hadis dalvandi

Despite having various advantages, Sukuk has complications, primarily due to its different structure compared to bonds and the shared risk between the lender and the borrower. Based on this, this study investigates the effect of investing in sukuk- as a way to finance the bank- on the financial performance of Islamic banks. For this purpose, the data of Islamic banks of 16 selected countries during the period 2019Q1 to 2022Q3 and the econometric method of panel data have been used. The research results showed that investing in sukuk in model 3 (with the dependent variable of return on equity), model 4 (with the dependent variable of capital adequacy), and model5 (with the dependent variable of the rate of return on assets) has a negative and significant effect on the financial performance of banks. Additionally, in model 2 (with the dependent variable of net profit margin), the impact of investing in sukuk on the financial performance of banks is positive and significant. Finally, investing in sukuk in model 1 (with the dependent variable of financing growth) does not have a significant effect on the financial performance of banks. Also, the bank size variable has a positive and significant effect in models 1 and 2, and a negative and significant effect in model 5 on bank performance variables, and it has no significant effect on banks' performance in other models. The inflation rate variable has a positive and significant effect on bank performance variables in models 3, 4, and 5 of the research, but has no significant effect on bank performance in other models. Similarly, the per capita income in models 2, 3 and 5 has a positive and significant effect on bank performance variables, while in other models it has no significant effect.

This study examines the effect of political risk on the entrepreneurial activities. Political risk has a negative effect on the transparency and predictability of the macro-economic and social environment, the investment rate, the tenure of policy makers and the sustainability of public policies, which all these factors hinder the growth of creativity, entrepreneurship and long-term investment decisions. In this study, the effect of political stability indicators on the density index of business entry in 85 developed and developing countries during the period of 2012-2022 has been investigated. The results of the estimation using the GLS method and then the quantitative method (QREG) show that democratic accountability, bureaucracy, government stability, law and order, social and economic conditions, investment status, corruption control, lack of Internal and external conflicts, the absence of military presence in politics, the absence of ethnic, religious and religious tensions influence the increase of people entering the business. In addition, in the studied countries, a higher level of financial and economic development has a direct relationship with indicators of political stability and facilitates the conditions for entering into entrepreneurship. Therefore, policy makers who are looking for economic development and increasing the level of socio-economic indicators should provide ways for entrepreneurs to enter the business. Considering the importance of political stability indicators and their impact on entrepreneurial activities, one of the expected policies to improve the business situation and increase the role of productive entrepreneurs in the economy of countries can be called the improvement of these indicators.

In recent years, the sukuk market has grown significantly. The sukuk market, as a financial intermediary, plays a positive and important role in the country's economic growth by stimulating capital accumulation and promoting the efficient allocation of resources. Macroeconomic factors are one of the most important factors affecting on the sukuk market development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of macroeconomic factors on the sukuk market development with an emphasis on the role of financial risk in 11 selected Islamic countries for the period of 2013-2021 and using the panel ordinary least squares method. The results show that in the studied countries, the impact of financial risk, interest rate fluctuations and institutional quality on the sukuk market development is negative and significant, while, the stock market development, inflation and exports have a positive and significant impact on the sukuk market development. Moreover, the results did not show a significant impact of the banking sector development on the sukuk market development. An increase in financial risk causes an increase in uncertainty and instability and a decrease in the confidence of investors, and as a result, investors prefer to make less risky investments. Therefore, financial risk has a negative and significant impact on the sukuk market development. The findings of this study are significant for policy makers, governments and regulators in formulating policies to improve the current situation of the sukuk market.

Despite the detrimental environmental and distributional effects of economic activity in Iran, these effects are not uniform across provinces. Environmental degradation and income inequality are increasing in some provinces of Iran. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between environmental degradation and income inequality in provinces. It investigates whether environmental degradation is a cause or consequence of income inequality.

Data were collected from official statistical publications in Iran. Then, two simultaneous regression models were estimated to investigate the causal relationship between environmental degradation and income inequality. Finally, Granger causality tests were performed to verify the results.

The results show a one-way causality from income inequality to environmental degradation, and environmental degradation is not the cause of income inequality. While income inequality leads to environmental degradation, other factors are at play in causing income inequality. Income inequality, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and industrial structure increase environmental degradation. Energy intensity, education, and environmental government budget reduce environmental degradation. Environmental degradation, education, and per capita GDP negatively impact income inequality, while the environmental protection budget and taxation worsen income inequality.

To reduce environmental pollution and income inequality, policies should be adopted that aim to improve the level of education, increase per capita income, increase the budget for environmental protection, reduce polluting industrial structure, and reduce energy intensity. Also, attention should be paid to better management and improvement of the quality of life in different regions of the country to improve the compatibility of different parts of the society with the environment.

Human activities have affected all parts of the environment and have aggravated social and environmental crises in the contemporary period. Countries are promoting economic growth and improving living standards, which leads to an increase in the use of fossil fuels in industrialization and activities related to promoting economic growth, and as a result, reduces the quality of the environment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of stock market development and energy consumption on environmental quality in emerging economies for the time period of 2002-2022 and using the generalized moments method. The results of the research show that the stock market development variable has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. When the stock market develops, there are more resources to finance production, which increases greenhouse gas emissions by increasing energy consumption. In addition, energy consumption has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The positive reaction of energy consumption to the emission of carbon dioxide can lead to global warming and climate change due to excessive use of fossil energy sources. Also, the variables of urbanization, economic growth and the first lag of the dependent variable have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. While, the government size variable has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. According to the results, in emerging economies to reduce the carbon of industrial companies, policymakers should implement strict environmental policies without affecting the development of financial markets.

Today, the banking sector is one of the most important pillars of the financial sector. In this study, while expressing the theories related to the relationship between Islamic banking and GDP growth, the effect of loans from Islamic banks as an indicator of Islamic banking activities on the GDP growth of 20 selected Islamic countries for the period of 2010-2017 has been evaluated and the panel vector autoregression model has been used in order to investigate the effect of variables of total banking activity, Islamic banking activity, inflation rate, government expenditures, trade openness and institutional quality on GDP growth. The results show that the relationship between Islamic banking activity and GDP growth is positive and significant. Also, the effect of inflation rate, institutional quality and trade openness on GDP is positive and significant and the effect of government expenditures and total banking activity on GDP growth is negative and significant. Therefore, countries with sound macroeconomic and institutional policies (prudent government expenditures, good regulatory frameworks and high institutional quality) have higher GDP growth.

Uncertainty caused by various economic and non-economic factors has a negative impact on the macroeconomic performance. Macroeconomic instability reduces the predictability of the macroeconomic situation and leads to improper allocation of resources, reduction of investment and economic growth. One of the most important factors affecting economic stability is political violence. Political violence is the deliberate use of power to achieve political goals. The purpose of this research is to investigate the economic impact of political violence in 20 selected countries of the Middle East and North Africa during the period from 2010 to 2020 using the panel vector autoregression method. The variable of political violence is the sum of inter-state violence, inter-state war, internal violence, civil war, ethnic violence and ethnic war. Macroeconomic instability index is calculated using inflation rate, unemployment rate, real exchange rate and exchange rate. The findings show that political violence has a positive and significant effect on macroeconomic instability in selected countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Political violence directs expenses towards non-developmental use, which leads to a decrease in productivity and job opportunities. Also, in order to cover the expenses of the war, internal resources should be used, including the printing of new banknotes, increasing taxes and internal borrowing, and external sources, including borrowing from international sources. Therefore, political violence causes an increase in inflation, unemployment and debt, which indicates an unfavorable macroeconomic environment. In addition, government spending, financial development, money supply and institutional quality have a positive and significant effect, and globalization and democracy have a negative and significant effect on macroeconomic instability.

This study examines the effect of political risk on the entrepreneurial activities. Political risk has a negative effect on the transparency and predictability of the macro-economic and social environment, the investment rate, the tenure of policy makers and the sustainability of public policies, which all these factors hinder the growth of creativity, entrepreneurship and long-term investment decisions. In this study, the effect of political stability indicators on the density index of business entry in 85 developed and developing countries during the period of 2012-2022 has been investigated. The results of the estimation using the GLS method and then the quantitative method (QREG) show that democratic accountability, bureaucracy, government stability, law and order, social and economic conditions, investment status, corruption control, lack of Internal and external conflicts, the absence of military presence in politics, the absence of ethnic, religious and religious tensions influence the increase of people entering the business. In addition, in the studied countries, a higher level of financial and economic development has a direct relationship with indicators of political stability and facilitates the conditions for entering into entrepreneurship. Therefore, policy makers who are looking for economic development and increasing the level of socio-economic indicators should provide ways for entrepreneurs to enter the business. Considering the importance of political stability indicators and their impact on entrepreneurial activities, one of the expected policies to improve the business situation and increase the role of productive entrepreneurs in the economy of countries can be called the improvement of these indicators.

Energy, as one of the most important production factors and also one of the most essential final products, has a special place in the economic growth and development of countries. Financial development is also known as one of the factors affecting economic growth, which can affect energy consumption in different ways. In this research, using composite data and the PVAR (vector autoregression) method, to examine the role of country risk in the relationship between financial development and energy consumption in selected countries of the Middle East and North Africa (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Malta, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Lebanon, Yemen, Syria and Oman) for the time period 2000-2020. The results indicate the positive effect of financial development variable, consumer price index and risk on the variable of energy consumption per capita. Financial development has been able to have a positive effect on the energy consumption process by providing