fateme sadat hosseini

The mechanism of managing society is directly and indirectly influenced by the support of both formal and informal institutions. Since social support is directly related to value-based infrastructure, prevailing patterns based on materialistic philosophies cannot provide a clear explanation of this concept and its dimensions. This research, considering the lack of a model for social support based on religious values, explores the teachings of Nahj al-Balagha regarding social support using content analysis. According to the findings, social support is a concept with both positive and negative manifestations, characterized by its bidirectional nature and encompassing all segments of society. Its central and core category is the granting of public rights, providing services, and doing good for others. Social support consists of five components: emotional support, spiritual support, instrumental support, informational support, and network support. The reasons for its importance include: delaying death, increasing sustenance, and prolonging governance, as well as forgiveness of sins and protection from the fire of hell. In implementing social support, ethical methods such as justice and fairness, patience, sincerity, avoiding doubt, and acting with goodwill and without partisanship should be employed. Among the obstacles to its realization are malicious intent and betrayal of trust.

 Diabetes is a significant and costly health problem worldwide, requiring effective interventions to improve adherence. The aim of this study was to increase treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes using constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM).

 An educational intervention consisting of four sessions was conducted on 100 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the Diabetes Clinic affiliated with the Social Security Organization in Mobarakeh, Isfahan province, Iran. The mean difference before and after the intervention in HBM constructs and self-efficacy activities was compared using independent t-tests. The association between self-care behaviors before and after the educational intervention in both groups and the expected value of a part of the HBM was examined using linear regression. The threshold for statistical significance was P<0.05.

 After the intervention, the mean difference scores for all components of the HBM and self-efficacy increased significantly in the intervention group. In linear regression analysis, perceived vulnerability was the only variable that showed a direct and significant relationship with self-care in the intervention group.

 The results of the study suggest that patient education improved all HBM constructs related to treatment adherence. This underscores the importance and effectiveness of self-care education in controlling blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Body image is a multifaceted construct and has been the subject of many recent studies in the field of psychology and social sciences. In this research, we aim to investigate the relationship between social self-efficacy and body image concern in female adolescents.

This is a descriptive correlational study with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 117 second-grade high school female students in Kavar County, Fars Province, Iran, in the academic year 2016-2017, who were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools included Littleton’s body image concern inventory and Connolly’s adolescent social self-efficacy scale. The collected data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software, version 26.

The mean score of social self-efficacy was 64.91±22.10, and the median, first quartile, and third quartile of body image concern were 72, 61.5, and 78.5, respectively. The results of Spearman’s correlation test showed a very strong and negative significant correlation between body image concern and social self-efficacy (P<0.001).

The officials and decision-makers in the field of mental health and education in Iran should design educational programs related to proper nutrition and physical activity for female adolescents to maintain their body weight within the normal range and consequently reduce their body image concern and increase their self-efficacy.

Losing expected benefit means benefits, which have not been existed yet, but have the potential to come into existence. Considering this kind of loss as a compensable damages has always been a controversial issue. The incertitude is mostly because the loss itself and its measures cannot be evaluated for certain. Therefore, determining reasonable evaluation method might make compensating this damage much easier. In this article, a general study is conducted on this subject and we have tried to focus on the methods of evaluating this kind of damage, considering the judicial procedure as well as the experience of other legal systems. It is thus proposed, in case the tortfeasor’s act has ceased the previous status/benefit of the injured person, the injured person’s previous status must be considered as the basis of compensation. Otherwise, when the tortfeasor’s act has deprived the injured person from gaining an expected (new) benefit, the status of his peers are held as the basis of compensation. Moreover, the extremity of the assessment of the loss of profit is usually until when the injured person is put back into his previous status. Otherwise, custom and law are the two elements, which are used in order to determine this extremity.

In recent years, the share of women's participation in various management and decision-making levels of the public sector has increased. Because their performance and management style have a significant impact on the organization. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the women’s managerial components in government organizations. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose in terms of data collection. The research population of women managers working in government organizations and employees who are under the management of women. 21 people (14 employees and 7 managers) were selected according to the judgmental method and theoretical data saturation criteria. The research instrument was semi-structured interview. Thematic analyses were used to analyze the data. Based on the results, 25 characteristics of women's management in government organizations were identified, which were placed in five sub-themes and two main themes, in the overarching theme with the title of supportive coaching, two themes of nurturing organization and supportive interaction. In the comprehensive theme of female authority, three organizing themes are collaborative decision-making, perfectionism, and female identity. Finally, it can be said that the diverse gender composition at the highest levels of the organization and the presence of male and female leaders together in the organization improves the overall organization and improves the quality of decisions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spectators’ presence on action-specific Perception and performance in the distal and proximal external focus condition. The current research was a semi-experimental study with a practical purpose. Among the female undergraduate students of the physical education faculty of Urmia University who had no professional and competitive sports experience in darts, forty people were selected randomly and divided into two groups based on the type of instruction: the distal external focusgroup and the proximal external focus group. In this research, the task of throwing darts was used and the participants made 20 attempts based on the type of instruction of their group, including proximal external focus (focus on the flight of the dart) and distal external focus (focus on the target), in two different conditions (with the presence of spectators and absence of spectators). The perceived target size test was performed at the end of the efforts, and before performing the dart-throwing task, participants filled out the Immediate Anxiety Measurement Scale (IAMS) to measure their anxiety in both conditions. To analyze the data, independent and paired samples t-tests were used to examine the differences between the two groups. The results indicated that the performance and perceived target size of both groups decreased in the presence of spectators compared to the absence of spectators, but this decrease was less in the distal external focus group. The findings recommend that athletes should benefit from effective and appropriate strategies to control anxiety, and also to reduce the destructive effect of anxiety caused by the presence of spectators on action-specific perception and performance, instructions of distal external focus should be used

Moral loss is a kind of harm which damages the person,s non-financial right. At first, there was doubt about the possibility of compensation for this type of loss. For example, in the USA legal system, they did not pay enough attention to victim,s moral losses as they do for financial losses. It was argued that moral damages are not visible and so we don’t know the real loss and we should trust just to the victim. In addition, the lack of a structured method of compensation and assessment, makes this kind of loss, secondary damages. How ever, especially, using the psychology Science, courts gradually began to accept moral damages.In Iran, Also there was doubt about moral damages. But today Due to the criminal procedure code which approved in 1392, the compensation for moral damages is acceptable. But what is still vague, is the method. How ever, it seems using some methods like apologize or financial compensation are more practical.Ofcourse in each case this is the judge who should recognize which approach is better and proportional to the plaintiff and his personal loss. In this article we try to study the methods of moral compensation in Iran legal system, and we will use the American studies about this subject and also the cases which raised in Iran judicial procedure.

The prevalence of Corona Virus has affected various aspects of peoples lives. For example, in the field of fulfilment of obligations, such as fulfilling the obligation related to dowry, issues are raised. According to the existing general rules, if it is not possible to fulfil the obligation and also, The seizure of property was not possible, The creditor can request the imprisonment of the debtor. In return He can claim for insolvency. As the same way, The wife can ask the court to imprison the husband who refuses to fulfil his obligation.In these cases, the burden of proving insolvency is not on the husband unless their financial ability is already proven.The main question in this article is that if we can consider the current unfavourable situation created by corona as a judicial reason and in this way, we can remove the proof of insolvency from the husbands. The answer will be yes and it is compatible with jurisprudential and moral principles.

Loss of beauty is an important kind of personal injuries which Today has become more important, due to its role and The attention of society to it. So At the moment it is an independent loss which can be demanded and assessed.Although it is a kind of physical damages, it has financial and non-financial effects and both of these kinds od damages are Recoverable in other law systems. In Iranian law in spite of existenence of diyah, it is accepted that we should assess and compensate these damages and there are some solutions to assess.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive discipline with Adler-Dreikurs Approach on parenting stress in mothers of students with specific learning disabilities. The design of this study is experimental with pre-test- post-test- follow up and control group. The statistical population of the present research includes all mothers of the 3rd to 6th grade elementary students with learning disabilities in Tehran's 3rd district in 2017-2018 academic year, among whom 32 mothers were selected as research sample by random sampling method and assigned to experimental and control group randomly. Intervention group received Positive discipline training for eight weeks (one 2-hour session per week). Control group received none. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire, and Parental Stress Index, Short Form were used for gathering the data. Results of the mixed variance analysis showed significant reduction in mothers' parenting stress score of the experimental group in post-test and follow up (P< 0/001). The manner of the effect of Positive discipline with Adler-Dreikurs Approach on parenting stress in mothers of students with specific learning disabilities was discussed.

Today The Corona Virus which overshadow all of the world, Create somany problems. These problems should be studied in different legal aspects.One of the legal issues is the civil liability of the one who transmits the virusand harms others physically, financially or spiritually.In this Article, we try to explain the civil liability in Corona Virus casesand also review the factors like the injured persons’ previous status whichcan eliminate the liability.

Depression is one of the most important health problems in nurses. Despite the obvious protective role of some human abilities against psychological problems, there is limited information about the predictive role of self-compassion and resilience with depression in nurses. The purpose of present study was to determine the relationship of self-compassion and resilience with nurses’ depression.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on170 nurses working in Yazd Afshar Hospital selected by convenience sampling method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, Beck Depression, Neff Self-compassion, and Connor and Davidson resilience completed through self-report. The data were analyzed by SPSS using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.

Most of the subjects were female (62.35%) and had bachelor’s degree. Mean ± standard deviation of depression, self- compassion, and resilience scores were72/17 ±28/8; 65/31±46/1; 65/33 ±06/1, respectively. There was a significant relationship between depression and self-compassion, as well as depression and resilience. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses showed that self-compassion and resilience can predict depression (R=0.627).

The results indicated the importance and protective role of self-compassion and resilience against depression in nurses. Therefore, designing counseling systems and self-compassion and resilience educational programs are recommended to reduce the problems caused by the stressful conditions of the profession.

Today, The Personal injuries are more important because of their effects on the body and soul of man and Also their Complex dimensions they have found. There are numerous difficulties about this subject and the assessment and compensation of personal injuries for the people who are in vegetative life, is one of them. These Damaged persons, on one hand are live, because they can breath normally and totally the involuntary body activities are done by it self. On the other hand, they don’t have any cognitive activities and they don’t have awareness about the environment. This research wants to study about the compensation of financial damages for these persons who are in mentioned condition. We should pay attention that their live is non-deployed and this has special effect. Any way it looks like that medical expenses and the cost of living can be asked and Also, The loss of income, but with special attention about their condition.

The compensation of personal injury is an important part of civil law. Today it is more important because of improvement of medical science and increasing of dangerous environments. The personal injuries include some types of losses and their assessments are different and difficult. This difficulty is more in assessing the children’s injuries. We do not have enough background and many thing is based on guesses.in USA they pay attention to their needs and compensate them but in minimum sizes. we want to study about the possibility of compensating children’s personal injury in Iran law .we will use the suggest from American law. For example we can use the structured payment in loss of deprivation from revenue capability. Also we can use periodic payments in medical injuries or we can use a lump sum in emotional damages. Any way it is important to know that we consider that our law about diyah and personal injuries let us to assess the personal injury damages.

As a result of "Zaman-e- Darak" (i.e., When someone sells the other's property, the original owner can follow his property and can catch it everywhere that he finds it), the buyer shall refund the price and in case of seller's ignorance, shall pay the related compensation that is caused by this situation. In this case, if the original owner refers to the buyer and takes back his property and its interests, he should inevitably refer to the seller and refund the money which has paid. In our law, if the buyer was ignorant that the subject of the contract belongs to another right, he can want the money spent and his damages. A significant loss is the contract subject's increased price, and the main question is whether the seller is liable to demand the modified price on the refund date? Although this matter was controversial at first, it seems that according to the Supreme Court decision, this increase is considered a loss and, therefore, awardable. Due to the devaluation of money, our courts understood that just paying the pure price and the losses about transaction costs is not enough, and the social and legal customs don't accept it. This is necessary to choose a way that compensates for all certain damages. In this way, we should interpret the Verdict of the supreme court of unity procedure number 733 so that this kind of loss can be demanded and assessed. This method's advantage is that we compare the contract issue with the things that have similar value.

physical training is not the only way to acquire and learn a new skill. Cognitive strategies also can facilitate the learning of a skill. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of goal setting in the form of self- talk on the learning and self-efficacy of a dart- throwing skill. 30 female students from Urmia University were voluntary selected and assigned into three groups based on the pre-test scores. The acquisition stage was 3 days; each day consisted of 5 sets of 10 repetitions. The retention test conducted 48 hours later. the results of factorial ANOVA showed no significant main effect for group and also interaction of group and factor (training sessions) was not significant in acquisition stage but the main effect for factor was significant. The results of ONE WAY ANOVA in retention test showed a significant difference between two group of goal-setting with the control group, but difference between two group of goal-setting was not significant. Also, The results of ONE WAY ANOVA for seshowed a signifilf-efficacy showed a significant difference between two group of goal-setting with the control group, but difference between two group of goal-setting was not significant.
Discussion and The results showed that self- talk was effective in enhancing learning and self-efficacy. Therefore, coaches are recommended to use instructional self-talking and goal-setting when teaching the skills.

The loss of earning and pension is an important kind of damages in personal injuries which it,s assessment is difficult and depends on some parameters like: the kind of work, for example it is a simple or is uncertain, self employment, without job,… .also it is important we know the complainant is a child or housekeeper woman or an adult. Also we should pay attention to the subject of tax, pension contribution, sick pay, inflation,… . any way there are some ways to assess this damage. some countries use the Ogden tables and the others use theorem like USA.in both of them they try to concern all important elements like age, gender, the life time, work time and,… . specially about the losses for future these factors and ways are important to estimate the real damage

The aim of this study was to compare competitive anxiety and fear of failure in football player with various posts. 55 football players were randomly selected from the Azadegan second division league. To gather the data the Competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI)-2 and the performance failure appraisal inventory (PFAI) were used. Results showed that there are significant differences in competitive anxiety among different posts (goalkeepers have more cognitive and somatic anxiety and lower self-esteem). There are significant differences in the fear of failure among the various posts. There is a significant correlation between competitive anxiety and fear of failure, In other words, reduce of cognitive and somatic anxiety decrease the fear of failure and vice versa, and decrease of self-esteem tends to increase the fear of failure.

We livein the era that  are seeing the growing use of social networks among family members especially youth. This study was conducted to investigate relationship between family function and use of social networks among high school students.The type of this study was correlational and conducted in 2015-16. The study population included all high school students in the second period of Qazvin. 175 students were selected by multistage random cluster sampling method. The study devices included BFAS (Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale) and FAD (Family Assessment Device). Both descriptive and analytical Pierson and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data.Results of  Pearson correlation coefficient showed  that there is a significant positive relationship  between dimensions of family function  and social networks use. Meanwhile stepwise regression analysis  showed  that the roles and relationship variables predicted  1/43 percent of the variance related to the use of social networks.Family function provides the amount of social networks use and there is a positive relationship between the family function  and the use of social networks in students.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of focus of attention on learning dart throwing in mentally retarded children.In this quasi-experimental study, 22 mentally retarded boys (age 10-12 years old) were randomly selected according to IQ (50-70) and were assigned to two homogenous attention (internal, external) groups after the pretest and a training session according to the obtained scores, age and IQ. The subjects practiced in 5 blocks and each block 8 throws. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and ANOVA were used to analyze data. In retention phase, both groups increased accuracy in their throwing (P=0.044). Variability (P=0.044) and throwing accuracy (P=0.047) decreased due to the training. In transfer phase, internal focus group could not transfer skill to new conditions while variable group succeeded to transfer their skill to new conditions. Also, external focus group had lower variability (P=0.049) and higher accuracy (P=0.048) than internal focus group. According to the findings, external focus group was able to retain and transfer skills to new situations which confirmed constrained action hypothesis (Wulf et al., 2001) in mentally retarded individuals.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and toward the kidney. Vesicoureteral reflux is the most com-mon inherited disease in urogenital system. Primary VUR is the most common urologi-cal anomaly in children and it has been reported in 30-50% of those who present with urinary tract infection (UTI). The association of vesicoureteral reflux، urinary tract in-fection and renal damage is well known. ‍Current methods for vesicoureteral reflux di-agnosis are unpleasant. Therefore، human leukocyte antigen system not only might help to detect causative gene but also would assists to establish better prognoses tests of this disease. In this study، the relationship between vesicoureteral reflux and HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genes were investigated. This study applied on forty vesicoureteral reflux confirmed children from Kerman province، Iran. These children have been admitted to the Afzalipour Hospital for UTI and primary VUR for them was proved by voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Also، forty children without any VUR sign as control group. DNA was extracted from the whole blood sample and was amplified using sequence-specific priming polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) method. Finally PCR products were evaluated by electropho-resis in 1. 5% agarose gel and frequency of alleles and haplotypes were compared by Chi-square test. Significance level was assumed at P< 0. 05. Low-resolution HLA typing showed the frequency of the HLA-DR17 antigen was significantly increased in vesicoureteral reflux children compared to control group (P= 0. 039). On the other hand HLA-DR16 was significantly decreased in vesicoureteral reflux group. Also، frequency of HLA-DQ2 was significantly higher in patients com-pared to control group (P= 0. 002). DRB1 (11، 17) and DQ (2، 7) haplotypes were also higher in vesicoureteral reflux patients (P= 0. 027، P= 0. 01). The HLA cluster might affect on susceptibility to vesicoureteral reflux es-pecially by locus which located close to HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genes. This study demonstrates for the first time in Iran. However، further extensive researches with a large number of samples from different populations and ethnicities are required to val-idate the results obtained in this study.

This research aimed at studying the differences of mental rotation performance in two groups (active and passive) with regards to their gender. The method of this research is causal-comparative and samples were selected targeted from physical education students and other humanities fields. The sample was included 80 students (physical education students=40 people & students of humanities field=40 people and each groups consists of 20 males & 20 females). Peters’ mental rotation test was used to measuring the performance of mental rotation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of data and two-way ANOVA test was used for comparison of means. The findings showed that there was a significant difference (P ≤0. 01) between mental rotation of physical education students in comparison with the humanities students. Also، there was a significant difference (P ≤0. 01) between the mental rotation in males towards females. Generally، the results indicate the superiority of the active students and males in the ability of mental rotation. Since physical activity enhances mental rotation، it may be assumed that physical activity enhances also other cognitive domains and is worth implementing in the education process.

Print Infants are very sensitive group of society, so special attention is needed to take care of their physical and mental health. Some studies showed that massage therapy by parents can improve life quality for infants. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of massage with sunflower oil on infant's growth. This clinical trial was conducted on 120 infants who were 10-15 days old, full-term, single, exclusively breastfed infants and with no history of hospitalization. The infants were assigned randomly into three groups of sunflower oil massage, only massage and control. Mothers administered 15 minutes of massage to their infants twice per day for 28 days. Data collection was recorded. Weight and height of infants were measured at baseline, and at the end of the first, second, third, and fourth weeks of the study. Data were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA. The study showed that, the mean of weight and height in all groups had assembling trend in. All groups showed a significant assembling trend in weight and height (p>0.001). There was no significant difference in all groups at the end of second week (p>0.05). At the end of third and fourth week, sunflower oil massage group had significant difference with control group weight 4393.3± 714.8, 4114.9± 657.6 and height 52.96±1.14, 52.05± 1.15. The mean of weight and height had no significant difference in other groups. Infant massage with sunflower oil could be used as an easy, effective way to enhance infants’ growt.