hamed zamani

Background and objective:

 Transferring injured people to medical centers is one of the important challenges of providing relief in natural and man-made disasters. Often, due to the damage caused by the disaster, it is not possible to transfer the injured to safe medical centers in the short term. Establishing field hospitals in suitable places is one of the common solutions in these situations. This study aims address the problem of location selection for field hospitals using mathematical modeling and asses how to allocate resources, including medical staff and needed medications by the temporary hospitals.

Method :

This study presents an integer programming model for the location selection problem. To evaluate the proposed model, the real data from Amol City was collected and used as inputs. The optimal solution was determined using GAMS 25.1 optimization software.

Results:

 The calculation results illustrated the best place for the establishment of field hospitals, which is located in Banafsheh Park. It has also been determined that each deployed field hospital should have 60 beds. In addition, the optimal number of medical personnel and relief vehicles for relief operations was determined. The sensitivity analysis has also shown that if any of the hospitals located in Amol is damaged and inactive due to an accident, Hefdeh Shahrivar Square is a suitable place to build a field hospital. 

Conclusion:

 The results of this study can help authorities in Amol city to make the best decisions regarding where to establish field hospitals and how to use the limited available resources during disasters. The main innovation of the presented model also is the location of field hospitals along with considering the active hospitals around the affected areas so that the injured can be transferred to the active hospitals in addition to the constructed field hospitals. In this model, a constraint has been applied to complete the service time, so that the rescue vehicles have a limited time to transport the injured to the rescue centers.

 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of gonad cancer induction attributable to pelvic radiation therapy in adult patients. 

 By characterizing the peripheral dose the TLDs were placed on the testis and ovary in two fractions of radiotherapy. All patients delivered a 45 Gy total dose in 4 fields in the prone position with 3D planning. The doses from a linear accelerator at 18 MV photon beam, were investigated.

 The mean excess relative risk (ERR) based on the BEIR IIV models of men and women after 5 and 10 year of radiotherapy treatment for pelvic radiotherapy was 0.825±0.168, 0.948±0.504, 0.700±0.135, and 0.803±0.407 respectively.

 Estimating the second cancer risk of untargeted organs is crucial in radiotherapy. Using the single-energy mode linear accelerator and proper shields can be minimized the out-of-field doses.

The increasing frequency of computed tomography (CT) scans for a range of purposes, particularly pediatrics, has raised concerns regarding the population's radiation exposure and subsequent chances of cancers. This study aimed to estimate the effective doses of pediatrics radiation and induced cancer risks from five most common CT scan procedures in Yazd Province, Iran.

Data of pediatric patients from four age groups of ≤1, 1-5, 5-10, and 10-15 years old were retrospectively collected from 6 educational institutions located in diverse areas of Yazd Province. For each participant, the effective doses and REID (risk of exposure-induced death) rate were estimated by Impact Dose and PCXMC software, respectively. Then, the findings were reported by categorizing the patients regarding their effective diameter.

The effective doses and REID values did not show any significant differences among the studied age groups. The highest mean of effective dose was recorded for the scan of abdomen-pelvis (average ± standard deviation, 5.24±3.19 mSv) followed by chest (3.76±2.28 mSv), brain (1.25±1.07 mSv), and sinus (0.65±0.4 mSv) examinations. The highest REID was documented for chest scan (490±314 excess deaths in one million scans) followed by abdomen-pelvis procedure (404±280).

The radiation doses delivered to the pediatric patients and the associated fatal cancer risk with common CT procedures were comparably in the same range of the previous studies. Our findings can represent an estimation of the radiation-induced risks of CT scans and can be used for extending the knowledge of clinicians and researchers.

Ionizing radiation-absorbed doses is a crucial concern in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiography. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the Entrance Skin Doses (ESD) of thyroid and parotid gland regions in CBCT and panoramic radiography in Yazd province, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 332 patients were included, who were then divided into two age groups (adult and pediatric) and underwent dental CBCT and panoramic radiography. Twelve Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLD- GR200) were used for each patient to measure the ESD of thyroid and parotid glands. The differences between the ESD values in CBCT and panoramic examinations as well as between the adults and children groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Man-Whitney tests.

The mean and Standard Deviation (SD) values of ESD in panoramic imaging were equal to 61 ± 4 and 290 ± 12 µGy for the thyroid and parotid glands of the adult groups, respectively. Notably, these values for CBCT were significantly higher (P<0.01), as 377 ± 139 and 1554 ± 177 µGy, respectively. Moreover, the mean ESD values in the panoramic examination were 41 ± 3 and 190 ± 16 µGy for thyroid and parotid glands for the children group, while they were 350 ± 120 and 990 ± 107 µGy in CBCT (P<0.01), respectively. The ESD values in the parotid gland were approximately 3.4 (2.8-4.1) and 4.7 (4.6-4.8) times greater than those for CBCT and panoramic examinations, respectively.

Although CBCT provides supplementary diagnostic advantages, the thyroid and parotid glands’ doses are higher than panoramic radiography. Therefore, the risks and benefits of each method should be considered before their prescription.

The present study aims to determine the whole-body out-of-field photon dose equivalents of high-energy conventional radiation therapy treatment. Also, it is tried to estimate the probability of fatal secondary cancer risk for the susceptible organs using a Monte Carlo (MC) code.

An Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX)-based model of 18-MV Medical Linear Accelerator (LINAC) was created to calculate the out-of-field photon dose equivalent at the locations of fascinating organs in the mathematical female Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD) phantom. Then, the secondary malignancies risk was estimated based on out-of-field doses and radiation risk coefficients according to the National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP).

The average photon equivalent dose in out-of-field organs was about 3.25 mSv/Gy, ranging from 0.23 to 37.2 mSv/Gy, respectively, for the organs far from the Planning Target Volume (PTV) (Eyes) and those close to the treatment field (rectum). The entire secondary cancer risk for the 60 Gy prescribed dose to isocenter was obtained as 2.9987%. Here, the maximum doses among off-field organs were related to stomach (0.0805%), lung (0.0601%), and thyroid (0.0404%).

Regarding the estimated values for the probability of secondary cancer risk, it is suggested to perform a long-term follow-up of brain cancer patients regarding the prevalence of thyroid, stomach, and lung cancer after completing the treatment course.

This study aimed to determine the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) of sensitive organs in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging of the maxillofacial region in the two age groups of adult and pediatric.

In this work, the measurements were performed using Thermo Luminescent Dosimeters (TLD-GR200). The imaging was performed using a PROMAX 3D CBCT scanner for 30 adults and 20 pediatric patients. The ESD value for each patient in the region of eyes, thyroid, and parotid glands was measured by 15 TLDs during CBCT of maxillofacial.

The highest and lowest mean values of ESDs were related to the parotid and thyroid gland regions in adults, 4.77 ± 0.61 mGy and 0.37 ± 0.16 mGy, respectively. In addition, these values were obtained 2.97 ± 0.36 mGy and 0.35 ± 0.12 mGy in pediatric groups as the highest and lowest values in that order. The results showed that the ESD values of the parotid gland regions in maxilla and mandible examinations had a significant difference (P <0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference between the ESD values of the parotid gland regions among the adults and pediatric groups (P <0.05).

According to the results, the ESD values in both age groups were higher in the parotid gland region during maxillofacial CBCT examinations. Therefore, it is recommended to set radiation parameters like mAs as low as possible for reducing the patient dose, especially pediatric patients due to the more sensitive organs.

Excessive use of computed tomography (CT) has become a worrying issue due to the potential risks corresponding to the radiation exposure.

This study was to investigate trends in CT usage in Yazd Province, Iran.

Patients were categorized in regard to sex and their age into two general groups, pediatrics (<18 years old) and adults (≥18 years old) ), each group fall into multiple subcategorizations. The performed CT scans have been classified into six categories, based on the anatomical area of interest, including head/neck, chest, spine, abdomen-pelvis, extremities, and CT angiography (CTA). The data were collected for the period 2015–2018.

The number of CT scans province increased by the compound annual growth rate of 11%. We found points to the growth rate of CT was higher in men than in women. Across the procedures, head/neck by an average contribution of 52% to all the CT scans was the most frequently examined region but spine examinations have decreased by 32%. More than half of the scans are performed on people over the age of 90 and among age<18 years old, most CT scan rates are related to 13-18 years old children.

The number of CT services is clearly increasing in Yazd. Some increase may be warranted because of improvements in the diagnostic power of CT. The estimated number of pediatric CT scans has more than past. Due to the risk of cancer, efforts should be made to reduce unnecessary CT scans.

The aim of this study was to investigate the radiation protective effect of daily oral consumption (for one week/one month) and single oral dose of green tea extract against gamma irradiation in mice.

This study was performed on 60 adult male Balb/c mice weighing 25 to 30 gr in 6 equal groups. These groups include control, only irradiated, daily consumption of 200 mg/kg of green tea extract for one week and without irradiation, irradiated group after consumption of 200 mg/kg extract for one week, irradiation after 200 mg/kg oral consumption of green tea extract for one month, and irradiation 2 hours after eating 800 mg/kg of green tea extract.

The results demonstrated that the oral consumption of green tea extract before irradiation significantly decreased MnPCE (51% decrease, P<0.0001) and MnNCE (28% decrease, P<0.05), and increased PCE/PCE + NCE ratio (12% increase, P<0.0001) compared to the only-irradiated group. The percentage of DNA in tail and apoptotic comets decreased significantly with consuming green tea extract (continues or single dose) (P<0.001).

Oral consumption of green tea extract in both single and continuous doses had radiation protection significantly, and these effects were more in the case of continuous consumption than single consumption.

Assessing the educational program relevance to job requirements can help identify its weaknesses and foster an opportunity for its improvement. Radiology experts play a vital role in disease diagnosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the viewpoint of radiology graduates about the coordination of the curriculum of Radiology BSc with their professional needs.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 134 graduates of radiology BSc Working in Medical Imaging centers of Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Ilam, and Lorestan in the academic year 2018. In each province, 20% of the population of radiology technologists was selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire that included demographic information and survey questions about the application of the main courses in this field in job responsibilities. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage).

Based on the job needs, the current curriculum had varying levels of application. The highest application rate was in specialty courses (4.04±0.7), and the lowest rate was in basic courses (3.08±0.9). The results revealed that the appropriate courses are Anatomy 1-3 (4. 6±0.7), and Radiographic positioning and procedures 1-3 (4.6±0.8) in specialty courses, and radiographic positioning and procedure in training units (4.2±0.6). Ultrasound physics and Seminar in specialty courses, and Statics and general mathematics in basic courses had the least conformity with professional needs with 3.15±1.5, 2.7±1.3, 1.8±0.7, and 2. 1±0.9, respectively. According to the results of this study, the graduates of this discipline had an average satisfaction level (3.26) with the contents of their academic program.

The findings indicated that the didactic content of radiology BS is somewhat coordinated with the job requirements of this field. However, the curriculum should be revised to improve its applicability for future employees.

Generally, the benefits of radiological examinations performed on individuals far outweigh their risks; however, this is not true when the radiographic system fails to work properly. Therefore, to avoid such errors, it is crucial to frequently perform Quality Control (QC) checks in an imaging facility.

A total of 11 highly-referred centers out of 62 radiology rooms located in Yazd province were included in this investigation, and QC tests comprising light/radiation field alignment, the accuracy of kilovoltage and exposure time, reproducibility of kilovoltage, exposure time, and output, and linearity of output against exposure time and milliamperage were performed for each equipment. The light and radiation field alignment test were carried out by a quantitative assessment of digital images of a collimator template (PTW-Freiburg, Germany). The measurements were made by a Barracuda package and a Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD).

In terms of the light/radiation field alignment check, unit A failed to satisfy the national regulations. Concerning the timer reproducibility, 64% of the units failed to meet the criteria. All of the devices passed the rest of the checks satisfactorily.

This study uncovered that most of the radiology rooms in Yazd province are in an adequate situation based on the QC tests; however, more than half of the units do not satisfy the timer reproducibility criteria. Hence, more supervision needs to be directed at these systems by qualified radiation safety officers who are responsible for the protection of the population against ionization radiation.

Seed is the fundamental input of crop production and tobacco is cultivated as transplanting and its transplant produced as float system. Therefore, seed germination and produced seedling health and diseases and pests management have high importance. So, evaluation of seeds dressing effect on germination and important pests and diseases management in the nursery for healthy transplantable seedling production is important. The study aims to investigate the effect of disinfectant of K326 tobacco seed on germination and percentage of transmissible transplants and management of contamination of sciaridae fly, aphid, and collar rot in a float system tray.

This study was conducted as a completely randomized design in 3 replications at Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2014. seeds dressed by pelleting apparatus disinfected with Metalaxyl (Ridomil) and Thiophanate–methyl (TopsinM) fungicides and Imidacloprid (Gaucho), Thiamethoxam (Confidor) and Thiodicarb (Larvin) insecticide and seeds heating by 60ºC temperature warm air during 1 hour, seeds treatment by 50ºC heat water for 10 minutes and treatment by 0.5 percent concentration sodium hypochlorite for 4 minutes. Then normal seedlings percent by standard germination test, seedling emergence percent in float system, transplantable seedling of float system and infected to Sciarid fly, aphid and stem rot seedlings determined.

Results showed that K326 Tobacco Seeds Disinfected by 2.5 g/kg metallaxyl + 2.5 g/kg thiophane-methyl (70% wettable powder) + 10 g/kg imidacloprid + 6 cm3/kg Thiodicarb had the highest percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of seedling emergence in the float system tray and percentage of removable transplants and the least seedling contaminated with sciaridae, aphid and collar rot.

Results of this study showed that all seed disinfection treatments improved seed germination, seedling emergence percentage, and removable seedlings in the float system tray as well as infected seedlings compared to control decreased collar rot, sciaridae fly, and aphids. Also, the mentioned traits were superior to the non-chemical disinfectant treatments in seed disinfection treatments with the studied fungicides and insecticides.

Targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy is one of the most common methods for relieving pain in patients with bone metastasis. In this type of treatment, the bone marrow absorbed dose, as a critical organ, needs to be considered as a limiting factor. Until now, beta-emitter radiopharmaceuticals have been considered for this treatment modality, which one of the most commons is samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate (153Sm-EDTMP), but recently the radium-223-dichloride (223Ra-Cl2) alpha emitter radiopharmaceutical has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The aim of this study was to compare the bone marrow absorbed dose of 153Sm-EDTMP and 223Ra-Cl2 radiopharmaceuticals.

In this study, a lumbar vertebral bone phantom was used for simulation. The radiopharmaceuticals were distributed in the phantom, and the simulation was performed using the GATE Monte Carlo toolkit. After estimating the absorbed dose per decay in different parts of the phantom, the absorbed dose of radiopharmaceuticals in the bone marrow of a patient with 70 kg weight, was calculated using the Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD) method.

For 153Sm-EDTMP, the bone marrow absorbed dose was equal to 9.60 Gy for the administered activity of 2590 MBq. For 223Ra-Cl2, the bone marrow absorbed dose was calculated as 0.83 Gy for administered activity of 3.85 MBq.

Due to the lower bone marrow absorbed dose by 223Ra-Cl2 alpha emitter radiopharmaceutical, the use of this radiopharmaceutical as an alternative to 153Sm-EDTMP beta emitter radiopharmaceutical is recommended for palliative therapy of patients with bone metastasis.

170Tm-EDTMP has been proposed as a radiopharmaceutical with desirable properties and an alternative to 89Sr-Cl2 for the palliative treatment of patients with bone metastasis. This study aimed to calculate the absorbed dose of 170Tm-EDTMP in the bone of patients with bone metastasis.

In this study, an adult human femur phantom and the GATE Monte Carlo toolkit were used for simulation. 170Tm-EDTMP was distributed in the bone compartment, and the absorbed dose per disintegration was calculated in the different phantom compartment. In order to comparison and validation of results, simulations with similar conditions were performed for 89Sr-Cl2. Then, the absorbed dose per administered activity of radiopharmaceuticals in the bone and bone marrow was calculated using the MIRD method and compared with each other.

The bone absorbed dose per administered activity for 170Tm-EDTMP was 5.52 times higher than 89Sr-Cl2, while the bone marrow absorbed dose by 170Tm-EDTMP was 2.11 times higher than 89Sr-Cl2.

According to the results obtained in this study, 170Tm-EDTMP is a suitable radiopharmaceutical for use in the palliative treatment of patients with bone metastases. However, in order to further investigation, there is a need for clinical trial in the patients.

Panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are the two methods used widely in dental radiology. In this research, the mean dose-area product (DAP) for two groups including adult and pediatric (5-10 years old) was compared in the two methods.

 In this experimental study, the data from 251 patients of seven panoramic systems and one CBCT system related to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Yazd Province, Iran) was investigated. For each patient, the information including DAP values and other scan parameters for the two age groups were evaluated.

 The mean value of DAP in panoramic and CBCT systems in adult groups was 91.22 ± 6.47 and 943.8 ± 8.96 mGy.cm2</sup>, respectively. This value in pediatric groups was 55.4 ± 13.5 and 63 ± 0.0 mGy.cm2</sup>, respectively. The average of DAP value in the CBCT method in adult and pediatric groups was higher about 9 and 12 folds, respectively, compared to the panoramic examination. In addition, this value was higher significantly in adult patients in comparison to pediatrics (P < 0.05).

 Due to the wide and high exposure parameters in CBCT than panoramic, the DAP value from this method was higher especially in pediatric patients. Therefore, clinicians should consider their attention in requesting CBCT.

The pictorial representation processes are of the most problematic, and at the same time, important issues that we face to in visual arts. Many thinkers have spoken about them and each of them has seen this issue from some point of view and presented some theories, and each of these theories has also set out some discourse and resulted in the other discourses that sometimes are very constitutional. Needless to say, such a breadth requires us to deal with the common ground of some numbers of the most fundamental of these insights. What is done in this essay is the consideration of some of the most important of these theories based upon the Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics, so as to find out whether we can find some common ground, while not so much limited, between these theories and whether we finally can identify some particular kind of audience. The result is that the theories under our discussion introduce some particular audience to us who is the reactive audience and can’t make any change in the picture before her. Then these theories, with all of the trivial and important differences they have, tell us about an audience’s subjective states who doesn’t want to roll up the sleeves and transform or transpose the representational relationships. She is the one who is accustomed to thinking and as though this thinking never is to be resulted in some physical action. The reactive audience who can’t or don’t want to change anything, in the eyes of each of these theories has a particular personality. In some of them, she is imaginative, and in some others is down-to-earth and rational someway. Some see her as somebody who is shifty and has an obscure mindset. We would set up a study based upon the Kith Kenney’s categorization concerning representation theories which itself is based upon the Peirce’s point of view about the signs, and we must say that the distal task is to lend weight to existence of some common ground between the sign-based theories. We would organize the theories which Kenney observes and add them some other perspectives, and in some cases go deep into the concepts and noise out some more details about them as much as possible so as to find out whether Kenny has overlooked some prospects -and that in our view is the case. We would make the case for some similarities between these theories and capture that our brother’s brain that seems to be intricate, is near enough simple really. The proximal task then is to focus upon the main mood of these theories which in turn speaks for the conceptions incepted and conceived through some normal person’s mind. Thus our discussion is mainly concerned with the notions regarding the indivisuals whose mental states are under our scrutiny. As you would see, each of these theories are fit into the Kenney’s categorization with an eye to the main elements of them in constitutive relation to the kinds of the sign, but these encapsualtions are not decisive anyway, and we point to this issue now and then somehow.

The purpose of this study is to design a conceptual framework of the Islamic International University.
The research method was qualitative and ten academic experts were selected in a purposeful and network manner and identified through deep interviews, codes, concepts, and categories of the Islamic International University through the theme analysis method.
The results indicated that 66 codes were extracted based on the conceptual similarity of the code and classified according to their distribution in the form of 12 concepts and 2 main categories and finally, by using the results of past steps, the conceptual framework of the International Islamic University was designed based on Iran’s ecosystem.
The conceptual framework of the Islamic International University consists of two main categories: (1) Out-of-university category: refers to mechanisms that are not under the control of university bosses and administrators, and exert pressure on internationalization outside the academic environment. 2) In- university category: refers to mechanisms that are a part of the inherent functions of the university and are under the control of university administrators and can lead the university to internationalization by strengthening, improving and monitoring them.

In the present study the fuel spray of a gasoline direct injected engine with multi-hole injector is simulated. Simulation inputs data, injection flow rate and spray cone angle are obtained from previous experimental studies. Log-normal distribution with different standard deviation is used for initial droplet size as the primary break-up model in order to reach the agreement between experimental and calculated spray tip penetration. As the first step, only one plume of spray injected into a quiescent air environment is simulated and validated by varying break-up model and standard deviation. Then, with coefficient obtained from the single jet simulation all six spray jets are simulated based on the injector nozzles geometry. The comparison between single-jet simulation and multi-jet simulation shows that validated model coefficients for the single-jet spray cannot be used for multi-jet spray simulation without significant modifications due to adjacent jet interaction and pressure drag. A set of new coefficients for the multi-jet spray is presented.

Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of liver is a very rare malignancy. Here we report a case of primary hepatic Burkitt’s lymphoma in a 34-year old man who was known case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and presented with weight loss, abdominal pain, and fever. Positive laboratory findings were mild anemia and elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed multiple large lowdensity mass lesions in both lobes of liver with no evidence of regional or distant lymphadenopathy or metastasis. Liver needle biopsy was done and both histological and immunohistochemical findings were compatible with Burkitt’s lymphoma.