فهرست مطالب gh. ranjbar

The study of energy geopolitics entails examining the role that energy plays in geopolitical dynamics and power competitions. The global economy and security place considerable importance and emphasis on energy, to the extent that it serves as an indicator of security levels. This significance applies to both oil-producing and oil-consuming countries, prompting them to carefully manage their situations to ensure they are not endangered by developments in global competition. The objective of this research is to investigate the geopolitical developments surrounding energy and their influence on Saudi Arabia's inclination to diversify its economic resources.

In the realm of energy geopolitics, nations reliant on fossil fuel consumption have shifted their focus towards substituting it with renewable sources as a means of mitigating the vulnerabilities stemming from their dependence on conventional fuels. However, the altered global energy consumption pattern and the emergence of renewable energy have introduced novel risks for fossil fuel producing countries within the domain of energy geopolitics, thereby jeopardizing their national interests. Consequently, countries with substantial crude oil production, such as Saudi Arabia, have initiated endeavors to align their economic strategies with these transformations through comprehensive analysis of prevailing circumstances and anticipation of future developments, ultimately safeguarding themselves against long-term perils.

Due to the increasing need of the country to imported edible oil and rapeseed importance among oilseeds, efforts to increase its grain yield and oil content are of high importance. Therefore, recognizing the traits that increase grain yield of rapeseed has an important role in the success of breeding programs. Thus, sixteen rapeseed genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three regions with different climatic conditions in Iran, including Karaj, Isfahan, and Hamadan in 2016-2017. Traits such as number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, plant height, height of the first branch, stem diameter, oil percent, number of days to flowering, number of days to the end of flowering, duration of flowering, and number of days to maturity were measured. Stepwise regression analysis showed that number of grain/pod, number of days to maturity and number of pods/plant (R2 = 97.7), number of pods/plant and number of days to maturity (R2 =78.4) and number of days to maturity and number of grains/pod (R2 = 45.5) accounted for total variations of grain yield in Karaj, Isfahan and Hamadan, respectively. The results showed that the number of days to maturity, number of pods/plant, number of grain/pods, stem diameter and plant height had the greatest positive effect on grain yield and oil content. Therefore, these traits can be used as suitable selection tools for increasing grain and oil yield in winter rapeseed breeding programs

Somaclonal diversity is a genetical test that can be used to study the genetic variation and genetic stability of a propagated plant relative to the mother plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic stability of Caspian honey locust (Gleditsia caspica Desf.) regenerated plants under the influence of BAP growth regulator and CPZ growth inhibitor. For this purpose, native and regenerated plants genotypes were compared in culture media containing growth regulator BAP (20 μmol) and CPZ (0.3, 3 and 15 μmol) used by molecular marker of ISSR. The highest percentage of shoot proliferation and number of shoots was observed in 20 μmol BAP treatment. The presence of CPZ in the culture medium greatly reduced the shoot proliferation percentage and with increasing CPZ concentration, the decreasing trend of the studied characteristics increased. The results showed that the use of 10 ISSR molecular markers produced a total of 107 DNA bands that had 87.9% polymorphism. Cluster analysis dendrogram based on Jaccard similarity matrix by UPGMA method showed that the studied genotypes were divided into two groups with similarity coefficient of 0.27. It seems that the presence of CPZ, despite the growth inhibitory effect on the plant, will increase diversity and reduce the genetic affinity between the regenerated plants and the mother plant.

Damask rose (Rosa damascene Mill) is one of the most important and economical rose species in Iran. After drought, salinity is the second most common environmental stress limiting agricultural production. In order to investigate the effect of salinity stress on Damask rose, an experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the lysimeter condition at the Research Greenhouse of National Salinity Research Center during 2018-2019 growing season. The treatments were four levels of salinity stress (2.8, 5, 8 and 11 dS m‒1). The results indicated that the effect of different levels of salinity were significant for all traits except the number of branches per plant and the number of petals. The plants treated with the salinity levels of 2.8, 5 and 8 dS m‒1 had a significantly larger number of flowers per plant, flower weight, petal weight, yield flower and essential oil yield, compared to salinity level of 11 dS m‒1. Increasing the salinity level from 2.8 to 11 dS m‒1 caused the reduction in height (41.4%), 11 flowers per plant (47.8%), 0.77 g flower (39.9%), petal weight (18.3%), flower yield (62.4%), and essential oil yield (53.9%). Overall, the results showed that the salinity tolerance threshold of Damask rose of Mahalat was 8 dS m‒1.

Implementation of research findings and their application in the field is a prerequisite for any improvement in quantity and quality of agronomic products. To investigate the effect of research findings on the wheat yield, two benchmark sites were chosen in the downstream Lands of Kharkheh River Basin, one with drainage (site 1) and another without drainage (site 2) system during 2013-14 and 2014-15 cropping seasons. Treatments were application of some research findings such as leveling, certified seed, appropriate amount and application time for fertilizer and  proper irrigation method as Research Management (RM) and farmer management as "Traditional Cultivation" (TC). Results showed that application of recommended package in RM treatment in 2013-14 increased the grain yield by 14 and 44% in sites 1 and 2 compared to TC treatment, respectively. While the values of the improvement in grain yield in the same sites for 2014-15 were 44 and 52%, respectively. During these two years the mean grain yields for RM and TC treatments were 4178.5 and 3321.0 Kg ha-1 in site 1, and 2976.5 and 1999.0 Kg ha-1 in the site 2, respectively. Based on the balance of a cropping season in 2013-14, the increased net benefit in RM treatment were 1.2 and 1.98 times more than the TC treatment in the sites 1 and 2, respectively. Application of the recommended package in 2014-15 increased the net benefit in RM treatment by 1.69 and 1.86 times more than TC treatment in the sites 1 and 2, respectively.

To comparison biomass production, accumulation of some elements and ash content of shoots in five halophytes species including Salicornia bigelovii Torr., S. sinus persica, Atriplex lentiformis Torr., Halocnemum strobilaceum Bieb., and Halostachys caspica Botsch irrigated with seawater, a research was conducted at Salinity Research Station in Bushehr province. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the halophytes species in terms of concentration of Na+, K+, Cl-, Na+/K+ ratio, fresh weight, dry weight, shoot water content and ash. The highest and lowest Na+ concentrations were obtained in S. sinus persica and A. lentiformis species, respectively, whereas the rate of shoot Na+ in S. sinus persica was more than A. lentiformis by 101.3%. The highest concentration of K+, Cl- and Na+/K+ were obtained in leaves of A. lentiformis and shoots of two species of Salicornia and H. strobilaceum species, respectively. A. lentiformis with the production of 18.98 and 7.75 ton ha-1, had the highest fresh and dry biomass, respectively. The lowest fresh and dry biomass were also found in S. bigelovii by 10.13 and 2.49 ton ha-1, respectively. The highest and lowest ash content were related to shoots of S. sinus persica equal to 48.8% and leaves of Atriplex lentiformis equal to 37.5%, respectively. According to the results, Salicornia species has no mechanism of preventing salt entrance in the plant due to high concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in their shoots. These species follow the mechanism of salt accumulation in plant tissues with the aim of osmotic regulation for survival in high saline conditions. Atriplex lentiformis also produced the highest amount of biomass, which could attributed to the low shoot water content of this species due to the presence of hard stems in the plant in comparison to the succulent stems and higher shoots water content in the other species. According to the production amount and ash content, it seems that A. lentiformis is a suitable species for forage producing in the regions with limited freshwater. Furthermore, Salicornia species could be also considered as part of a livestock diet in this regions.

In order to study gene action in rice for traits related to quality (gelatinization temperature, gel consistency and amylose content), four varieties of rice (Sang-e-Tarrom, Gerdeh, IRRI2 and IR229) were investigated. Ten different generations including P1, P2, F1, RF1, BC1, RBC1, BC2, RBC2, F2 and RF2 were evaluated using generation mean analysis. In generation mean analysis, one of non-allelic interaction components, [i], [j]1, [j]2, [l]1, [l]2, [l] was significant indicating the genetic model of these characters were described by additive-dominance model with non-allelic gene interaction (except for gelatinization temperature trait in Sang-Tarrom × Gerdeh cross). The cross IRRI2×IR229 showed duplicate epistasis for gel consistency trait. Cytoplasmic effects and interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear effects in two crosses were significant for amylose content and gel consistency traits. The estimation of narrow and broad-sense heritability for two crosses were 0.77 to 0.99 and 0.05 to 0.93, respectively. The predominantly additive nature of the genetic variability was further revealed by the variance components. Component D was detected significant in all the crosses. The covariance component and , however, showed indirectly that dominance contributed significantly to variability at the variance level. Therefore, according to the obtained results, selection can be effectively done in later segregation generations for gel consistency and amylose content and in early generation for traits.

Six morphological traits of rice were evaluated in a 5 × 5 one-way diallel cross using a randomized complete block design corresponding with their F1 generations in 2007 at Iranian Rice Research Institute – Amol. Results from analysis of variance for traits of plant height, flag leaf angle, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, internode length and panicle length exhibited significant genetic differences among parental cultivars and their hybrids. Significant means of squares for GCA and SCA showed the positive actions of additive and non-additive effects on controlling these traits. Also, ratio of mean squares of GCA on SCA ( ) were significant in all traits that showing a higher importance for role of additive effects in comparison with role of non-additive effects in functions of genes controlling the studied traits. High narrow sense heritability of these traits proved majority roles for additive effects of genes in genetic control of the studied characteristics therefore, selection of these triats may be succeed. Overall, both of Neda and IR62871-175-1-10 were the best parents for general combining ability for reducting plant height, flag leaf length and internode length and increasing flag leaf width. Meanwhile, because of higher SCA, Neda × Binam and Neda × Dasht were the best hybrids for increasing spike length and decreasing height, respectively.