فهرست مطالب gholam reza ahmadi

The spiritual dimension of human life is one of the effective constructs in psychological health and wellbeing, which has received attention in recent years. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict spiritual wellbeing and spiritual capital based on personality traits, awareness, and tendency to consume halal food in the students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.

This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the study included all the students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2023-2024, of whom 300 were selected using the purposive sampling method. To collect the data, questionnaires on awareness and tendency to consume halal food, a short form of the spiritual well-being and capital questionnaire, and the Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire were used. The collected data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis on the SPSS version 26 software. All ethical considerations were observed in this study, and the authors of the article declared no conflict of interest.

The results of the stepwise regression analysis showed that after entering the predictor variables, finally, subjective norm, awareness, openness to experience, and neuroticism could explain 22.0% of the variance in spiritual capital in four steps. Also, the prediction of spiritual wellbeing indicates that physical wellbeing, attitude towards halal food, neuroticism, and openness to experience were the strongest remaining predictors in the model, predicting 34.0% of the variance in spiritual well-being.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be stated that awareness and attitude towards consuming halal food, along with personality traits, are recognized as essential factors that can be considered in relation to the spiritual life (spiritual capital and wellbeing) of students.

The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of Unified transdiagnostic therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy on emotion regulation and life quality of child laborers.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a comparison group, randomized assignment and pretest-posttest . The statistical population was all child laborers in Tehran and the statistical sample was 45 children under the auspices of the Empowerment Center for Women and Children in Tehran in 1398.The Granowski et al. Scale of emotion regulation and the children and adolescents life quality scale were administered before and after the intervention and 3 months after the end of treatment in the follow-up phase. The results were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The output of the mixed analysis of variance test indicates that the effect of time factor on emotion regulation (F = 38.99, P <0.01; F = 13.45; P <0.01) as well as time and group interaction in regulation Emotion (0.48 = partial ƞ2; 38.99F =; 0.000 000 P <; 0.38 = partial ƞ2; 06 / 13F =; 0.000 000 <) is significant. Also, the comparison of the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies from the interventions shows that the means of transdiagnostic therapy were more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing negative emotional regulation strategies and increasing positive emotion regulation strategies.

The results of the study indicate that the child version of unified transdiagnostic protocol can be used on vulnerable populations. On the other hand, it seems that the intervention based on improving the quality of life due to the emphasis on the sixteen elements of this structure, can be considered as a pilot version to improve the quality of life of these children.

One of the main problems of working children is the problem of social adjustment and self-esteem. One of the available psychotherapies is cognitive-behavioral therapy and unified transdiagnostic therapy. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic protocol with cognitive behavioral therapy on social adjustment and self-esteem in working children.

The current research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The studied population included all the socially disadvantaged girls (working children) of Tehran in 2019, and 30 people were selected as the study sample with the purposeful sampling method and were randomly placed to two groups of Unified Transdiagnostic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. First, the social adjustment questionnaire (Sinha and Singh, 1993) and the self-esteem scale (Pope et al., 1998) were administered as a pre-test on both groups. The first experimental group received cognitive behavioral therapy for eighteen 90-minute sessions and the second experimental group received unified transdiagnostic therapy for fifteen 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed by the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS version 25 software.

The results showed that both treatments managed to significantly increase their social adjustment and self-esteem in the post-test and follow-up stages in working children. However, the comparison of effectiveness between unified Transdiagnostic Protocol and cognitive-behavioral therapies shows that the effectiveness of the in self-esteem (partial ƞ2=0.34; P<0.01; F=14.46) and social adjustment (partial ƞ2=0.16; P<0.05; F=11.33) was more than cognitive behavioral therapy.

Pediatric transdiagnostic therapy was more effective in improving social adjustment and self-esteem than cognitive-behavioral therapy. Although UP-C has shown promising results, more clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of UP-C in different communities and other concurrent mental states.

In this study, the authors seek to investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and fear of COVID-19. Among the residents of Tehran Province, Iran, 415 people were selected through the available sampling method. 

The research data was obtained through online questionnaires that were distributed to participants via platforms, such as Instagram, WhatsApp, and Telegram. Broadbent’s cognitive failure questionnaire and the scale of fear of COVID-19 were used in this study. The obtained data were analyzed by the independent t test and stepwise regression.

According to the findings, the relationship between following COVID-19 news and the fear of COVID-19 is negative. Also, a positive and significant relationship exists between memory error and fear of COVID-19. Also, the standard coefficients show that despite the direction of the effect, both variables have the same power to change the dependent variable.

The findings showed that the subscale of memory (forgetfulness) predicts the fear of COVID-19, and the existence of memory problems, false triggering, and distractibility, which are components of cognitive failure, decrease individuals’ mental health.

The purpose of this research is to measure the implementation of performance-based budgeting in the three dimensions of strategic planning, cost analysis and performance management, as well as to identify and discover effective actors on the implementation of performance-based budgeting. The questionnaire and data collection tools were collected through the distribution of 152 questionnaires among budgeting experts, accountants, senior managers and financial managers in 1400. Data analysis was done using structural equation method and SmartPLS software. The findings showed that the implementation of performance-based budgeting in the dimensions of strategic planning, cost analysis, and performance management is 25.95%, 31.25%, and 34.38%, respectively. Also, the findings showed that the actors directly and indirectly influencing the implementation of performance-based budgeting include economic actors, technical actors, management competence and organizational commitment. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that in order to implement performance-based budgeting, the existing procedure in the dimensions of financial knowledge of the organization, environmental activists, and organizational commitment should be redesigned and reconsidered. Also, the dimensions of technical actors (accounting information system and networks), economic actors (program and budget organization) and management competence and organizational culture should be modified and strengthened from a technical and supervisory point of view. The results of this study can be effective in attracting the attention of senior executive managers and academic researchers and supporting and modifying the dimensions that affect the implementation of budgeting, as well as expanding theoretical foundations in the field of performance-based budgeting.

Tof citrus education of researchers at the Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center This study sought to determine the extent to which intellectual capital affects the performance of researchers in the Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center in the field of citrus training. This research is considered as an exploratory descriptive research in terms of applied purpose and as a descriptive research in terms of visibility. The statistical population also included all helper researchers, numbering 146 people, of which, using Cochran's formula, 110 people were selected as a sample, and with the proportional allocation formula, the share of each center in each city from the sample volume was determined and calculated. To formulate the theoretical framework of the research, the method of documentary study and search through electronic sources and to collect data through interviews and standard intellectual capital questionnaire based on Bontis and Holland model and a researcher-made questionnaire of educational performance has been used. For data analysis, correlation matrix, diagnostic factor analysis, sequential regression and modeling of structural equations were used using SMART-PLS software. The results showed The coefficient of intellectual capital path on the performance of helper researchers was equal to 0.245 and the value of t was equal to 2.637. Path analysis showed that at the error level of P = 0.05, intellectual capital has a positive and significant effect on the performance of researchers in the Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center in the field of citrus production.

Establishing an operational budgeting system as an effective and efficient management system for the optimal allocation of organizational resources has been considered by governments over the past two decades; and its successful implementation is an inevitable necessity. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the readiness of the Army for the successful implementation of operational budgeting. Therefore, the effect of three factors: attitude to change, work knowledge and availability of resources on two aspects of organizational readiness for change, including commitment to change and the ability to implement change are tested. This study also examines the adequacy of each of the mentioned aspects and factors at the military level. Data collected via a questionnaire through the statistical population of the study consisting of financial officers of the army. Ordinary least squares regression was used to test the research hypotheses and the research questions were analyzed using one-sample t-test and one-sample symbol test. Findings show that the factors of attitude to change and the availability of resources have a positive and significant effect on two aspects of organizational readiness for change, including commitment to change and the ability to implement change; but the work knowledge factor affects positively and meaningfully on the ability to implement change and it has no significant relationship with the commitment to change. Other findings of this study show that there is organizational readiness in the army to change to operational budgeting, as well as appropriate motivation and sufficient resources for these changes; but it is considerable that the implementation of operational budgeting involves various stages and processes, it is necessary to upgrade and improve the knowledge of presenters in this field. Based on the results, adopt appropriate methods and strategies to familiarize commanders and military personnel with the benefits of operational budgeting and motivate them; provide financial, human and technical resources; increase the knowledge of financial personnel about operational budgeting; and roadmap and implementation methods help to improve organizational readiness for successful change and implementation of this budgeting method.

This study analyzes the climatic-agricultural zoning of rain-fed corn in Lorestan province and its role in reducing environmental risks. The study method in this research is citation-descriptive in which the information (precipitation, temperature, etc.) of a 20-year statistical period (1377-1397) has been gathered on a daily, monthly, seasonal and annual basis from 53 synoptic stations, climatology and rain gauge, inside and outside of this province. Then, considering the required conditions for this crop such as heat thresholds, growth period and the amount of water requirement, suitable growth zones has been determined by GIS and after that the zoning of agricultural climate of corn crop in this province has been mapped. On the base of the final obtained map, this province has 8588.15 kilometers of potential lands, 13938.13 square kilometers of semi-potential lands and 5631.57 square kilometers of non-potential lands. Kriging interpolation method has been used to create coordination in data integration and also auxiliary points to find the regions with the same amount of temperature and rainfall.

Today, video conferencing is one of the most sought after features of the Internet. The purpose of routing algorithms in online video conferencing is to increase the number of requests accepted according to Quality of Service (QoS) satisfaction. Most research in this field focuses solely on bandwidth, and relatively few studies consider both bandwidth and delay constraints. In this paper, we propose a new routing algorithm in the context of MPLS networks with fuzzy rules approach that considers both bandwidth limitation and end-to-end delay (bandwidth-delay) for path searches. The fuzzy system is a fuzzy weighted prediction model for filtering high resource requests. A combination of traditional routing and MPLS improves the mobility mechanism, scalability and overall network performance. We name the proposed algorithm as Fuzzy Bandwidth and Delay Routing Algorithm (FBDRA). The FBDRA is attempting to delay requests with high bandwidth and maximum end-to-end delay. We will use Matlab R2017a to simulate many different scenarios and measure criteria such as the number of requests received, average route length, and load balancing. In addition, we compare the performance of FBDRA compared to some of the previous related work such as MHA, WSP, MIRA, BCRA, MIRAD, BGDG, BGLC, SAMCRA and MDMF. The simulation results show that the FBDRA provides the best performance for video conferencing.

The importance of spirituality and spiritual growth in humans has attracted increasing attention of psychologists and mental health professionals over the past few decades. Also, motivational factors in cognitive involvement influence the learning process. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive role of demographic, cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences in motivation for academic achievement in female students.

This is a causal-comparative descriptive study. The statistical population of the study included all female students aged 12-13 in Tehran. The sample population consisted of 280 girls, who were selected by multistage sampling from public schools. Data were collected using Wechsler Intelligence Test (Fourth Edition), Hermes Motivation for Academic Achievement Questionnaire, Nasserian Spiritual Intelligence, and Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using regression analysis. In this study, all ethical issues have been addressed and the authors of the article reported no conflicts of interest.

The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between motivation for achievement and cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences (at 99% level of confidence (P<1%)), meaning that with an increase in the independent variables, i.e., cognitive, emotional, spiritual intelligences, the level of motivation for progress also increased.

According to the results, cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences had a significant effect on students' motivation for academic achievement and with an increase in each of these variables, the level of motivation for achievement also increased in the students.

Transportation in economic systems such as services, production and distribution enjoys a special and important position and provides a significant portion of the country's gross domestic product. Improvements in transportation system mean improvements in the traveling routes and the elimination of unnecessary distances in any system. The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is one of the practical concepts in the field of investigation and many attempts have been made by researchers in this area. Due to the importance of transportation issues in the real world and the status of these issues in the types of existing systems. In this paper, we investigate the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window (VRPTW) and provide a solution for it. The problem of routing vehicles with a time window is an extension of the problem of routing vehicles with limited capacity (CVRP) in which servicing must be done in a specific time window. The purpose of this problem is to optimize the route for each vehicle so as to minimize the total cost of the route and the number of vehicles used, and ultimately maximize customer satisfaction. In the paper, a hybrid method based on cuckoo search and greedy algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of VRPTW. For the cost function, different criteria have been used that are within the framework of the VRPTW problem within hard and soft constraints. In order to evaluate the proposed method, the dataset is used in different sizes. The proposed method is significantly higher compared to similar methods.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of the effect of social capital and intellectual capital of educators and teachers of Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center in their educational performance The research method was applied in terms of the purpose of the mixed data type of exploratory type. The statistical population also includes all educators and trainers of Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Training Center, 122 people, of which, using Cochran's formula, 95 people were selected as a statistical sample using simple random sampling method. In order to collect data, the method of documentary and library study, search through electronic resources, interviews and standard social capital questionnaires based on Nahapit and Goshal model (1998) and intellectual capital based on Bontis-Holland model (2002) and a researcher-made questionnaire of teachers and teachers have been used. SPSS16 and Smart PLS statistical software were used for data analysis. The significance of the questions and the relationships between the variables were shown by examining the fit of measurement models, structural and fit of the general model. Also, using t-test, the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable was determined.. The results showed that social capital and intellectual capital were significantly related to and influenced by the educational performance of educators and teachers of Mazandaran Agricultural Research and Education Center. The results also showed that the intellectual capital of educators and teachers plays a mediating role in the effect of social capital on their educational performance.

Suicide and self-mutilation are considered as two of the most unpleasant psychological and social events in adolescents and young people. It may become an important issue in some social conditions; therefore, the present study aims to identify the role of emotion regulation strategies in emotional disorders of soldiers with the history of self-mutilation behaviors.

This is a descriptive study. The study population consisted of all soldiers who served in three military centers (Zanjan, Qazvin, and Tehran) from 2017 to 2018 (August 2017 to November 2018) and had a history of self-mutilation harming behaviors. 92 soldiers who reported at least one self-harm behaviors in the form of self-harm and drug abuse were included in a census. Data were collected using a computerized version of the Millon 3 Multivariate Clinical Trial Questionnaire and the Short Form of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

92 soldiers with mean age of 19.33±7.5 years, and mean length of military service of 14.50±4.9 months participated. More than 71% of them had diplomas. The results of stepwise regression showed that adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies can significantly predict the variance of depressive personality disorder (R2 = 0.21) and anxiety (R2 = 0.11) in soldiers with a history of self-mutilation behaviors.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies can predict emotional disorders in soldiers with a history of self-harm behaviors. Therefore, it can be effective in preventing some unpleasant actions in these people.

In addition to cash assets, intangible assets which are powerful incentives to promote  price alterations in the stock markets are also considered in the modern economy. While some items of intangible assets are not included in the balance sheets but they assumed as sources of value creation for the companies. One of these intangible assets is the corporate social responsibility. Cash surplus of the company can also affect its market value. However, cash surplus may be consider  account as vague sign for the market. Holding of surplus cash in the company may be indicated that such companies are less vulnerable to the price shocks and have more capability to encounter potential financial problems in the near future. These incorrect assumptions brings a positive outlook for the company in the competitive market. Furthermore, cash surplus can cause some difficulties for agencies. This review article investigates the literature on this subject and presents its results.

The present study aimed to predict internet addiction based on general self-efficacy, difficulty in emotion regulation, and resilience in medical students.

This was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population included all medical students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The research sample consisted of 96 medical students selected by random sampling method in 2018. Data collection was performed by Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale, Gramat’s and Roemer’s Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and Young’s Internet Addiction test.

To analyze the obtained data, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the stepwise regression model were used. The obtained results suggested a significant relationship between internet addiction and general self-efficacy, difficulty in emotion regulation, and resiliency (P<0.05). Additionally, general self-efficacy, difficulty in emotion regulation, and resilience are able to predict 27% of internet addiction variance in medical students.

To prevent and reduce the harm of internet addiction in students in stressful events, they should be trained to improve their resilience, self-efficacy, and emotion regulation skills.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of relationship marketing bonds, including financial, social and structural bonds on customer satisfaction and share of customer in the banking industry. Agriculture Bank was chosen as case study population and 389 customers from 12 branches of Agriculture Bank of Tabriz city were chosen as statistical sample of the research and Samples were selected using simple random sampling. this research is causal research in terms of the method and data with questionnaires was analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). In SEM at first we examined the measurement, structural and overall fitness then we tested the Hypothesis. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between relationship marketing bonds ( Social, financial and structural bonds ) and customer satisfaction. Social, financial and structural bonds, respectively had the highest effects on customer satisfaction. Also there was a significant positive relationship between customer satisfaction and customer share

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training based on Gross's model on the reappraisal and emotional Suppression in the soldiers with opioid use disorder. The design of the study was semi-experimental and has performed in a pretest-posttest format with a control group. All the soldiers who were under the methadone maintenance treatment at the medical clinic of Kerman Air Force Base were the population of the study. Using random sampling Method, 40 soldiers were recruited as the sample members and then divided into experiment and control groups accidentally. After separating the groups, the experimental group members received 8 sessions of emotion regulation training (90 minutes per a session) based on Gross's model. And, at last, posttest conducted for both group members again. The analysis of Covariance test was employed for the data analyzing. The result of the study indicated that, the emotion regulation training has been effective in increasing the reappraisal, and decreasing the emotional suppression in experiment group members. In regard to the findings of the present study, it can be conclude that, emotion regulation training, by increasing the adaptive strategies (reappraisal), and decreasing the maladaptive strategies of regulating the emotional experiences (suppression), is able to prepare a propitious condition for treatment of opioid use disorder.

The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect roles of psychiatric symptoms, social support, and meaning in life in predicting internet addiction among university students.
The study was performed in a cross-sectional design by employing the path analysis to explore the model fitting. All the students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences constituted the research population. A total of 159 students were selected, by random cluster sampling method, as sample members. The questionnaires were utilized for data collection.
The results revealed that more than half of the participants were afflicted with the Internet addiction or were on the verge of addiction. Correlation coefficients results indicated a positive correlation between all the subscales of psychiatric symptoms and students’ Internet addiction and also a negative correlation between all the subscales of social support and Internet addiction. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between meaning in life (PML) and internet addiction. Among all the endogenous variables, depression accounted for most of the variances in Internet addiction. Social support and PML also accounted for a considerable part of the variances in Internet addiction, either directly or indirectly. In addition, the goodness of fit indices was indicative of an acceptable fitness (CFI=0.96, NFI=0.94, IFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.17).
Considering the fit indices, path coefficients, and the significance level, it can be maintained that the presented model for Internet addiction has an acceptable goodness of fit and that it explains 75% of the variance in participants’ Internet addiction.

The purpose of this study was the evaluate of the
effect inveness of teaching based on research oriented on school achievement
and problem solving skill. The research method was quasa exprimental. The
population consisted of all 6th grader students and the sample was an
elementary school which randomly was selected. Among all 6th grader students 30
students who were ready to participate in this study were randomly divided to
two experimental and control group. The instruments included standard
questionnaires and problem-solving skills Heppner and CRASKOF (Heppner, 1988)
and test scores in science class teacher and the validity of alpha values
between 0.72_ 0.85 and subscales (0.72.PC ,0.84 AA, 0.85 PSC) and 0.90 For the
overall scale and reliability through Cronbach's alpha in the range 0.83 to
0.89 calculated. The validity of teacher-made tests regarding the number of
science teachers and one who teaches history of science at the University of
educators were determined. To determine the reliability of the test with a
history of two teachers and science education experts were asked to
independently test 20 sheets of papers to correct. Agreement coefficient was
calculated between two corrector 0.87 Both group completed HEPS and CRASKOF
problem solving questionnaire and the science test as pre- test. The
experimental group received 24 sessions of teaching science based on research
oriented method, while the control group were taught through traditional
method. Then both group received problem solving skill test and the science
post test. The data were analyzed using (SPSS19) T-test and CO-variance. The
finding indicated that the experimental group in both school achievement and
the ability of problem solving were significanty better than control group.

Equity Valuation Theory prescribes that free cash flow should not be associated with stock returns because it does not add value. However, free cash flow could become a value-relevant construct in certain contexts. This study considers growth opportunities and transitory earnings as two such contexts and examines the valuation of free cash flows. So, the purpose of this study is the investigation of the effect of growth opportunities and earnings permanence on market valuation of free cash flow. An accounting-based valuation framework is developed where stock returns are regressed on free cash flow interacted with growth and earnings quality proxies, after controlling for book values, dividends, and earnings per share. The data of 64 companies for the period of 2013-2015 in Tehran stock exchange were used. Findings reveal that firms with a positive free cash flow and attractive growth opportunities command a valuation premium from the market. Furthermore, probably 90% free cash flow is found to be positively associated with stock returns when earnings are transitory.

This study investigates the factors that play an important role in managers’ decisions toward capital expenditures. Sample of 60 firms of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 2006-2011 were selected and examined through correlation analysis. The findings show that perception of managers and market, regarding firm’s value (using substituted variables) affect firms’ capital expenditures. Also, findings reveal that the higher the free cash flows, the stronger the relationship between perception of managers and market regarding firm’s value and capital expenditures, and the higher the sensitivity of capital expenditures to variables substituted for perception of managers and market, regarding firm’s value.

 

Due to capabilities of imaging radar, there has been an enormous surge of interest in microwave imaging technology. Unlike optical imaging, understanding the theoretical underpinnings of imaging radar can be challenging, particularly when new to the field. The technology is relatively complicated, and understanding the interaction of the incident microwave energy with the landscape to form an image has a degree of complexity well beyond that normally encountered in optical imaging. The aim of this paper is to assess the use of RADARSAT data for estimation of rice vegetation indices. The radar backscatter coefficient of rice fields appears to have a significant temporal variation. Due to weather conditions in the north of Iran, microwave sensors can be more effective in monitoring rice growth than optical sensors, since a longer wavelength electromagnetic wave is less affected by clouds and precipitation events. The backscattering measurements of rice-growing areas have already been acquired using satellite synthetic aperture radars. Time series RADARSAT fine beam mode data was acquired from May till August 1998 for seashore of Behshahr, Behshahr seashore of Mazandaran province to assess and monitor rice crop from the space. Vegetation indices (VIs) are among the oldest tools in remote sensing studies. Although many variations exist, most of them are coefficients of the reflection of light in the red and NIR ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum to separate the landscape into water, soil, and vegetation. To determine the density of green on a patch of land, researchers must observe the distinct colors (wavelengths) of visible and near-infrared sunlight reflected by the plants. As can be seen through a prism, many different wavelengths make up the spectrum of sunlight. When sunlight strikes objects, certain wavelengths of this spectrum are absorbed and other wavelengths are reflected. The pigment in plant leaves, chlorophyll, strongly absorbs visible light (from 0.4 to 0.7 µm) for use in photosynthesis. The cell structure of the leaves, on the other hand, strongly reflects near-infrared light (from 0.7 to 1.1 µm). The more leaves a plant has, the more these wavelengths of light are affected. Theoretical analyses and field studies have shown that VIs are near-linearly related to photo synthetically active radiation absorbed by a plant canopy, and therefore to light-dependent physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, occurring in the upper canopy. Practical studies have used time-series VIs to measure primary production and evapotranspiration. In this paper 5 VIs was investigated and compared with radar backscatter coefficient of rice and made a mathematical linear regression model with the correlation coefficients for estimation VIs from RADAR images. This research is a descriptive-analytical study based on acquired data and statistical methods. The following stages and procedures are to be considered: Pre-processing stage; included: 1. Co registration 2. Calibration (speckle reduction) 3. and extraction from time series of RADAR images. Atmospheric correction of optical Landsat images with FLAASH (MODTRAN4) module. processing stage; included: 1. Converting DN into radiance and reflectance coefficients in optical bands of Landsat images 2. Generating NDVI, DVI, IPVI, SR, RDVI, vegetation indices from three Landsat images (red and near infrared bands). 3. Extraction of statistical parameters in 10 test site same as RADAR images. Calculation of obtained statistical data with MATLAB software and creation of linear regression equations and correlation coefficients. To further explore the relationship between paddy growth stage and radar backscatter, mean backscatter values were calculated for all the test fields for three different dates. The plants showed very low backscattering in early stage of plantation –12dB to –10dB. It started increasing up to –6 dB during vegetative phase of the plants, which is due to increase in height as well canopy cover. There was an increase up to –5 dB further in reproductive stage of the plants. During ripening phase, backscatter remained almost same until the field was being harvested. This is due to not much change in plant growth during the ripening period. All considered VIs in this research shows increasing in reflectance proportional to paddy growth stage. Because of high correlation between red and near infrared bands in optical images with chlorophylls and fresh biomass of plant (VIs) and again, high correlation between radar backscatter coefficients and biophysical parameters (content of water, canopy, height plant, plant structure), we can make a connection between those statistical parameters and create a mathematical model (simple linear regression equations) with different correlation coefficients. The results showed that the NDVI with R=0.92 has the best performance among the other four VIs. NDVI is calculated from the visible and near-infrared light reflected by vegetation. Healthy vegetation (left) absorbs most of the visible light that hits it, and reflects a large portion of the near-infrared light. Unhealthy or sparse vegetation (right) reflects more visible light and less near-infrared light. The numbers on the figure above are representative of actual values, but real vegetation is much more varied.

Bacterial infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. Nuclear medicine has an important role in helping the diagnosis of deep-seated infections by developing more specific radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate 99mTc-labeling ceftriaxone as a new radiopharmaceutical for Staphylococcus aureus infection imaging in nuclear medicine. Radiolabeling of ceftriaxone was carried out by adding 370 MBq of 99mTc to 10 mg of ceftriaxone in the presence of 50 μg of SnCl2.2H2O at pH=5. The radiochemical purity and stability tests at room temperature and human blood serum were evaluated with ITLC. Intramuscular infection was induced by injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the left thigh muscle of the mice. The biodistribution of 99mTc-ceftriaxone was studied in normal and infected mice at various times post-injection.Radiochemical purity of the product was 94.5±5.4% with a good stability at room temperature and human serum, 80.6% and 71.2% after 24 h, respectively. The biodistribution studies showed the localization of 99mTc-ceftriaxone at the site of infection with high sensitivity without any significant accumulation in vital organs. Due to the ease of 99mTc-ceftriaxone conjugation method, high labeling efficiency, and high uptake in the infected muscle, it may provide a promising candidate as a targeting radiopharmaceutical for imaging infectious foci due to Staphylococcus aureus in nuclear medicine.

The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of instruction of fine motor skills on mathematics concepts learning in pupils having mathematics learning disabilities in third to fifth grades in Meybod city. Statistical population in this research consisted of all students, both girls and boys with mathematics learning disabilities, educated in third to fifth grades in Meybod town preliminary schools during 1388-89. In the study sample, 30 students had mathematic learning disabilities in third to fifth grades, who were selected randomly and were placed into two test and control groups. Test group were under instruction of fine motor skills in ten sessions. Instruments used in this research included Vechsler intelligence test and Key math Iranian mathematics test. Vechsler intelligence test was used to know if the selected children don’t have mental disability, and Key Math Iranian test was used during pre-test and post-test stages. The results of this study using covariance analysis showed that there was significant difference between average post-test scores in both test and control groups (p<0.05). This means that the instruction of fine motor skills is effective on learning mathematics concepts in children with mathematics disabilities.