as responsibility (commitment and life improvement), mutual understanding (realistic evaluation, acceptance, empathy, collaborative decision making and agreement), communicational structure (equal communication, moderate hierarchy and preserving the boundaries) and conflict resolution (compromise, assertive conflict resolution and abandoning aggressiveness) that can be used in couples Evaluation.

The use of online games in recent years has become a popular entertainment among teens. Due to their highly motivating properties and the high rates of addiction to these games, the motivating factors for online gaming have come to the attention of researchers. The present study aimed to develop and test a model for the relationship between motivations for gaming and addiction to online games.
In this cross- sectional study, 409 adolescents which play Clash of Clans were recruited from high schools in Karaj and two questionnaires of online gaming addiction and motives for online gaming were completed. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling.
The results showed that seeking the flow experience and communication with others were the highest and lowest ranking in prediction of influencing online gaming addiction, respectively. The investigated model for the role of psychological motivations in online gaming addiction was confirmed and explained 0.77 of its variance.
The results of this study suggested that psychological motivations largely explained online gaming addiction among adolescents. Therefore, prevention efforts aimed at reducing online gaming addiction should compose of these factors. In fact, the results suggested that earlier prevention efforts may be warranted.

Theaim of this study was to examin and compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy Based on meta-theoretical models and meta-cognitive therapy on thought control and reducing the pain in patients suffering from chronic pain.
This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included all chronic pain patients aged over 30 years old who referred to Shahid Gholipur Hospital’s centers of Bukan city for treatment in 2015. 105 patients with chronic pain were selected among those who referred to these centers and assigned into the experimental and control groups randomly. The experimental groups received eight sessions of 90-minutes. The McGill Pain Questionnaire and Wells Score were used to collect data.
The Results of multiple analysis of covariance indicated that there was a significant difference between three groups in posttest scores of thought control and reducing the pain. The results of post hoc test indicated more effective and more reliable effectiveness of meta-transtheoretical therapy rather than meta-cognitive model in post-test and follow-up of two months on thought control and reducing the pain.
According to the results of this study, meta-transtheoretical therapy more increased in thought control and reducing the pain. Thus, mental health expert can use this treatment method for increasing patients’ thought control and reducing the pain

Personality disorders are a consistent behavioural and inner experience pattern that is considerably at odds with cultural expectations. It is pervasive, inflexible, stable over time (it may develop into confusion and disorder), and begins during adolescence or adulthood. One of the many types of personality problems is the dependent personality disorder. It is a natural need for human beings to communicate with and ask for help from others but people with dependent personality disorder tend to show too much need for these bounds which can surely be troublesome. This article aims to study the effectiveness of dialectical behavioural therapy on self-efficacy of females with dependent personality disorder. For this purpose, 30 women diagnosed with dependent personality disorder through MCMI test were chosen out of the women who visited consultation centers in Tehran. These subjects randomly selected were assigned into control and experiment groups. The experiment group went through 10 sessions of dialectical behavioural therapy while the control group were put in the waiting list. Before and immediately after the interventions all groups went through Sherer general efficacy test. Results show that by stabilizing the pre-test effects there is a significant difference between the control and test group (P

Mental health is one of the main components of positive psychology movement that plays an important role in physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and successful marriage. Also, its increase in distress and crisis in couple's relationships can be considered as a positive achievement in couple therapy. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of integrative behavioral couple therapy and behavioral systems couple therapy in increasing the mental health of couples.
This was a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest control group design and repeated measures. The statistical society was formed of couples who referred to four psychological counseling in Tehran. In this study, 24 couples were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Ryff's psychological well-being questionnaire included 84 questions with six sub-scales was used for data gathering. These data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive statistics indexes, mixed model analysis of covariance, and also multivariable analysis.
The findings showed that compared to behavioral systems couple therapy, integrative behavioral couples therapy had a greater impact on increasing self-acceptance, personal growth, and environmental mastery (components of mental health).
In healthy interpersonal relationships, especially marriage, it is required that couples increased their sense of control over the environment with having a positive attitude to themselves and their past lives. It will help them to achieve new experiences as a human with effective potential.

Nowadays, the production of science is one of the important tasks and missions of universities. In the view of Robert Merton, ethical behaviors are the essence of science, hence observing them is essentially useful for the realization of the fundamental goals of science. As such, insights from Merton and Midriff’s theory were integrated into the present study which aims at investigating the extent to which faculty members are committed to science norms and anti-norm bias. To this purpose, a questionnaire was administered to 460 postgraduate students of electrical-computer engineering, mechanical engineering and chemistry, from three universities in Tehran, Tarbiat Modares, and Shahid Rajaei. The participants’ responses were analyzed using SPSS program. The instrument validation was done through factor analysis which led into the extraction of three main components which explained 36.02 percent of the total variance. The results show that the instrument enjoys a satisfactory construct. Furthermore, the reliability of the instrument was estimated through Alpha Cronbach’s as 0.79. The results indicate that postgraduate students of engineering believe scientists and researchers are most often bound to the norms of science, but the results relevant to the anti-norms of science are also noticeable. In addition, with reference to the commitment to the norms and anti-norms of science, degrees of inconsistencies in ideas and beliefs were observed among the participants. When comparing the electrical-computer engineering, mechanical engineering and chemistry students, we found the chemistry students reported a lower mean for the faculty’s commitment to the norms of science.

Essential Hypertension (EH) is general health problem which is prevalent around worldwide. Based on previous studies, Essential Hypertension is significant risk factor for Chronic Diseases. The main purpose of this study was to compare acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) motivational interviewing (MI) on anxiety, depression, stress and hope in essential hypertensive patients.
This study was a semi-experimental study with pretest, post-test and follow-up. Subjects were first screened by using inclusion and exclusion criteria, therefore 39 hypertensive patients were selected who referred to Valiasr Hospital in Rasht city and randomly were divided into experimental and control groups (13 patients in each group). The motivational interviewing (MI) group was treated in 5 sessions and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) group was treated in 8 sessions while the control group did not receive any treatment. Research’s tools were stress, anxiety and depression and hope scale that in all three phases were completed by subjects.
The data was analyzed by MANCOVA and POST HOC statistical tests showed that ACT and MI, mean of depression, anxiety and stress was significantly lower than control group and also had higher hope. It was also found that ACT, was significantly lower in mean of anxiety and stress than MI group and higher in hope.
Based on research’s findings, ACT and MI are effective interventions in essential hypertensive patients.

The aim of this study was to standardize and validate The Belbin Team Role Self-Perception Inventory (BTRSPI-9Roles). Participants include 360 employees of National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company, who were selected by classified random sampling method. The instrument consisted of BTRSPI-9R, Neo-FFI Personality Inventory and The Belbin Observer Assessment Sheet (OAS). Data were analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient, test-retest, cronbach alpha and percentage rank methods. The range of validity coefficients, through different methods, determined between 0.28 to 0.63 and reliability coefficients from 0.59 to 0.88. Finally, results showed that BTRSPI-9R has an acceptable validity & reliability, and norms (cut off points) of the roles were computed using percentage ranks. Therefore, the BTRSPI-9R can be used as a reliable tool to help organizations and industries in the area of team working and improvement of team effectiveness.

Depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation are two major problems faced by the world. Today fossil fuels take up to 80% of the primary energy consumed in the world, of which 58% is consumed by the transport sector alone (Mard et al., 2012). The combustion products cause global warming, which is caused of emissions like carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Thus it is essential that low emission alternative fuels to be developed for useing in diesel engines. Many researchers have concluded that biodiesel holds promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesel is oxygenated, biodegradable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly (Qi et al., 2010).
In this study transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel, because of its simplicity in biodiesel production process and holding the highest conversion efficiency.
Transesterification of poultry fat oil and the properties of the fuels: Fatty acid methyl ester of poultry fat oil was prepared by transesterification of oil with methanol in the presence of KOH as catalyst. The fuel properties of poultry fat oil methyl ester and diesel fuel were determined. These properties are presented in Table 1.
Tests of engine performance and emissions: After securing the qualitative characteristics of produced biodiesel, different biodiesel fuels of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% blended with diesel fuel were prepared. A schematic diagram of the engine setup is shown in Fig.1. The MF-399 tractor engine was used in the tests. The basic specifications of the engine are shown in Table 3. The engine was loaded with an electromagnetic dynamometer. The Σ5 model dynamometer manufactured by NJ-FROMENT was used to measure the power and the torque of the tractor engine. The speed range and capacity of this device are shown in Table 2. A FTO Flow Meter, manufactured by American FLOWTECH Company, was used to measure the fuel consumption (Fig.3). Its measuring range is 37-1537 ml min-1.
The engine performance was evaluated in terms of engine power, engine torque and specific fuel consumption at different engine speeds. The variation of engine torques with B5, B10, B15, B20 and diesel fuel are presented in Fig. 4. The engine torque for biodiesel blends was more than that by diesel fuel only. The mean engine torques for B5, B10, B15 and B20 were 2.5%, 2.8%, 3%, and 3.5% higher than that by only diesel, respectively. This is due to the better combustion of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. The variation of engine powers with B5, B10, B15, B20 and diesel fuel are presented in Fig. 5. The engine powers for biodiesel blends were more than that by diesel fuel. The mean engine powers for B5, B10, B15 and B20 were higher than that by diesel by 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, and 4%, respectively. This is because of good combustion of biodiesel resulted from higher oxygen content. The mean specific fuel consumptions for B5, B10, B15 and B20 were higher than diesel fuel about 4.1%, 7%, 8.8%, and 2%, respectively (Fig. 8). The density of biodiesel was higher than that of diesel fuel, which means the same fuel consumption on volume basis results in higher specific fuel consumption in case of biodiesel.
The values of viscosity, density and flash point of poultry fat oil biodiesel were found to be closely matched with ASTM D-6751 standard specifications. Viscosity and density of biodiesel were found more than those for diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel was found to be lower than that of diesel. Poultry fat oil biodiesel cannot be used as a neat diesel fuel in cold weather conditions due to its relatively low cloud point. Preheating and lowering freezing point is required to eliminate this problem. The engine performance with poultry fat oil biodiesel and its blends are comparable with those of pure diesel fuel. Results indicated that B20 blend had the best performance and the lowest specific fuel consumption.

It is expected that the ordinary heat and power production systems in residential section are substituted by cogeneration systems in near futur due to higher overall efficiency. Between different cogeneration systems, fuel cell based systems are a suitable choice due to high efficiency, high power density, low emission and noise. In this paper a cogeneration system based on solid oxide fuel cell were examined on energy and exergy basis at first, then using optimization algorithms and a choice of three goal function electric power generation, heat production and minimizing waste Exergy, the operation of the system were optimized. The results included the calculating the working parameters of system with three goal functions and show that the most change of flow exergy is in fuel channel of fuel cell stack and most irreversibilities are due to recovery (38%), catalyst burner (37%) and fuel cell (16%). Among the internal components, air compressor is the biggest power consumer, with (14%) of produced power. Optimization results also show that the minimum exergy destruction is in the electricity production approach, thus using a CHP system is more preferable rather than the single system for producing power or heat.

In this study, the moisture content of kiwifruit in vacuum dryer was predicted usingartificial neural networks (ANN) method. The drying temperatures (50, 60 and 70ºC), vacuum pressures(500, 550 and 600 mmHg), thicknesses of kiwifruit slices (3, 5 and 7mm) and drying times were considered as the independent input parameters and moisture content as the dependentparameter. Experimental data obtained from vacuum drying process, were used for training and testing the network. Several criteria such as training algorithm, learning rate, momentum coefficient, number of hidden layers, number of neurons in each hidden layer and activation function were given to improve the performance of the ANN. The total number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each hidden layer were chosen by trial and error. The best training algorithm was LM with the least MSE value. Optimum values of learning rate and momentum for the ANN with GDM training algorithm were set at 0.2 and 0.05, respectively. The optimal topologies were 4-20-1 with Tansig activation function and MSE values of 0.0016 and 4-15-20-1 with Logsig activation function in both hidden layer and MSE values of 0.000147. The correlation between the predicted and experimental values in the optimal topologies was higher than 99.75%.

Determining dimensions (factors) of tests has a significant importance for other testing purposes. The issue has more importance in binary data and is associated with greater challenges. The object of present study is differentiating of orthogonal dimensions from item clusters basedcomparison of eight methods of determining dimensions of binary data. the methods are: DIMTEST nonparametric method، DETECT nonparametric method، Content analysis of items based on expert judgment and review their answers. Full information factor analysis، cluster analysis based on angle between item vectors، parallel analysis، MAP test and confirmatory factor analysis. First the methods are briefly described and then based on 55 items math test are compared. The results are a confirmation to the subject that a distinction must be made between the number of clusters and orthogonal dimension. Since the number of clusters is an upper limit to the number of dimensions and most methods of determining of dimensions reflect clusters than orthogonal dimensions، then it is better Depending on the desired target، along with content and logical consideration، several methods be used for this purpose.

The most significant factor in manifestation of behavioral and emotional symptoms among children is the family environment. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of conjoint behavioral consultation with Adlerian parent education to assess their efficacy on decreasing internalizing and externalizing symptoms among 8- to10-year-old children in Tehran. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The instrumentation comprised Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment (ASEBA), the CBCL as well as a researcher-made semi-structured interview. The sample consisted of 40 mothers whose children manifested internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The mothers were then randomly assigned to 1 control and 4 experimental groups. The experimental groups received the intervention during 8 weekly sessions of 90 minutes; however, the control group received no intervention. The results revealed that teaching conjoint behavioral consultation and Adlerian approach significantly decreased the internalizing and externalizing symptoms among 8- to 10-year-old children. In addition, the changes persisted in the 30-day follow-up.

the sources of Islamic jurisprudence، Sadaqah has been considered both as acts of worship and a kind of dealing، and it enjoys in both fields، some applicabilities and has، therefore، particular regulations. However Sadaqah، as considered by section 807 of civil code، has exactly a certain contractual nature; a bare contract which is distinct from other contracts، even from gift، and taking possession is the condition of its irrevocability. The realization of Sadaqah depends on a certain dealing intention، which is the intention of making approaches to God. In the absence of this intention، the contract may find another legal description.

The purpose of this study is structured and validated questionnaire willpower-based Iranian – Islamic culture that description of the research method of content analysis and factor analysis has been prepared. Content and construct validity of this questionnaire has been approved by a group of teachers of Islamic sciences and psychology. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire by 400 students of Tehran، Tehran University of Medical Sciences and is supported by PNU students with random sampling، cluster sampling was selected. Structured questionnaire، factor analysis، principal component method and rotated Varymks examined the results suggest get six motivational factors، worship، cognitive، cognitive، emotional and behavioral reserved. KMO index and the Bartlett also check the validity of the scale and the KMO index 0. 910 and significant coefficient (Sig) is equal to 0. 000، indicating the suitability of factor analysis to identify the structure of the factor model is valid. Cronbach''s alpha scale reliability of the questionnaire was obtained، indicating the reliability of this questionnaire is 0. 933. Therefore، a questionnaire with 37 questions will evaluate the results of the factor structure was appropriate and qualified for psychological research and clinical diagnostic activities is.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely used in two forms, toxic crystal and a mix of spores and crystal for controlling of harmful insects. This research carried out in order to evaluate the effect of Bithurin on striped stem borer, Chilo suppresslis (SSB) under field conditions in Rasht during 2010. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with two factors including: Dose and usage times with 3 replications. Results showed that 1.5 and 1 liter per hectare with two and three application times of Bithurin had the most effect on SSB and reduced the percentage of dead hearts to 0.42 and 0.47 %, respectively. Also, the highest efficacy in first generation of SSB was observed in the treatment of 1.5 liter per hectare with three times spraying (61.22%). In this study, spraying of one liter Bithurin with three times per hectare in the rice vegetative stage reduced the percentage of dead hearts to 0.52% in comparison with control. In reproductive stage of rice, percentage of the lowest infection white heads observed in 1.5 liter per hectare in plots with two and three times application, 0.78 and 0.83%, respectively. Also, the highest efficacy observed in plots with 1.5 liter per hectare with two and three times application in comparison with control (42.93 and 48.48%), respectively. Infection of white heads reduced by 3.84% in comparison with control in rice field. Therefore, if in a field infection is higher than the norm, 2-3 times of spraying can be recommended.

From point of Molana, love is main stimulus in evolution course of the universe, and maybe this course has a relation with essential movement "transcendent wisdom". Though there is a difference and Molana considers transcendental movement as a kind of current movement in the universe, but essential movementis related to essence. Based on this research, descriptions and analogies those are used for the death in Masnavi-I Manavi, are divided into three types:
1)sensory reference to palpable and tangible things,
2)Natural that it's arising from nature and expresses a Molana's deep tie with nature,
3)finally, arising explanations that is fluid and dynamic as Molana's mind.

The aim of the present research was to study the effects of parent education on reading literacy performance of fourth grade students based on PIRLS 2006 data. After refining the data, the research sample totalled 4731 students studying in 4th grade in the elementary school who had participated in PIRLS exam. The scales used in this study were taken from reading background questionnaires for parents’ educational level, number of books at home, early reading abilities, early learning abilities, and reading literacy total scores that were used to arrive at the structural equation modeling for studying direct and indirect effects and total effects of Parents’ educational level (exogenous variable) on number of books at home, early reading performance, early reading abilities variables (endogenous variables). After confirming the latent variables measurement models and fitting the structural complex model, results demonstrated that the model under examination had goodness of fit with data. Effects of Parents’ educational level on number of books at home and reading literacy variables were significant. In the total model all of the direct effects were significant, but the effects of parents’ educational level on early reading performance and early reading abilities variables were not significant. Effects of parents’ educational level on 'early reading ability' were positive. Effects of Parents’ educational level on 'reading literacy achievement' was significant and could predictive 25% percent of this variance, and 67% percent of the number of books at home. Effects of parents’ educational level on early reading performance were negative, and not significant. Effect of the Number of books at home on reading literacy performance and early reading abilities were positive and significant. Effects of this variable on early reading performance was positive but not significant. Effects of number of books at home on early reading performance was negative and significant. Effects of early reading performance on reading literacy performance and early reading activities were significant, although the effects of this variance on reading literacy performance were negative but significant.

The obligor may not compel the obligee to accept something other than the agreed object of the obligation، but they may agree that، in fulfilment of the obligation، another thing (property) which، by nature، differ or does not differ from the object of the obligation or with regard to quality or quantity، is equal، superior or inferior to it be delivered. In spite of different opinions، it appears that in this case، an anonymous contract is concluded that، in the same time، is the cause of satisfaction of the obligation and a separate cause for ownership.

This study aims to investigate the views of the school principals and scholars in economics of education on the obstacles which render private sector participation in Iran' education. Sample included 284 school principals and ten of the well-known scholars in the field of economics of education who were working at Tehran universities. Samples were selected via the cluster and the purposeful sampling methods respectively. In order to collect data, a questionnaire with 62 closed items was applied. T-test for one sample was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the government's negative view and its mistrust to private sector potential to provide educational bases, participation for just economic benefits, lack of private sector's motivation entering educational market, lack of facilities anticipation and supporting and facilitating actions are amongst the most important obstacles which participants believe would not allow that the none for profit schools be expanded effectively in Iran.