فهرست مطالب h. kareshki

Education and achieving academic success is the protective factor of teenagers and young people against the harmful effects of low socio-economic status. The current research was based on qualitative phenomenological method in order to understand the concept of academic success from the point of view of students with low socio-economic status, parents and teachers of disadvantaged areas.

The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The participants included 49 people who were selected by purpose-based sampling. The data collection method was semi-structured interview. To analyze the data, the seven-step Claysey model was used. The collected data were organized in the form of categories and concepts related to each category.

After analyzing the data of the study, 22 subthemes and 6 main themes were obtained to define academic success. Examining the lived experiences of these activists showed that the academic positive perspective, attachment to success, academic creativity, academic lifestyle, role competence and the achievement context are the themes that give meaning to academic success in less privileged areas.

Based on the obtained results, the perception of less privileged students towards the phenomenon of academic success was different from the previous definitions of academic success and it is a mental, emotional and behavioral process including the academic positive perspective, attachment to success, academic creativity, academic lifestyle, role competence and being in the achievement context.

This study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of a parent training program based on cognitive-emotional mediation in improving mother-child interactions and maternal self-efficacy in mothers of children aged 3-6 in Yazd. Pretest, posttest, control group design was utilized in this quasi-experimental study.  The statistical population of the study was comprised of all mothers of children aged 3-6 who were not diagnosed with any mental condition and attended kindergarten in Yazd in 2018. The research sample consisted of 23 mothers who voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly assigned to the experimental (N= 10) and control groups (N= 13).The experimental group received cognitive-emotional mediation parent training program in 6 weekly sessions; however, the control group was not exposed to any intervention.  Before and after the training program both groups were pre- and post-tested via Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (1992) and Dumka Parenting Self-Agency Measure (1996). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and MANCOVA. Results indicated that parent training based on cognitive-emotional mediation enhanced the quality of mother-child interactions and maternal self-efficacy and decreased the conflicts between mothers and children. The findings revealed the significance of cognitive-emotional mediation in promoting daily mother and child interactions.

Promoting social adjustment can improve the developmental skills of preschool children. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral on social adjustment of preschool children.

The quasi-experimental research method was pretest and posttest with a control group with a follow-up period. The statistical population included all preschool children (5 to 6 years) in Bojnourd in the academic year 2019-2020 that 40 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent cognitive-behavioral play therapy training in 12 sessions of 90 minutes; but the control group did not receive any training. The social adjustment questionnaire was administered to the subjects before and after the training. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance test at the significance level of 0.05 with SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral was effective in improving social adjustment of preschool children (p<0.05). And the results continued in the follow-up period (p<0.05).

Teaching play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral to preschool children can be an effective step in promoting their social adjustment.

This research set out to examine the effectiveness of purposeful-based Multiple Family Group Therapy in development of purposeful thinking among adolescents. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all female 12th graders studying in public high schools in Bojnord. The research sample consisted of 34 volunteers who were randomly assigned to three groups of experimental, sham-control and control groups and were administered the Youth Purpose Survey in three the stages of the research, i.e., pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Subjects in the experimental group were given the 10-session purposeful-based MFGT intervention and the subjects in the sham-control group participated in 10 group sessions without any intervention protocol. The data were analyzed via descriptive methods and chi-square in three stages of assessment. Results indicated that purposeful-based MFGT can effectively develop purposeful thinking among adolescents through taking advantage of the inner strength of families and directing the communication style of the adolescent-parent. Subjects in the sham-control group had experienced a slight reduction in their intra-family conflicts due to attending group sessions; however, this change was not significant enough in such a way that it could influence their thinking style. And finally, subjects in the control group did not experience any change in their family relationships and thinking styles.

The widespread use of the Internet has created new issues in the field of psychological studies. One of these emerging constructs is Internet anxiety. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the construct validity of the Internet Anxiety Scale in students.

In a descriptive, validation study, 206 and 289 students from Farhangian University Branches of Mashhad were selected through multi-stage sampling and completed the Internet Anxiety Scale and Internet Self-efficacy scale, respectively. Internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion and constructive validity were evaluated using SPSS.25 and AMOS.24 software.

The results showed that the scale had a two-factor structure with an explained variance of 55.82%. Confirmatory factor analysis was confirmed. The scale had good construct reliability. The divergent validity confirmed in relation to Internet self-efficacy (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in age (P>0.05). Gender differences were significant for fear of negative evaluation (F=6.53, P<0.01) and internet anxiety score (F=7.22, P<0.01), and girls had higher mean scores. Differences were significant according to field (P <0.01) and Science and Foreign Language students had the lowest and the highest mean score, respectively (21.37 and 27.05).

It seems that the Internet Anxiety Scale has a good reliability and validity in students.

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between Alexithymia and type D personality with the mediation of stress on the blood pressure of heart patients.

The research was descriptive and correlational and its statistical population consisted of heart patients who visited Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad in the winter of 2014. Sampling was done by a convenience method and 200 out of 623 patients, who visited the hospital, were selected and responded to Perceived Stress Questionnaire by Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein (1983), type D personality questionnaire, and the Persian version of Toronto Alexithymia Scale by Besharat (2007). We analyzed the results using the path analysis model and correlation coefficient.

The results indicated that type D personality and Alexithymia, mediated by perceived stress, could predict hypertension. The path analysis pattern was approved, hence, the pathway of personality D to blood pressure with a standard coefficient of 0.24, and the pathway of stress to blood pressure with a standard coefficient of 0.22 were significant but the pathway of personality D to stress with an effect size of 0.11 and the pathway of Alexithymia to stress with an effect size of 0.02 were not significant. It should be noted that there was no causal effect of personality on stress, Alexithymia on blood pressure, and Alexithymia on stress in the structural pattern, and there was a correlation.

The psychological components such as type D personality, Alexithymia, and perceived stress could be effective in increasing chronic physical diseases such as hypertension and other heart diseases.

The validation of an effective scale in the field of normal sexual behavior in children can create a comprehensive program for educating parents and psychologists to prevent potential problems in this regard. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of normal sexual behavior scale in Iranian children. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which the validity and reliability of children sexual behavior index (CSBI) were assessed on 230 Iranian children who had referred to Sheikh's Hospital in Mashhad between October to March 2015. Questionnaire was translated into Persian, and under the control of experts, 15 items that were consistant with Iraninan culture and determinant, selected as appropriate items in assessing normal sexual behavior in children. The method of data collection was fieldwork and using the questionnaire completing by the child's parents. According to the data, the items of speaking about sexual issues and the extent of questioning about sexual issues and the child's tendency to touch the adults and the child's tendency to kiss the adults had the highest correlation that was above 50%. This study supported the quadratic model, which evaluated the contents of the questionnaire and each factor was named based on the content. The first factor was named as mental busy with sexual issues, the second factor as sexual desire, the third factor as Self-disciplined, and the fourth factor as tendency to spontaneity. Cronbach's alpha for children normal sexual behavior index was 0.77 and Cronbach's alpha for each of the components was calculated between 0.75 and 0.78. The present study indicated that children normal sexual behavior index has high internal consistency and can be applied as a suitable tool by researches for evaluation of children's sexual health.