ghasem ghorbani

The mantle sequence of the Kuh-Siah ophiolitic suite is located in N Sabzevar, Central Iran structural zone and consists mainly of harzburgite, dunite, lherzolite, pyroxenite, and chromitite lenses.  The Fo% of olivines in peridotites ranges between 91-96%, and plotting them in the Ezubonin-Mariana peridotites. The Al2O3 content of orthopyroxene in harzburgites and lherzolites is relatively low, showing a tendency towards orthopyroxenes of forearc-abyssal peridotites. The clinopyroxene in the pyroxenites also has low Al2O3 and TiO2 content and placing it in the forearc peridotite field. While this mineral in harzburgite and lherzolites have a higher content of Al2O3 and TiO2 and plots in the abyssal peridotites field. The spinel in lherzolites resemble oceanic peridotites, while in harzburgites, it shows a tendency towards forearc and oceanic peridotites. The spinels in dunites exhibit high Cr# and appear to be derived from a boninitic melt in high degrees of partial melting from a depleted mantle source under hydrous conditions. Based on minerals chemistry characteristics (indicating the dual nature of the MORB_IAT_BONINITIC), the evolution of this mantle sequence has been involved in a supra-subduction zone, resulting from the northward subduction of the sub-branch of Neotethys Ocean (Sabzevar suture) beneath the Alborz during the Cretaceous.

Andesitic-dacitic subvolcanic domes of Nudeh Enghelab and Kuh Kamartang are located in the northern domains of the Sabzevar ophiolitic belt, and in the northeast part of the Central Iran structural zone. Geochemically, the studied rocks exhibit a metaluminous, calc-alkaline to high k-calc-alkaline nature, and are enriched in LILE and LREE and depleted in HFSE, HREE and negative anomaly in TNT elements, and have formed in an environment related to subduction zone. With attention to their other geochemical characteristics, such as a silica content (SiO2>61wt%), Al2O3>15wt%, MgO<2.2wt%, Na2O>3.3wt%, Sr/Y>24, La/Yb>8, can be classified these rocks as high silica adakites. The petrographical, geochemical and isotopic ((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7047-0.7045, ƐNdi=6.02-6.10) characteristics display that the studied high silica adakites have been originated from partial melting of subducted oceanic slab of Neo-Tethys (Sabzevar sea/ocean sub-branch) under the Turan plate in amphibolite to garnet amphibolite facies and during the ascent to high levels, they show very little assimilation and contamination with continental crust.

The studied area is located in the southeast of Shahrood, north Torud, and northeast of the Central Iran structural zone. The area is one of the Iranian basement terrains which include a wide variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The study gabbroic bodies form a small part of this complex and their essential minerals are Plagioclase (labradorite, bytownite), pyroxene (calcic group and augite and clinoenstatite composition), olivine, biotite, and amphibole (calcic group and pargasite and pargasite hornblende composition). Based on the chemical composition of minerals, the magma forming of these rocks has calc-alkaline nature and during their crystallization, the fugacity of oxygen has been high. Geothermometry of pyroxene and amphibole suggest crystallization equilibrium temperatures at gabbroic rocks, for pyro,xene are  900-1200°C and for amphiboles are 820-990°C‑ respectively. Geobarometry calculation of these rocks, using an amount of total amphibole aluminum (Alt is between 2-2.5), estimated between 6.52 to 8.9 kbar and for pyroxene between 5 to 7 Kbar. These conditions are equivalent to the formation and final equilibrium at depth of 23 to 27 km of the lower crust.

The study area is located in the south of Damghan, 160 km south of Shahrood, and 17 to 30 km south of Torud village. The area geologically, lies in the Cenozoic magmatic belt, a part of the Alpine-Himalayan belt, in the north of the structural zone of Central Iran (Aghanabati, 2004). The Cenozoic magmatic belt has been studied by many researchers (e.g., Ghorbani, 2005; Khajehzadeh, 2009; Mardani-Beldaji, 2011; Tayefi, 2014; Yousefi, 2017). The volcanic rocks in the southern part of the Torud area have not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, it requires a detailed study. So, for the purpose of this study attempt has been made to investigate and to study the nature of magma, tectonic setting, and the petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks using the geochemical data of the whole rock. Also, the results of this study have been compared with some areas belonging to the Cenozoic Era located in the north of the structural zone of Central Iran.

Regional Geology:

The area under study in the Torud-Moalleman magmatic belt belongs to the Chah-Shirin-Sabzevar-Khaf magmatic complex, located in the western part of this magmatic complex. In this magmatic belt, the Eocene volcanic rocks, including the main volume of igneous rocks are basic to acidic in composition. The predominant rocks are basaltic to intermediate rocks. The Torud-Moalleman magmatic belt is mainly composed of volcanic rocks with a lithological composition consisting of olivine-basalt, basalt, andesite, and dacite rocks and their pyroclastic equivalents, as well as plastic and limestone interlayers.

During field surveying, 50 samples of the volcanic rocks with the least alteration were collected. From these samples, 30 thin sections were prepared for microscopic studies and 11 samples were selected for ICP-MS geochemical analyses for minor elements and XRF for major elements and were sent to ACME Laboratory in Vancouver (Canada). GCDkit, Excel, and Corel Draw software were used to check the results obtained from the whole rock chemistry analyses and drawing diagrams.

Petrography:

The study rocks include volcanic rocks ranging from andesite to basalt. The basalts are dark gray to black in color with glomeroporphyritic, microlithic, sieve, and trachytic textures containing plagioclase and clinopyroxene as the main minerals. These minerals along with olivine and magnetite can also be seen in the form of microcrystals in the background of the rock, and their accumulation have created the glomeroporphyritic texture in these rocks. Secondary minerals are chlorite, iron oxide, zeolite (natrolite and analcime), calcite, and gypsum, filling the holes.The andesites are light gray to slightly dark with porphyritic and glomeroporphyritic textures and are dominated by amphibole (green and brown hornblende), plagioclase, and clinopyroxene as the main, biotite, iron oxide, sphene, and zircon. as the minor, as well as sericite, chlorite, calcite, and epidote as the secondary minerals.

Whole Rocks Chemistry :

The data obtained from the whole rock geochemical analyses display that the volcanic samples of the Torud area are classified as the andesite and basalt, placed mostly in the range of calc-alkaline series (medium potassium). LREE and LILE enrichment, HREE and HFSE depletion and Nb, Ta, and Ti negative anomalies of these rocks point to their formation in subduction zones. Also, as the tectonic diagrams display the rocks belong to the active continental margin. The rocks under study have mostly mantle origin and are derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle. The flat HREE patterns also show that melting occurred in the mantle, above the stability field of garnet. Therefore, the parent magmas were formed by the melting of spinel lherzolite at a depth of 80 to 100 km and evolved due to fractional crystallization as well as contamination caused by subducted sediments and the continental crust.

The rare elements pattern of the study rocks in spider diagrams show the cogenesis of these rocks and the role of differential crystallization as the main mechanism of their formation. Based on geochemical data, the study samples and compared volcanic rocks share similar characteristics. Therefore, the normalized REE patterns with chondrite (Nakamura, 1974) NMORB (Sun and McDonough, 1989) and MORB (Pearce, 1983), indicate the enrichment of LREEs (such as La, Ce) and LILEs (e.g., Ba, K, U, Pb, Cs) compared to HREEs and HFSEs (i.e. Nb, Ta, Ti, P) indicating that the rocks under study were formed in the active continental arc margin. The samples have no negative anomaly of Eu. Volcanic rocks with the age of late Eocene and Oligo-Miocene and basaltic to trachy-basaltic composition range from alkaline to sub-alkaline rocks and volcanic rocks with the age of middle Eocene with andesite to trachy-andesite composition have the nature of calc-alkaline.

The volcanic rocks in the south of Torud, with calc-alkaline and medium potassium nature, are mainly composed of basalt and andesite characterized by LREE enrichment, negative Nb-Ta-Ti anomaly, and the high ratio of LILE/HFSE. These characteristics point to the formation of these rocks in the subduction zones.The rocks under investigation have low SiO2 content, high amounts of Sr, no significant Eu anomaly, and Mg# content greater than 40. These geochemical features indicate a mantle source for the studied volcanic rocks. The changes of Rb/Y versus Nb/Y show the enrichment by subduction components or crustal contamination in the magmatic evolution of these rocks. Based on the geochemical investigations, the productive magma originated from a spinel lherzolitic source at a depth of about 80 to 100 km; during the ascent of magma, as a result of fractional crystallization and contamination, the magma derived from the mantle has been enriched and gave rise to lithological diversity.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a waterborne pathogen is a growing concern to public health sectors. Many sources of environmental water could potentially be acting as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa. Due to the fact that P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and causes serious problems, it seems necessary to know the pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, genetic diversity and methods of removing it from drinking water. The pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa has been extensively studied and proven to be a multifactorial process, mediated by quorum sensing. P. aeruginosa possess two quorum sensing systems, las and rhl that facilitate cell to cell communication through production of signalling molecules termed autoinducers to target specific receptors for activation. P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to various antibiotics due to a low permeability in the outer membrane, which acts as a selective barrier. However, this bacterium is a highly diverse pathogen that is capable of adaptation to the surrounding environment. When subjected to antibiotic selective pressure, the induced response facilitates bacterial survival and develops antibiotic resistance. literature suggests that the large genome size and genome complexity are responsible for the ability of this bacterium to adapt and thrive in a diverse range of environments. The presence and persistence of these bacteria in environmental waters may pose a great risk to the public health and requires further work to fully characterize and quantify the input of MDR P. aeruginosa strains from the hospitals compared with those originating from the general community or other wastewater related sources.

The study area is located in the N Turood, S Shahrood, and NE of Central Iran structural zone. Many basaltic dikes in this area intruded into the Eocene volcanic rocks and they also contain many gabbroic enclaves. Plagioclase (labradorite, bytownite-anorthite), amphibole (calcic, pargasite- magnesiohastingsite), and pyroxene (calcic, diopside-augite) are the essential minerals of these rocks. With the attention of the minerals chemistry, magma forming of these rocks has mainly subalkaline nature and during their crystallization fugacity of oxygen has been high. Geothermometry of these rocks suggest crystallization equilibrium temperatures are at 1100-1200°C for pyroxenes, and 825-888°C for amphiboles. Geobarometry calculation by using of Altot of amphiboles in host basaltic rocks, basaltic dikes and enclaves estimated between 8.51 to 9.21 kbar (depth of 30 to 33 km), 7.41 to 9.16 kbar (depth of 27 to 33 km) and 6.84 to 7.46 kbar (depth of 25 to 27 km), respectively. The chemical characteristics of studied minerals in differents diagrams show strong compositional similarities and indicate that nature and origin of these rocks are the same and most likely the magmatic reservoir or reservoirs of the studied basaltic rocks were at depths of 33 to 25 km of the lower crust.

The ChahMusa region is known as the head of the mining of Toroud-ChahShirin volcanic belt which has been a source of copper mineralization for a long time. The outcroped rock units in the studied area are including tuffs and andesitic breccia, , andesitic dacite, andesitic basalts, andesites, micro-quartz diorite and gabbroic dykes. Copper carbonates are the main minerals in the region, and chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, bournite and covellite minerals are minor minerals in this region. Dominant alterations of the studied area are including argillic, propylitic, and calcitization. This study has been carried out on quartz and calcite minerals as syngenetic waste of sulfide minerals. The transfer of metals in the mineralizing fluids was mainly carried out by chloride complexes. As well as, eutectic data show that, there are two soluble systems probably active in the region, which is consistent with the H2O-NaCl-KCl and H2O-CaCl2-MgCl2 systems. Measured eutectic temperatures indicate that there are probably two types of fluids in the area. The performed detail temperature on the fluid inclusions of studied area indicates that the salinity of these fluids varies from 3 to 26% by weight, equivalent to NaCl, and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions is between 130 ° C and 470 ° C. Obtained evidence show that sulfide ore formation in this region is from epigenetic type and may have occurred under conditions epithermal. The fluid inclusions study has led to the formation of deposits as a result of boiling, cooling during the and mixing whit atmospheric waters.

Neybaz igneous and metamorphic complex (west of Saghand, North Yazd) is one of the Late Neoproterozoic Iranian basement terrains which include a wide variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Some parts of metapelitic outcrops of this complex can be considered typical evidence of partial melting, migmatitization and mylonitization. The obtained ages of the complex and the adjacent complexes (such as Chapedony, Tashk and Zaman Abad), based on K-Ar, Rb – Sr, Sm-Nd and U-Pb methods, show several ages  ranging from Late Neoproterozoic to Miocene. But the presence  granitic and gneissic pebbles bearing conglomerate which originated from basement of the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary sequence of the southwest of Saghand indicate that age younger than Cretaceous which attributed to Neybaz complex are not correct. Some of the reported ages are only reflected the tectonomagmatic or tectonometamorphism events which affected these crystalline basement  complexes during different times, such as Middle Jurasic metamorphism and Eocene to Miocene magmatism activities. Based on the regional evidence and field relationships, the range of 570 to 530 Ma is more consistency with actual regional geology. The events happened during this time, most likely related to Cadomian orogenic evolutions. Hafni isotopic investigations on granitic rocks of this complex indicate that the eHf of the studied rocks show negative values and varies from -1.02 to -18.87. The negative eHf values correspound with originating of granitic melt from crustal rocks or the same gneissic rocks of Neybaz complex (west of Saghand).

Forumad area is located in NW of Sabzevar, in NE of central Iran structural zone and in western part of Sabzevar ophiolite suite. The mantle section of Forumad ophiolite consists mainly of harzburgites, dunites, pyroxenitic dikes and choromititic lenses that contain brown to black Cr-spinels. The content of Cr2O3 and Al2O3 of Cr-spinels in harzburgites are between 32.6-53.1 and 15.6-34.8 wt%, respectively, and their Cr# ([100 × Cr/(Cr + Al]) atomic ratio]) is between 39- 69%. Relationship between Cr# of Cr-spinels and Fo of coexisting olivine (Fo=91-92%) and low contents of TiO2 (

The study area is located in northwest of Iran، in the western Alborz-Azerbaijan structural zone. Based on petrography and geochemical studies، the Quaternary basic volcanic rocks of the study area have alkali-olivine basalt and trachy basalt composition and alkalinesubalkaline nature. According to tectonic diagrams، the samples are plotted within-plate continental basalts field. The Quaternary volcanic centers are situated within pull-apart basin structures and are controlled by active faults. The average Ce/Pb and Nb/U ratios of the studied basalts are lower than the value، for average oceanic basalts (OIB and MORB). These ratios are close to the average values of sub-continental lithospheric mantle. According to geochemical characteristics of trace elements and REE patterns، all the analyzed basalt samples have LREE enrichment chondrite-normalized REE patterns، suggesting that they may have been generated by different partial melting degrees (Ahar 3-4%، Maku 1 - 15% and Sarab 5-15%) of a sub-continemtal lithospheric mantle source.

Proper implementation and utilization of managerial roles, while assisting the retention of employees, gives more confidence to police departments’ employees to continue their policing activities, and in turn promotes police departments’ employees motivation and performance on one hand, and decreases the vulnerability of police employees. The present study aims at identifying the managerial role of police department commanders and its impact on employees’ retention. Within this descriptive survey, managerial roles of commanders of police departments based on Mintzberg managerial role (interpersonal, informational, and decisional) are raised as an independent variable and employees’ retention as a dependent variable. The data collected using self ـmade questionnaire; its validity was controlled by experts and professors and its reliability approved (a= 0. 91). The statistical society was employees from Hamadan Province police departments in 1387 (2009). By using Cochran formula, 171 employees were selected through stratified random sampling method. The data was analyzed through using single ـvariable regression test. The findings indicated that managerial roles of police commanders had impact on employees’ retention. Amon 3 managerial roles (interpersonal, informational, and decisional, decisional roles) had the most impact on employee retention. Police department commanders should attend sufficient training courses on managerial roles. Special attention should be paid to the decisional roles on employees’ retention.

The study area is located about 110 Km south of Shahrood in north of Central Iran structural zone. There are many cumulate enclaves with ferroanpargasite gabbroic composition within the Middle Eocene basic volcanic rocks in the study area. Amphiboles are one of the most important minerals in gabbroic cumulates and host basaltic rocks. Based on results of electron microprobe analyses, amphibole minerals present in these cumulates, according to leake et al. classification are calcic and show ferropargasite compositions. Plagioclase shows a notably CaO-rich composition and has normal zoning from anorthite in the core to bytownite at the rim. Clinopyroxene composition range between calcic augite and diopsite. According to the amphibole geobarometer of Schmidt, amphiboles in these gabbroic cumulates are crystallized at ~7.5 Kbar corresponding to a depth of ~26 Km. Geothermometry of amphiboles of these rocks also were calculated with different thermometer and range from 830 to 8600C. The low contents of HREE and La/Yb and Dy/Yb ratios of gabbroic cumulstes suggest that their parental magma was probably formed by relatively high degree of partial melting (16 to 18%) of the mantle.