فهرست مطالب hosein alizadeh

Nowadays the capability of forecasting-monitoring of hydrological variables is one of the crucial issues in the hydrology context. Traditionally, calibrating and developing hydrological models is based on streamflow observation. This issue arises from the lack of the availability of in situ measurements of other hydrological variables. Moreover, the models that only rely on the streamflow observation measured at the subbasin’s outlet may incorrectly represent the internal watershed processes. Due to advances in remote-sensing techniques, a good opportunity is available for calibrating-developing hydrological models based on the remotely-sensed data. Due to the importance of the Urmia Lake basin and the lack of a hydrological system for forecasting hydrological variables in the basin, we applied Data Assimilation (DA) at the upstream part of the basin. Accordingly, we simultaneously used the in-situ measurement of streamflow and remotely-sensed MODIS Snow Cover Fraction (SCF) to forecast hydrological variables at the upstream part of the Mahabad basin. Moreover, we compared the result of EnKF with SUFI2. Results show the simultaneous utilization of SCF and streamflow can concurrently improve the simulation accuracy of both variables. However, both EnKF and SUFI2 access similar result concerning streamflow simulation, EnKF provide a better result for SCF compared to SUFI2.

From the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, the eastern regions of northwestern Iran were involved in a series of large-scale ethnic migrations, the scope of which had previously extended to the Caucasus. Crossings in the Caucasus Mountains led these migrations to the Meshginshahr and Ardabil plains and the high and green areas of Savalan Mountain. Undoubtedly, nomadic immigrants, during several centuries of migration along the routes, had found a series of low-risk and easy-to-reach routes in which they traveled constantly. The constant traffic along this route has left countless cemeteries along with it. Today, the Shahsevan tribes of Ardabil province inherit some of these ancient routes and use them regularly. The adaptation of the routes of the Shahsevan tribes to the linear distribution of the Iron age sites on them, proves such a hypothesis. In the present study, which has been carried out by field studies with an ethnographic approach in the western parts of Meshginshahr plain and the western and northwestern slopes of Savalan Mountain, why and how to conformity of the ancient routes of the nomadic tribes of the Iron Age with the Shasevan tribe routes have been discussed. Extent of Iron Age sites located in the route of Shahsevan tribes, how the sites are distributed in the summer places of the western slopes of Savalan and determining the most important and main ancient migration routes based on the distribution of the sites and their extent is another issue that has been addressed in this research. The results of reviewing and analyzing the available data show the complete compliance of the Iron Age sites with the longitudinal line of the migration routes of Shahsevan nomadic tribes. Most of the identified sites along the routes are of the cemetery type, which are much larger in summer areas than other places.

Today, the urban problems and the ineffectiveness of municipal services in developing cities, including Iran, is caused by the lack of stable financial resources, lack of proper management and planning cost. On the other hand, municipalities with stable sources of income play a more effective role in the urban environment and respond appropriately to the needs of citizens. Therefore, studying more sustainable resources of municipalities will bring a bright future for the development and realization of sustainability.  

The current research aimed at investigating the revenue stream of municipalities based on sustainable urban development.

The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The data collection was done with library methods and field studies to investigate the reduction of revenues and the increase of expenses of the municipality. Also, the performance of the income and expenses of Nazarabad municipality in different periods was obtained from it.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical area in this research is the city of Nazarabad of Karaj.

The results showed that the annual growth, expenses, and incomes were equal over ten years. The highest income growth in 2010-2011 was equal to 78.6%. The growth of incomes has been positive in all years except 2013-2015, and on the other hand, the expenses growth has also increased. Expenses in the administration in 2011-2012 increased to 96 percent, and in the periods of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, they decreased.

In general, it can be stated that sustainable (continuous) incomes have a downward trend during different periods and unstable incomes have increased significantly.

This study examines how water rights are distributed and traded between farmers in the Mojen region. Furthermore, based on field study and interviews with a group of farmers, an agent-based model is suggested for simulation of Mojen Water Market (MWM). Markets, such as MWM, are far different from the modern ones in developed countries; nontheless the results of the study declared that by eliminating barriers and providing an appropriate background for sbetter water right trads, water markets like MWM will be able to play a pivotal and productive role in the water resources management. We demonstrated how the increase in interactions between farmers as well as cooperation of the Mojen Irrigation Company and the farmers, lead to productive and more profitable results. We showed that as the farmers interactions increased, the average number of farmers below the poverty line would be reduced by 25%. Furthermore, we assessed the water market’s performance, from the cultivated area’s viewpoint, under dry years condition. For instance, during the sever drought of 2006-2008 period, the result showed a mild reduction in crop cultivation compared to the normal situation.

Water resource planning models traditionally incorporate hydrologic, water allocation and economic modules whose parameters should be properly estimated. This paper focuses on calibration of a water resource planning model. Our methodology includes three main parts: 1) development of a water resource planning model using WEAP software for Zarineh and Simineh River Basins located in Urmia Lake Basin in Iran, 2) application of VARS algorithm for sensitivity analysis of parameters of the developed model, and 3) usage of Many Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MaOPSO) algorithm for model calibration and parameter estimation. It is worth mentioning that many objective optimization algorithms are utilized for problems with more than 3 objectives and here in this study we intend calibration of 7 objective functions defined based on Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency indices calculated in terms of residuals of time series of simulated and observed values of river discharge at stream gauges’ locations, dam reservoir’s storage volume, and aquifers’ storage volume. Furthermore the model’s parameters includes allocation priority, consumption rate, maximum withdrawal, and parameters of elevation-volume curves of aquifers. Sensitivity analysis using VARS algorithm shows that there are 17 influential parameters from total 27 parameters which are considered in calibration phase. To evaluate performance of MaOPSO, its results are compared to results derived using multi-objective PSO, which shows that MaOPSO has better performance dealing with such a complex problem.

Regarding to various sources of climatological data, identification of suitable sources and investigation of their usage effects on hydrological simulation is an important issue. Moreover, given that hydrological models employ different methods for preparation of climatological data, e.g. spatial interpolation of point climatological data, evaluation of the effects of different methods on hydrological simulation’s result is an important issue. Accordingly, this paper deals with different data sources and spatial interpolation of precipitation that are investigated in hydrological simulation of Mahabad Chai River Basin using SWAT model. Different climatological sources, i.e. field measurements of meteorological stations of MOE and IRIMO as well as reanalyzed data of CFSR project, and different interpolation methods, i.e. nearest neighborhood (NN) and inverse distance method (IDW) were employed and compared for preparation of inputs of SWAT model using a developed computational module in Module Builder framework of ArcMap. Then parameters sensitivity analysis, estimation and model validation were performed based on a period of 36-years monthly streamflow record. Results showed using CFSR data leads to Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) value of 0.58 as compared to climatological stations’ data which leads to NS value of 0.38. Additionally, IDW method showed a better performance significantly than the NN method, so that their NS index values were 0.79 and 0.56, respectively.

Leading towards sustainable water use and optimal allocation of water resources, water banks are efficient institutions. Water banks facilitate the trade of surface water and groundwater and engender water security. This study develops a couple agent-based groundwater model in NetLogo platform to assess economic and hydrologic impacts of water buyback programs in framework of a water bank institution. Rafsanjan Plain which faces serious problems due to water shortage, is selected as case study where the developed model is applied. Results show that buyback programs can temporarily ameliorate the condition of the Rafsanjan Aquifer, but there is a need for some other measures, like cap-and-trade policy, in conjunction with buyback program. Because of the buyback program, the drawdown of aquifer's unit hydrograph reduces from 80 to 58 cm per year. Moreover, the water bank improves the economic situation of the area as it increases the farmers' net benefit by 6 percent.

This paper deals with developing a hydro-economic simulation-optimization model for optimal design of water resources development projects and policies of Helleh (Shapoor-Dalaki) River Basin, located at south of Iran, over a long-term planning horizon. We employ Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) coupled with a simulation model which is a combination of WEAP water allocation software and three computational modules for soil and water salt routing at basin scale, crop yield production and economic analysis. Finally we apply the developed simulation-optimization model to optimize infrastructural projects and measures, e.g. construction of dams and irrigation districts and utilization of modern technologies, and also operation policies, e.g. irrigation and leaching strategies, reservoir rule curves, and water allocation priorities. Model application results suggest construction of Choroom, Dalaki and Nargesi dams with normal water volumes equal to 43.5, 305.5 and 76.8 million cubic meters, respectively. In spite of economic efficiency of the optimal solution achieved (18% enhancement of net benefit), the associated economic value of water is reduced with respect to business-as-usual condition. Also optimal irrigation and leaching strategies lead to 35% reduction in total gross irrigation requirement under development condition.

Today is one of the most important methods of producing hydrocarbon reservoirs, Proper design of wells and casing pipes to have a safe drill operation in sensitive parts of the formations, which itself helps in the production of faster and more long-term storage from the reservoir. Occupation of some oil reservoirs, including the Bangestan reservoir, in deeper parts of the earth, the cause is which will have a more precise design in implementing the wells of this reservoir in different fields. In the field studied, First, we tried to analyze the image log data and the drill information includes the data mud loss and mud weight, fracture of the field is comprehensively studied in addition to a better and more accurate understanding of the expansion of fractures in the reservoir, investigate their relationship with drilling problems and possibility to change the design of the welded pipes and their location more accurately in Bangestan wells, it should be investigated. History of drilling these wells and maximum mud weight required to drill each hole and Condition of installed casing pipes in different wells were studied and wells that have problems and In them, a different design of the casing pipes is used, separated. In this research, the relationship between continuous problems in wells with formations with the highest percentage of problems, was presented and the type of mud with the weight used for drilling problematic formations has been investigated. Finally, by determining the distribution of wells with difficulty In different areas of the field, the density of these wells in each specific area and are areas susceptible to the problem which leads to a change in the design of the casing pipes, identified and introduced.

Pattern recognition systems are widely used in a host of different fields. Due to some reasons such as lack of knowledge about a method based on which the best classifier is detected for any arbitrary problem, and thanks to significant improvement in accuracy, researchers turn to ensemble methods in almost every task of pattern recognition. Classification as a major task in pattern recognition, have been subject to this transition. The classifier ensemble which uses a number of base classifiers is considered as meta-classifier to learn any classification problem in pattern recognition. Although some researchers think they are better than single classifiers, they will not be better if some conditions are not met. The most important condition among them is diversity of base classifiers. Generally in design of multiple classifier systems, the more diverse the results of the classifiers, the more appropriate the aggregated result. It has been shown that the necessary diversity for the ensemble can be achieved by manipulation of dataset features, manipulation of data points in dataset, different sub-samplings of dataset, and usage of different classification algorithms. We also propose a new method of creating this diversity. We use Linear Discriminant Analysis to manipulate the data points in dataset. Although the classifier ensemble produced by proposed method may not always outperform all of its base classifiers, it always possesses the diversity needed for creation of an ensemble, and consequently it always outperforms all of its base classifiers on average.

The present study has examined the effect of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior. This is a case study with cross-sectional design and questionnaire as research method. Statistical population was the formal and contract staff of the Ministry of Youth and Sport (N=210 Employees). The data related to psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior variables are gathered via Luthans et al. (2007) and Podsakoff et al. (1994) standard questionnaires. The reliability of the standard questionnaire was measured by CR and AVE tests and the validity of that was measured by confirmatory factor analysis via Smart PLS Software. The questionnaire distributed among 160 employees that those selected randomly. Data analyzing was performed by Smart PLS and XLSTAT via structural equations method (SEM). The results show that psychological capital has a positive and meaningful impact on organizational citizenship behavior. We also showed that the most impact of dimensions of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior (R2:0.35) is made by altruism dimension.

Although physically there is no difference between consecutive rivers and border ones, rules of international law on these two categories of international is the same; in the present study, successive rivers, international rules, judicial procedures and specific legal process are considered for cases so far remain unsaidin the international legal system and intended to determine legal regime of the Hirmand River as a case that Afghanistan compared to Iran is upstream and there is conflictbetween the two countries about 150 years. In our country coefficient dependence on water resources originating outside the country is in the above-digit regional and national insignificant, but is crucial to border the river Hirmand so that Sistan dependency ratio is almost 100 percent. Therefore, from time to time to prevent the entry of the Hirmand River from Afghanistan to Iran this led to the destruction of region agriculture and drought. Of major issuesregarding Hirmand River are crisis and a vital need for both countries to water of the river. Current events in neighboring countries like Afghanistan has made the management of the riverbeforgotten in the territory of Afghanistan, based on existing treaty provisions. This research addressed this important issue in terms of international rules. Used method here is library one which is presented in order to analyze and study past events of texts and documents and also to evaluate problems related to consecutive rivers and give legal solutions. The results of this study show that in the event of a new conflict between the two countries should be investigated and resolved based on international law and existing jurisprudence aggressively “by the competent authorities” of both sides.

Context and The organizations for having the maximum productivity and efficiency require the human resources who have the high job satisfaction. Some factors affect the job satisfaction; one of them is psychological capital of the own individual. The objective of this study is assessing the effect of psychological capital on the job satisfaction and the effect rate of each one of psychological capital aspects (self-efficiency, hope, optimism, compromise) on the job satisfaction, and taking effort to understand if the officers having high psychological capital are more satisfied with themselves and if so which aspect of psychological aspect has the maximum effect. Procedure: The procedure of this study is applied and its method is descriptive-survey. The population of this research is consisted of all male junior officers and senior officers of Police Organization. In this study, a sample consisted of 110 elements was selected by simple sampling method. The data was collected by means of standard questionnaire and the data was analyzed by linear regression test aiding SPSS software. The results of this study indicated that psychological capital and all its elements have positive effect on job satisfaction. Among the psychological capital aspects, self-efficiency had the maximum significant and positive effect and the hope the minimum effect on job satisfaction. The priority of the effect of psychological capital elements on the job satisfaction is respectively as self-efficiency, compromise (resiliency), pessimism and hope. All elements together with each other (psychological capital) had more effect than separately on the job satisfaction.