firouz rad

This paper is an attempt to better understand the social, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds of reformism and its elements and dimensions in the poems of "Ali Akbar Saber" included in the book "Hop Hop Name." Reformism in this article refers to a break from tradition or a re-evaluation of it with the aim of achieving modernity. This research is framed within the "reflection approach" and uses "qualitative content analysis" methods to analyze the texts of the poems and "library research" methods to describe and introduce the social, political, economic, and cultural contexts that shaped this tendency. The "reflection approach," along with the approaches of "shaping" and "work as a social institution," forms the three main approaches in the tradition of the sociology of literature. The concept of the reflection approach, which is the most significant trend in the sociology of literature, is that the literary work serves as a mirror reflecting social realities. The findings demonstrated that the rapid and fundamental political and social changes that began in the poet's society in the 19th century and exposed the social space to new concepts and phenomena are directly and clearly reflected in the poems included in "Hop Hop Name." Additionally, the components and dimensions of this reform and reformism were identified and explained. These components include the rule of law, dissemination of knowledge, education of girls, combating superstitions, the constitutional movement, political parties, civil rights, and more.

This paper delves into the theme of transformative inclination within the works and philosophies of Mirza Fath-Ali Akhundzadeh, with a specific focus on his theatrical productions. Modernization, in this context, denotes transcending the traditional status quo and embracing renewal. Employing a descriptive and analytical approach rooted in reflection, and utilizing library methodologies alongside qualitative content analysis, the socio-political, economic, and cultural contexts of the emergence and evolution of this trend are explored. Additionally, its manifestations within Akhundzadeh's theatrical and non-theatrical oeuvre are examined and dissected. The "reflection approach," alongside methodologies such as "shaping" and "works as social institutions," constitutes one of the three primary approaches within the literary sociology tradition. In this framework, literary works serve as mirrors reflecting social realities. Depending on whether emphasis is placed on the form or content of the literary work, it draws upon various established theories, such as Lucien Goldmann's theory. In this study, a combination of library research and qualitative content analysis was employed to investigate the social, political, economic, and cultural contexts underpinning the emergence of the discourse on modernization. The findings reveal that the rapid social, political, economic, and cultural transformations of the period under consideration have exerted both positive and negative influences on the formation and content of Akhundzadeh's works. Consequently, the juxtaposition of traditional social paradigms with those stemming from the ethos of renewal emerges as a central theme within his body of work

Although the statistics show the growth of the number of NGOs in the country, this quantitative development is not accompanied by qualitative development, and in reality, there is no match between the number of the NGOs and their performance, and they are struggling with many problems on the way to achieving their goals. The purpose of the present research is to identify the most important problems of the NGOs in the field of social problems in Tabriz City and design and validate a questionnaire to rank these problems. Research method To identify the most important problems, the method of practical participation was used, which was achieved through the participation of 49 non-governmental organization managers in the field of social problems in Tabriz City in 2021. The set of problems mentioned by the managers was analyzed through Maxqda Software, and the findings were coded in the form of 254 concept codes, 18 sub-categories, and 4 main categories. Then based on the concept codes written by the participants, items were compiled. Then, the subcategories were the basis for designing the questionnaire items. In the next step, Smart PLS Software was used to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. According to the model fitting results, the designed questionnaire has reliability and validity. The results of rating the problems from the point of view of managers (133 managers) showed that the components, 1- Not having a fixed place and the rent of the place, 2- Lack of teamwork culture in the society and members, 3- Cumbersome laws and lack of unanimity of government institutions, 4- Lack of credit and financial resources and non-payment of costs, and 5- Lack of awareness of the existential philosophy and the nature of the NGOs ARE considered to be the most important problems.

Media policies in Iran are often complex in such a way that overlapping dimensions can be imagined in these policies. In general, despite the need for independence of the media sphere (including cyberspace) this sphere is formed mainly under the influence of the government, and more media platforms reflect the will of governments. This article seeks to explain the media policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran that are applied in the field of cyberspace. In this regard, using critical process research, which is a good way to identify the current situation and envision the future of media policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the theoretical approaches of Castells (network society: power and anti-power) and Friedman (biased and neutral policy), different aspects of media policies in the field of cyberspace and the approach of governments in controlling and dominating this field will be identified. Findings of the study indicate 13 components as the most basic media policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, the need to look beyond the discourses of governments in these policies is palpable. In other words, in order to achieve an up-to-date policy that meets the needs and requirements of cyberspace, one must go beyond these discourses.

Legitimacy is the importance that people attach to the law. According to research, its non-acceptance is a social issue in Iran, and considering the cultural diversity in the country, one of the causes of legality can be related to cultural structuring. The research method is descriptive in terms of its purpose, and it is a cross-sectional survey, and to achieve the research objectives, a mixed research method has been used. In the qualitative research method, using the Delphi method, 17 people have been selected as a statistical sample to review sources, documents and interviews. And in the quantitative method, the hypotheses have been examined by developing a questionnaire and the quantitative method of structural equations. The statistical population is all faculty members of Payam Noor University with a sample size of 351 people based on Morgan's table and cluster sampling by covering all ethnicities, the data has been analyzed with Spss and Amos software. The findings of the research show that the level of compliance with legality is the result of the interaction of belief in legality between activists, ethnic groups and the system under the influence of Iranian and local culture. And the non-compliance is the result of the influence of the social system and the strengthening of the law-abiding personality system. The structuring of Islamic culture, the findings show that Islamic action has had an impact on the belief in legality and respect for it, which is related to the theories of Parsons and Piaget. Western action influenced by norms has caused action that is related to the theories of Anderson and Merton. In Iranian structuring, action influenced by resources and belief in legality has an effect on the influence of the system, which is related to the theories of Hirschi and Parsons. and based on local structuring, action influenced by norms and sources and belief in legitimacy is influenced by sources and action is influenced by belief in legitimacy. The effects of the system also cause the creation of law-abiding characters that are related to Briton and Cohen's theories. Be and separate language, in Persian language cultural structure: Iranian and local, in Turkish: local, in Lori and Kurdish: Iranian, Balochi: Islamic, Arabic and Turkmen is also based on the local, Islamic and Western structure of legalization action.

Urban culture Citizenship identities and the foundations of agency are embedded. Considering the cultural diversity in the country, one of the reasons for observing urban culture can be related to cultural structuring. The research method is fundamental and applied in terms of purpose and to achieve the research goals, the combined research method has been used. In the qualitative research method, using the Delphi method to review sources, documents and interviews, 17 people have been selected as a statistical sample. The basis of factor analysis and approval of experts, the concepts were indexed. In the quantitative method, the hypotheses are examined by compiling a questionnaire and the quantitative method of structural equations. The statistical population is all faculty members of Payame Noor University with a sample size of 351 people based on Morgan table and cluster sampling method covering all ethnicities. The data were analyzed with Spss and Amos software.Findings show that in Islamic structuring, the belief system is influenced by the personality system and Islamic norms and Islamic and military actions are affected. Which confirms the theories of Durkheim and Bourdieu in this regard, has influenced Western structure, Western belief and personality system, influenced by Western norms. The personality system has an effect, which is in line with Turner and Arma's theories, and based on local structure, belief influenced by local beliefs and personality system have had an effect on the observance of urban culture. Which indicates the confirmation of Dalgaran's theory in this regard

Most of youth population and particularly young students prefer to have celibacy life style and remain single. Nowadays it has become widespread life style of most youths in Iran especially in educated and rich families. If, until now the financial and economic problems, education and employment has been considered the main obstacle of youth’s marriage or cause of their reluctance to marriage, but it seems that there are other problems in this choise that they prefer single life relative to married life. The purpose of the present research ply commentary approach and Emic view and among involved people to analyze the preferences of the young Iranian individuals to have celibacy life style via sociological analysis. 

The methodology of this study is qualitative analysis conducted by use of grounded theory (Grounded Theory). The desired sample was selected among single students of Science & Research Branch on Islamic Azad University of Tehran (boys >28 years-old & girls>25 years-old) and through purposeful sampling. To collect data, deep and Semi-Structured interviews were utilized. For analysis of data, the constant and 3 phases of comparative analysis methods, Straus & Corbin has been used by the authors.

The findings of research showed that major causes of the preferences are including social and cultural problems, past experiences and imperfect patterns as causal conditions and environmental, family pressures and economical & financial problems as grounding conditions as well as ignorance of opposite part lack of associates support and lack of necessary motives to marriage as intervention conditions in celibacy selection of youths. Finally, based on obtained data from statistical sample and extracted codes, the consequences of such life style has been explained as elimination and/or reduced perceived personal growth, indifference to marriage, double side approach on marriage, delay in marriage age, higher age of marriage and so on.

Since Iranian society in recent decades has experienced great changes in the cultural and social arena, which in turn has had a great impact on changing the views and thinking of individuals. This change of perspective begins with the individual and continues with the modeling of the core family lifestyle. What is perceived in the interviews with some participants is that urban youth have more choice of marriage time and living in the city due to low social connections between families and relatives and low involvement of large families (such as grandparents, uncles, cousins). In the decisions of the usually young nuclear family, less pressure is placed on marriage, or even the expansion of friendships with the opposite sex and job requirements in cities, has made the mandatory view of marriage in cities less colorful and less important than rural areas. Solving the problems of marriage requires a widespread cultural and public education. Encouraging young people and families to facilitate marriage and marital living, spreading the right culture of marriage and creating a space for marriage discourse in society can be effective in this regard. Finally, it should be said that in our country due to the lack of a organization in charge of family affairs and marriage and as a result of family confusion and bureaucracy in some related organizations and institutions, as well as to fulfill the tenth principle of the Constitution Islamic Republic of Iran to facilitate the formation of the family and also to create conditions for targeting the lifestyle of young people based on their circumstances intensified the situation among the youth.  Therefore, it seems necessary to have a strong and powerful institution or organization in the field of family to manage of young people.

The issue of temporary marriage has always been a challenging and ambiguous matter.However, this type of marriage is one of the legitimate and legal solutions in our country for people for whom the conditions and possibilities of a permanent marriage are not present,so that they can meet their needs and requirements. The main objective of the current paper is to investigate in sociological terms the issue of temporary marriage from the point of view of single students.The current study is grounded theory study which utilizes an applied research methodology. The participants in the current study include single young adults who are students in Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University in Tehran in the educational year of 2019-2020. Among the participants, using a targeted sampling method, 17 semi-structured deep interviews were performed until theoretical saturation was reached. After the analysis process was completed, in order to validate the findings, the review strategy and expert professors were utilized. Moreover, all the phases of the study were presented to some of the participants in order to evaluate and comment on.The analysis of the data resulted in obtaining 49 initial concepts; however, after adjustments and elimination of similar and identical concepts, we finally reached 20 concepts categorized into 6 main themes (regulatory and legal aspect, identity and personality aspect, the motivational and instinctive aspect, and finally the constant doubt aspect).Based on the main concepts, the main core of the study was shaped as “the attitude and perception of students towards temporary marriage”

This article is interdisciplinary analysis between sociology andliterature and tries to study works of Sohrab Sepehri from sociologicalperspective. For this purpose, other than using various sociologicaltheories related to this field such as post-structuralism and modernhermeneutics, the methodology of Lacla and Mouffe‟s discourse analysisis also used. The results of this research show that, the works of Sepehrilack semantic determination, and the relationship between signifier andsignified is not one-to-one. This explains the possibility of poststructuralismof his works. This research also shows the literature of Iranalongside world literature has a high capacity to address human andsocial issues and interprets them with different approaches, whichSepehri‟s narrative is just one of them. This research and similar works,while discovering such potentialities, diminished the intricacies of theseworks, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary research andhighlighting the necessity of simultaneous education in the respectiveacademic disciplines.

The present research investigates the relationship between the rate of “Media Literacy” and “Social Well-being” of working women in 2 companies “Shoniz” and “Parlar”. Standard quiestionnaire is used to collect information and is done in quantitative method and survey technique. The statistical society is working women in “Dadash Baradar Industrial co” which includes 140 woman and “Parlar Asia Industrial co.” that includes 60 woman. The quiestionnaire is distributed among all of the 200 women. The research finding showed that there was a meaningfull relationship between the independent variable “Media Literacy” dependant variables indicators including “Social Actualization”, “Social Coherence”, “Social Acceptance” and “Social Integration” except the “Social Contribution” and these four hypothesis are accepted. But there isn’t any meaningfull relationship between predestinate variables including “Age”, “Marital Statue” and “Socio-economic Base” with Social Well-being. Also a meaningfull relationship is seen between Age and Media Literacy. The result of linear regression analysis showed that Media Literacy could explain 11/2 % of Social Well-beings changes and 88/8 of the remaining changes were affected by the other variables and factors that aren’t included in this research. Also Media Literacy had the effect equal to 34/1 % on working women’s Social Well-being. It means that by increasing one standard deviation of Media Literacy, the rate of Social Well-being among working women had been increased equal to 0/341 of standard deviation. So it can be included that there is a relationship between Media Literacy and Social Well-being.

The problem of current paper is the effect of socioeconomic affluence/deprivation in electoral participation in presidential elections from 1989 to 2013. The question is: are the affluent counties-in comparison with others-have a high electoral participation? This hypothesis is inferenced from theoretic approaches: socioeconomic affluence is necessity conditions for electoral participation. The methodological approach of this research is inter-county comparative analysis. For this purpose, 24 years age secondary dada is analyzed. To examine of the hypothesis fuzzy set method and software of spss and fs/qca are applied. The results are show that socioeconomic affluence is necessity condition for electoral participation. However we found that socioeconomic deprivation is a sufficient condition for nonparticipation.

The study of the social and political history of Iran shows the importanceof the issue of women and the family for the leaders of the dominant andopposing political discourses. This study has been conducted with the aimof identifying the dominant discourses of the family in the IslamicConsultative Assembly and their sociological analysis. This study has beencarried out with the method of discourse analysis on the negotiations of theEighth Parliamentary Assembly on the topic of family protection law andits theoretical perspective is based on Agency-structure, system of action,representation and globalization theories. The results of the analysis of thetext and the analysis of the context of the negotiations show that, thediscourse's order of the parliament on the subject of "family and women"includes three discourses (fundamentalist traditionalism, moderatetraditionalism and modernist reformism), and the term "moderatetraditionalism" according to the context and social conditions and thepresence of a majority among the negotiators has been the dominateddiscourse. This discourse has been able to communicate between"fundamentalist discourse" (as the dominant discourse on political andeconomic structure) and “moderate traditionalism discourse" (as thedominant discourse on The structure of belief and social custom) andprevent the confrontation of these two (for example, on the subject oftemporary marriage).

The main purpose of study is to determine the relationship between thetendency towards democracy and political socialization. Democracy hasbeen proposed on the base of ideas of Robert Dahl, Schumpeter, Huntington,Habermas, Cohen and Kymlicka as dependent variable and politicalsocialization with its dimensions of political participation, politicalawareness, political trust, ethnicities and political solidarity has beenproposed based on the theories of Parsons, Giddens, Huntington, Kymlicka,Held and Robert Dahl. The population of the study was 354 students whowere selected by cluster stratified sampling method and a questionnairewas used for collecting required data. The results show that, there is ameaningful relationship between political socialization and the tendencytowards democracy and the rate of the tendency towards democracy andpolitical socialization is moderate to high. There is a meaningfulrelationship between social factors such as political participation, politicalawareness, ethnicocenterism and political coherence with the tendencytowards democracy. Also, there is no relationship between political trustand the tendency towards democracy.

Existing evidence shows that poor women who live in urban areas face different kinds of social exclusion. The present study investigates the roots of social exclusion in small scale and everyday life of these people aiming to clarify some dimensions of this problem. Qualitative method has been used in this study, and research data were collected through interviewing 32 poor women supported by Relief Committee of Imam Khomeini in Urmia. The results obtained from this study were analyzed by grounded theory approach. The obtained results showed that five factors including poor cultural capital, financial limitations, negative approach to the poor, being single and negative life events give rise to social exclusion in these women’s life. Avoiding social unification and negative attitudes are two major consequences of this issue which strengthen this phenomenon. The final and central aspect which encompasses the entire process of social exclusion has been presented as norm-bonded failure. In terms of ways by which social exclusion happens, there are delicate forms of disgrace and deprivation in poor women's life which are not identifiable through quantitative or economical approaches.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and political participation of Tabriz Islamic Azad university students in 1393. The study population is 18,540 people and Cochran formula is used for determining the sample size that is 376 people. The research method is survey and data were collected through a questionnaire. To assess the reliability of the measuring instrument, Cronbach's alpha was used. Statistical methods include Pearson correlation, t-test and F test. The results show that, there is a  meaningful relationship between cultural capital and the following variables : political participation (with significance level of 0/001), political awareness (with significance level of 0/001), rate of participation in political gatherings (with significance level of 0/001), the reference group (friends) being political (with significance level of 0/003), the rate of participation in elections (with significance level of 0/001) and level of membership in associations and political parties (with significance level of 0/001). But there is not a significant relationship between cultural capital and taking political positions (with significance level of 0.28). In addition there isn’t a significant relationship between age and gender and students’ political participation. Also, there is a significant difference between students’ political participation and marital status (with significance level of 0/009). The political participation of Tabriz Azad University students with a significance level of (0.001) is higher than average, and their cultural capital with the level of significance of (0.187), is moderate.

The family is one of the most important social institutions and sources of healthy community, and healthy family. Regarding to the growing of development and change in the behavior of human societies, the family is not deprived of these developments and in many cases; dramatic changes in its structure are accepted.  Marital discord and at its peak divorce is a social phenomenon that they are Family damage. This study seeks to examine the relationship between social factors and sexual failure. Conducting the survey methodthe information of 200 women at 15-50-year-old that have conflict has been obtained by the time-based sampling method. According to the results of multivariate regression, sexual failure with 32% has the more share in the marital conflict. In total, 41 per cent of the maladjustment of commitmentsis explained by the conflict committed, religious commitmentsand social base (bottom). Based on Beta coefficient, the relationship between sexual failure and social base (bottom) with marital discord is direct and with religious commitments is inverse.

Nowadays, lifestyle is one of the characteristics of the modern world and people in order to coordinate their actions with others use the concept of lifestyle. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between how to use media and the lifestyle of the Tabriz citizens. The method of the study is survey and its population is all Tabriz citizens (15-64 years old) in 1393 (1/125/039). In order to select the sample of the study, cluster sampling was used and Cochran formula was used to determine the volume of the sample (400). The data collected using a questionnaire and to test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient, chi-square and t-test were used.  Findings show that, the use of social media by citizens is not different based on their lifestyle. But each specific hypothesis that was detailed was confirmed. It means that, there is a meaningful relationship between the use of national television, radio and the tendency of citizens to the traditional lifestyle and the use of satellite, Internet and the tendency of citizens to modern lifestyle. Also, there is a significant relationship between the tendency to traditional life style and how to use television, radio and tendency to modern lifestyle and how to use satellite programs and Internet. Citizens’ lifestyle is different according to the gender, education, age and marital status.

Iran as a developing country (in terms of age and development level), has experienced rapid fertility decline in recent years. Fertility and childbearing are closely related to biologic and social conditions of humans. The purpose of this study was to identify the connection of social factors with fertility tendency. Using multi-stage cluster sampling measurement method, the data was obtained from 460 married women 15 to 50 years in Tabriz. The findings of multi and two purpose analysis results showed that religious belief is one of the most important factors in women’s tendencies to fertility. As shown in the results of multi-stage regression, the major part of tendency to fertility is religious belief (21%). Totally, religious belief, ideal number of children, social capital, the residence period in Tabriz and social status determine 30% of tendency to fertility. Findings of analysis showed that women’s age and social status have maximum and minimum effect on fertility, respectively. Finally, Bongaarts, Notestein, Leibenstein and Becker (1986) theories and also theories of social status, religious beliefs and social capital are appropriate in determining the relationship between social factors and tendency to fertility.

Professional ethics and organizational culture is one of the fundamental problems of all human societies. The concept of professional ethics and its relationship with organizational culture is one of the key topics discussed today by scholars in various fields such as sociology of organizations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of adherence to professional ethics with the organizational culture among the employees of the Department of Culture and Islamic Ershad of West Azerbaijan(2014-2015),using survey and descriptive-correlative method.  Statistical population includes all employees in West Azerbaijan Culture and Islamic Ershad (135). To collect the required information two questionnaires of “professional ethics of Kadvazier model” and “organizational culture model of Stephen Robbins” was used based on Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were ×/84 &×/89 respectively. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and the hypotheses tested using two techniques of coefficient correlation and variance analysis. The results showed that, there is a positive relationship between organizational culture and professional ethics. This means that by increasing the professional ethics of employees in organizations, organizational culture increase in general. It can be concluded that, the employees professional ethics with an average of 65.05 from expected average of 48 is in high level and their organizational culture with an average of 118.18 from expected average of 111is in medium.

In most cities of the world, ordinary crimes are the serious threat to human beings personal integrity and his assets. Too much occurrence of the crime in urbane environments is not only inconsistent with the tenets of social order, but also, brings heavy losses, the loss of economic resources, frustrated citizens and general deterioration in the quality of life. This research conducted to examine the social factors associated with the propensity to commit crimes in ten districts in Tabriz. The population of the study is all people residents in 10 districts of Tabriz (1494998) and 1216430 people above 15 years old among whom 384 people were selected using Cochran and random sampling methods. The research method is survey and a questionnaire used to collect data. The results are as follows: there is relationship between poverty and tendency to commit crime as 0.547, between religiosity and tendency to commit crime as -0.617, between population density and tendency to commit crime as 0.296, between offenders’ population density and tendency to commit crime as 0.569, between family turmoil and  tendency to commit crime as 0.705, between availability of facilities and spaces for recreation and sport and  tendency to commit crime as -0.578, between age and tendency to commit crime as -0.113. Also, the regression results show that, family turmoil (0.353), religiosity (0.2230) and poverty (0.244) variables have the highest influence on the tendency to commit crime.

The present study using reflection approach seeks to determine the relationship between social, economic, political and cultural conditions and Iranian intellectual movement after Land Reform from one hand and the new wave in Iran Cinematography from other hand.This qualitative research using semiotic analysis,studies these films.The findings showed that, the changes accrued in so-called grounds of Iran’s society had been reflected in studied movies positively or negatively. These changes are as follow:Changing in social structure resulted from migration to cities, changing in women’s social role and their social presence, the conflict between tradition and modernity, single-product economy and dependence on oil, the spread of capitalist relations and the growth of consumerism,changing in economic system after the Land reform, corruption and inefficiency of the government, public dissatisfaction and distrust, the emergence of guerrilla movements,  the advent of elements of a new culture ,social role of religion, new definition of religion, the social role of intellectuals, sanctification of fight, criticism of intellectuals for inaction and yielding,… .

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between gender stereotypes and social participation among female students of Islamic Azad University of Miyandoab. The research is a survey with respect to the objectives and nature. The population of the study was 1300 people of whom 297 were selected as the sample by random sampling and Cochran formula. Data gathered by a questionnaire and they were analyzed by Pearson, T and F test and regression multivariate analysis. The findings indicate that, there is a meaningful and positive relationship between modern and traditional gender stereotypes and social participation with their significance level (0.10), and (0.98) respectively. But, there is no significant correlation between age and social participation. Also, there is significant difference between the modern gender stereotypes and social base with significant level of (0.42), and between the social participation and ethnic group with significance level of (0.22). However, there is no significant difference between marital status and social participation and   between traditional gender stereotypes and social base.

This study aimed to investigate the social factors related with the tendency of students to abnormal behavior.  The population consisted of all secondary school students in Ahar among whom 280 students were selected through stratified sampling method, and required information is collected using a questionnaire technique.Based on the results of the bivariate and multivariate analysis, there is statistically significant relationship between the variables of school commitment, family commitment, family intimacy, having deviant peers, perceived discrimination in the school, location, grade and parent’s socio- economic status with student tendency to abnormal behavior.  Based on the beta coefficient standards, variables of commitment to the school and family have had the highest negative correlation with the tendency to abnormal behavior that explained 30 percent of criterion variables. In total, about 46% of the changes of tendency to abnormal behavior predicted by these variables.

The subject of the present study is the examination of social factors related to the tendency of high school students to the reference group in Ardabil. Statistical population of this study is 13584 students and to determine sample volume, Cochran formula was used and 400students were selected. The research method is survey and data gathered by a questionnaire which was validated by some masters and senior expert students (as criterion validity). Also the reliability of the questionnaire estimated using cronbach alpha. The obtained findings show that there is a meaningful difference between tendency to the reference group and variables such as religiosity, academic achievement, social status and gender of students. Also, there isn’t a meaningful relationship between tendency to the reference group and variables such as social participation, management practices, and the use of mass media.  The results of regression analysis indicate that, the variables of academic achievement, social status, gender of students and religiosity stay in the above-mentioned model. Elite group with 32/3percent and athletes with27/8 percent, were selected the first and second reference group respectively, and economic group with 3/32 percent was chosen as the last reference group.

The main goal of this study is the investigation of social factors related to the technical students’ entrepreneurship spirit in Mahabad Islamic Azad University. The research method is descriptive and statistical sample are 336 students from different levels who were selected by random sampling. Research-made   questionnaire of the entrepreneurship spirit was used to gather the data, and the data analyzed in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. Results show that there is a meaningful relationship between students’ entrepreneurship spirit and different components of social factors such as parents’ education level, university major, membership in social networks, the level of training, amount of study and marital status. Also, there isn’t a meaningful relationship between students’ entrepreneurship spirit and other components of social factors such as maternal education level, use of internet, gender, income, location, educational level, parents’ job.