فهرست مطالب javad ahmadi

In most research on parallel cable robots, control input energy norm (with two-squared cost function), also known as the least-squares method is widely used, but in addition to the advantages of this method, such as smoothness and differentiable, in the case of the current cable robot, where the cable structure has a physical meaning only in the positive range, using the linear cost function is sufficient in terms of mathematical modeling. With this replacement, without compromising the convexity, the optimization problem on the robot is solved with the low tensile limit and the high rupture limit, and the equal constraint tensile strength of the cables and the moving platform. The simulation results show that while the mentioned the alternative in the cost function does not have a significant effect on solving the optimization problem with numerical methods, the reduction in the average elapsed time to achieve the optimal solution is about 3 times, compared to the analytical method with the two-squared cost function, and is obtained at least 80 times that of numerical methods.

Public-Private Partnership is a mechanism in which the public sector uses the capacity of the private sector to provide infrastructure services. Due to the economic and political conditions of governments, moving towards using the capacities of the private sector has become more necessary than ever. In this regard, examining the main obstacles to success in private and government partnership projects has been one of the main management issues in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the main barriers to success in private and public sector participatory projects and a case study of Zanjan Provincial Deputy for Civil Engineering projects. In this research, which is an applied research, an attempt has been made to determine the main barriers to success in collaborative projects using quantitative methods and questionnaires. For this purpose, based on the four components of PEST analysis (political, economic, cultural and technical), the identified factors were classified and a questionnaire was formed. Demetel technique was used to analyze the collected questionnaires and the questionnaire was distributed using Cochran's formula among the statistical population. The results of the analysis of the questionnaires show the impact of all four main political, economic, cultural and technical components on the participation process. Among these, the criterion of political components with a normal weight of 0.180 is in the first priority. Economic criteria with normal weight of 0.162, technical criteria with normal weight of 0.087 and social criteria with normal weight of 0.066 have the following priorities, respectively.

The aim of this study was to standardize the 20-item life satisfaction index of the elderly without cognitive problems.

The present study was cross-sectional and descriptive and was in the category of developmental research. The population of this study is the elderly of Tehran, the method of judgmental sampling and the sample after removing the incomplete cases of 199 people, including 116 women and 83 men. After translating and obtaining the opinions of experts and subjects, the face validity and content of the questionnaire were confirmed. SPSS-22 and AMOS-23 software were used for statistical analysis.

The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by internal consistency method and Cronbach's- alpha coefficient for the whole test was 0.840 and for all subscales was between 0.295 and 0.678. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed by first and second- order confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that five factors, including zest for life, Resolution and fortitude, consistency between aspirations and goals achieved, positive self-image and how to mood are approved with 99% confidence and 18 questions of the questionnaire with 99% confidence are included in the test scales. The results of convergent validity were also favorable and the correlation between the elderly life satisfaction questionnaire and the public life satisfaction scale was r = 0.726 (P <0.001).

The analysis of the findings shows that the 18-item questionnaire on life satisfaction of the elderly is acceptable in terms of psychometric properties.

Cable parallel robots usually require at least one additional actuator force in addition to degrees of freedom to keep the cables in all directions in the workspace, which solves an optimization problem to determine the cable tensile force. In this paper, a convex optimization problem is formulated on a parallel cable robot using optimization conditions through the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theory and the analytical-iteration method to achieve a minimum force vector of actuators that has less computational time and volume. Where the lower and upper limits of the optimization variables are applied, respectively, to ensure that the cables remain in tension and take into account the saturation limit of the actuators or the rupture limit of the cables (whichever is less), and equal constraints that the relationship between actuator force and force are expressed in the moving platform, defined by the force of the actuators as the sum of the basic solution and the homogeneous solution, -located in the null space of the transpose of Jacobin matrix. Comparison of the results of analytical-iterative solution presented in this paper with numerical algorithms of MATLAB software optimization shows that this method is much faster than these algorithms to converge to the optimal response.

Improving the learning process in education will empower medical students, and also formative assessment helps improve the teaching–learning process by providing ongoing reflective information about learning gaps.

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of student‑centered formative assessment by weekly reflective self‑correction quizzes on medical laboratory students’ performance on the final examination of hematology course in 2018.

A semi‑experimental study was conducted on fifty students divided randomly into intervention (n = 25) and control groups (n = 25) using convenience sampling in 2018 from Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16, two‑sample t‑test, Chi‑square test, and analysis of covariance.

The intervention had positive effects on students’ mean test scores in hematology II so that the intervention and control groups managed to obtain 18.45 ± 1.46 and 14.57 ± 2.64, respectively (P < 0.01).

The results suggested that weekly formative assessments along with reflective self‑correction activity and active participation of students in the learning process by designing questions could improve student learning.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Antecedents and organizational consequences of the professional learning of teachers. The statistical population of the study was teachers in Tabriz. The sampling method was cluster sampling, which selected between three districts of 1,3,4 from Tabriz's five educational districts and considered as the statistical sample among all selected schools in all of their schools, except for the schools of Tizhhoshan. Data were collected by using standard questionnaires of the Hui school Enabling School Structures, Collective Hui and Copper Smith, Scientific emphasis of Schnannoruran et al., Baron and Kenny's professional learning, the Oliver, Hip, and Lake Professional Learning Cummunity will be compiled. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the highest significant correlation was related to the relationship between academic emphasis and professional learning community and the least significant correlation was related to the relationship between enabling school structures and professional learning. The mediating role of professional learning in relation to variables was confirmed. According to the research results, attention to the antecedents and organizational consequence of professional learning will lead to improvement of teachers' professional learning community.

Cushing’s syndrome occurs due to chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoid. This disorder can be classified into ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent based on any etiology. There are very rare accessible reports concerning the autonomous increase of cortisol secretion following a long-standing overproduction of ACTH in long term Cushing’s disease. This report deals with the persistence of some symptoms and clinical signs dependent on Cushing’s syndrome despite the ablation of pituitary adenoma in Cushing’s disease.This incident occurred to a woman as a result of the excess autonomous cortisol secretion from the adrenal tumor which was, apparently, caused by a long-lasting ACTH-stimulation. The adrenal computed tomography scanning of the patient revealed a large mass in the right adrenal gland. Then, she underwent right adrenalectomy. The carried out follow up revealed her complete recovery.

‎A simultaneous confidence band gives useful information on the reasonable range of the unknown regression model‎. ‎In this note‎, ‎when the predictor variables are constrained to a special ellipsoidal region‎, ‎hyperbolic and constant width confidence bonds for a multiple linear regression model are compared under the minimum volome confidence set (MVCS) criterion‎. ‎The size of one speical angle that determines the size of the predictor variable region is used to find out which band is better than the other‎. ‎When the angle and consquently the size of the predictor variable region is small‎, ‎the constant width band is better than the hyperbolic band‎.

‎When the angle hence the size of the predictor variable regoin is large‎, ‎the hyperbolic band is considerably better than the constant width band‎.

Long non-coding RNAs are regulatory molecules that adjust many vital intracellular processes. MALAT1 is a long non-coding RNA playing a key role in the regulation of intracellular important processes and also involved in biology of various cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functions of MALAT1 and overview of its role in cancer biology.
in this review, Elsevier, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for the following keywords” “long non-coding RNA”, “MALAT1”, “cancer” and “metastasis”. The results were limited to the period of 1992-2016. Totally, 213 papers were chosen and at the end, 63 of them were included in the study.
MALAT1 is involved in adjusting two important biological processes including regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing. MALAT1 plays a role in the regulation of cell cycle, early stages of cancer metastasis, activation of p53 and its target genes, expression and activity of oncogenic transcription factor B-MYB, regulating the activity of E2F1 transcription factor, apoptosis pathway, regulation of hyperglycemia and many other processes.
Discussing about effect of on regulation of cellular critical processes, this study tries to better understand the mechanisms of cancer progression by this regulatory RNA. Comprehending the role of these regulatory RNAs and exploring their influence on biology of various cancers can be helpful in prognosis, predicting response to treatment, staging of disease and treatment of malignancies. Furthermore, these molecules could potentially be proposed as novel therapeutic targets.

Introduction Considering the impact of accelerated rates of sediment yield and soil erosion on catchments, which results from land clearance and poor land management (Palazón et al., 2015) including soil degradation, environmental pollution, and sedimentation in dam reservoirs, the reduction of the sedimentation is required to implement appropriate methods of sediment control and soil conservation in the critical areas of sediment resources in the catchment (Patrick et al, 2015). In addition, the recognition and identification of the relative importance of the sediment resources and their contribution (Chen et al., 2016) to sedimentation are necessary for identifying appropriate methods and proper implementation of soil conservation programs. The sediment finger printing is a direct approach to identify the relative contribution of each source and provides a direct approach for quantifying sources of sediment. A fingerprint of sediment sources is obtained using radionuclides, tracer metals, or other sediment properties, which enables the determination of the relative source contributions (Motha et al., 2004). Including the erosion and sediment, the important thing is to choose a model or method to estimate the actual loss or erosion of soil and the contribution of each source to its value. There are few studies estimating the level of GOF and ME on sediment fingerprinting approach to determine the relative contribution of each of the resources. GOF and ME allow making better informed decisions on sediment management (Minella et al., 2008) and can reliably determine mixing the contribution of each sediment source in mixing models (Collins et al., 2010).
Methodology The study area, Tange Bostank catchment, covers an area of 81.73 km2 and is located at about 80 km far from the Northwest of Shiraz, at the geographical location of 52° 03' 43'' to 52° 13' 36'' in the East and 30° 16' 33'' to 30° 25' 18'' in the North.
Geological formations maps were provided as Razak, Kashkan, Bakhtiari, Quaternary, PabdehGurpi, and Asmari formations using SFF method. Land use maps were also provided as rangelands, forests, gardens, and irrigations using ML method with Landsat satellite image 8 of OLI sensor.
Discriminating sediment sources to confirm the discrimination of the potential sediment sources was done in two steps. The first step was based on the use of the Kruskal–Wallis H-test to discriminate the potential sources by the fingerprint properties. In the second step, stepwise multivariate discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to identify the optimum combination of the tracers passing the Kruskal–Wallis H-test and to maximize discriminating between the potential sources. The multivariate mixing model (Walling, 2005) involves minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals between predicted tracer values for each source in sediment samples and the observed values. The sediment source apportionment involved a comparison of the results obtained using several multivariate mixing models. Using an optimization source proportion minimizes the errors in mixing models. We minimized the sum of the squares of the relative errors (R) in the objective functions( Eq.s 1-5).
Eq.1:Eq. 2: Eq. 3: Eq. 4:Eq. 5:where: ci = concentration of fingerprint property (i) in sediment samples; Sij = concentration of fingerprint property (i) in source category (j); X j = percentage contribution from source category (j); Z j = particle size correction factor for source category (j); Oj = organic matter content correction factor for source category (j); Wi = tracer discriminatory weighting or tracer specific weighting; SVji = weighting representing the within-source variability of fingerprint property (i) in source category (j); VARij = variance of the measured values of tracer in source area j; mj = the total number of samples for an individual source; n = number of fingerprint properties; m = number of sediment source categories.
Genetic Algorithm optimization (GA) was employed to find the optimal source sediments contribution. In addition, goodness of fit (GOF) equation and Mean Error (ME) were used to determine the results of each of the mixing models (Eq.6 and Eq.7)
Eq.6:
Discussion Soil erosion and sediment yield are the most destructive phenomena that cause a lot of damages in different regions. However, in order to combat them, it is needed to be aware of the sediment sources location in the region. Sediment fingerprinting technique, based on geochemical tracers, organic and isotopic ratios, and various mixing models, is used in the recognition of the contribution of the different sediment sources in an area. In this study, the optimum combination of organic and rare tracers was used to separate the different sources. In addition, to determine the contribution of this erosion and sediment yield resource, Collins, Collins modified, Motha, Landwehr and Slattery models associated with genetic algorithm optimization were used. The results of the discriminant analysis showed Compounds of C, Cu Si, and Ti as tracers for land uses and four tracers (Nd143/144, Cu, Si,Ti) to discriminate between geology formation’s source categories.
To determine the best model, GOF and ME indexes were used. Tables1-4 render the results of applying the ME and GOF indices to select the best models in formation and land use units.
The M Collins and Collins mixing models with GOF and ME indices of 99.95%, 99.996% and 99.16%, 99.977% were respectively selected as the best models in land use and formation units. According to ME and GOF results, the calculated relative contributions of the range lands and the Asmari formation with 65% and 56.5% were the highest. Moreover, sedimentation rates of sub basins number 6 and 5 with 59.11% and 58.7% were very important in the management of the soil conservation (the highest proportion in sediment and erosion basins) and sub basins number 31 with 7.54% were not important in the management of the soil conservation (minimal role in Sediment yield of Tange Bostanak watershed).
Conclusion Soil erosion and sediment yield are the most destructive phenomena that cause a lot of damages in different regions. However, in order to combat them, it is needed to be aware of the sediment sources location in the region. Sediment fingerprinting technique, based on geochemical tracers, organic and isotopic ratios, and various mixing models, is used in the recognition of the contribution of the different sediment sources in an area. In this study, the optimum combination of organic and rare tracers was used to separate the different sources. In addition, to determine the contribution of this erosion and sediment yield resource, Collins, Collins modified, Motha, Landwehr and Slattery models associated with genetic algorithm optimization were used. The results of the discriminant analysis showed Compounds of C, Cu Si, and Ti as tracers for land uses and four tracers (Nd143/144, Cu, Si,Ti) to discriminate between geology formation’s source categories. The M Collins and Collins mixing models with GOF and ME indices of 99.95%, 99.996% and 99.16%, 99.977% were respectively selected as the best models in land use and formation units. According to ME and GOF results, the calculated relative contributions of the range lands and the Asmari formation with 65% and 56.5% were the highest. Moreover, sedimentation rates of sub basins number 6 and 5 with 59.11% and 58.7% were very important in the management of the soil conservation (the highest proportion in sediment and erosion basins) and sub basins number 31 with 7.54% were not important in the management of the soil conservation (minimal role in Sediment yield of Tange Bostanak watershed).

Warm up is used for reducing risk of injury and increasing performance prior to practice. Whole body vibration is one of the new methods of warm up that has increasingly been taken into consideration. Despite increased application of this method, its effect on proprioception is not well-known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of whole body vibration on the accuracy of force reproduction as a key indicator of proprioception.
In the current randomized control trial, 44 participants (25 males and 19 females, with 22.02±2.75 years of age and BMI: 21.92 ± 2.33 kg/m2) selected from healthy students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, were randomly assigned into two groups: whole body vibration (frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 4 mm) and control group (vibration plate inactivated). Participants performed dynamic squats in five minutes with one minute rest interval between each performance on the machine and accuracy of force reproduction of knee extensor muscle was evaluated before and after the intervention. The absolute error, constant error, and variable error were measured to evaluate the participants’ errors in their realization of force sense.
Absolute error and variable error of force in both groups showed significant increase after intervention (P0/05).
According to the results, it seems that immediate effect of this method of warm up reduces accuracy of force production which can be due to fatigue caused by dynamic squat performed five times at one-minute which consequently led to incorrect matching between peripheral and central mechanisms of realization of the force sense. This point should be considered when prescribing the appropriate protocol of warm up.

Architectural space, organizes the human life. Assessing and prioritizing the effective criteria in designing architectural space could be also effective on designer’s decision to improve the qualitative elements of space and provide the necessary physical utilities for its inhabitants or potential users. The public libraries by responding to cultural capitation, and as major sources of public education are promoting public knowledge and playing an important role in attracting maximum number of people. In each architectural space, physical elements have been considered as main factors to shape the space. Space is one of the elements in architectural design which is considered continuously in both theory and profession. People perceive the architecture by space and recognize it by form and these two parts of architecture have inherent relationship with each other and therefor enrichment of space comes from the composition of physical elements. In other words, the Interconnectedness between essence of space and physical elements have been recognized as main parts of architectural process. Quality is a sophis ticated subject in architecture which in different situations gets disparate definitions. Quality is one of the accepted ideal of analysis and perceiving architectural projects. Quality of subject indicates the transcendence, similarity or inferior of subject in comparison with other subjects. Perceiving the superior or inferior quality of subjects could be accomplished by a subjective or objective process. Improving the quality of architectural space could have a major effect on sense of user and it could influence the user's satisfaction during the exis tence of a certain space. There are lots of s trategies to obtain high qualities in spaces such as increasing flexibility, multifunctioning the space, introducing active and passive spaces in architecture, promoting transparency, porosity, fluidity, and drawing connections between indoor and outdoor spaces.
The main purpose of this s tudy is to find the criteria that promotes the quality of architectural space in libraries. This analysis-descriptive research has been done with a quantitative approach, by using factor analysis and SPSS20 software for balancing and reduction of measures in order to gain a desirable design in connection with the supply of user’s satisfaction of architectural space. In this research, forming out questionnaires for the case s tudy was necessary to achieve the aforementioned purposes. The population who participated in this research consisted of selected Hamadan library users, including men and women in the age range of 18-35 years old, who were observed carefully in a period of 4 months. According to s tatis tical methods, sample size was 226 and the type of sample selecting method was random sampling. With this arrangement, special physical specifications of central library of Hamadan as an exis ting and viable sample of cultural space in a city scale has been analyzed, and the results of this research have revealed that among 10 factors in improvement of special qualities in libraries, attention to view and vegetarian covering, interior lighting and the proportion in design are the mos t important factors that should be the main priorities for interventions, in order to supply the desirable s tudy room.

IntroductionSediment yields effects are often termed on-site and off-site impacts, increasingly in watersheds (Palazon, Gaspar, Latorre, Blake and Navas, 2015). The sediment fingerprinting method has provided a direct and successful approach to quantify sources of sediment (Chen, Fang and Shi, 2016). Sediment fingerprinting approaches offer the potential to quantify the contribution of different sediment sources, evaluate catchment erosion dynamics, and develop management plans to tackle, among other problems, reservoir siltation (Palazon et al, 2015). Land use changes are crucial to understanding the evolution of sediment load and discharge dynamics (Wang, Chen, Fu and Lu, 2014). The present study aims to compare the results of several fingerprinting models, soil erosion features, and map and direct field measurements of soil erosion.
Study area:Our study was conducted in the Tange Bostanak catchment (30°16′ to 30°25′ N and 52°03′ to 52°13′ E), in the Southern Zagros mountains, 80 km Northwest of Shiraz, Iran.
Material and MethodsSampling and Data Collection
Potential sediment sources were identified by examining the main land use types within the study catchment, which are dominated by four main groups: rangelands, forests, moderate forests, farming and gardens. Forty three representative samples were collected from these potential sources at different locations within the study catchment. In order to remove bias associated with grain-size effects, only the 63 μm soil and sediment fraction, obtained by dry sieving, was taken for tracer analysis. Total concentrations of Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, P, Si, Sr, Ti, C, N, Zn, 87Sr. 86Sr, 143Nd. 144Nd, Sr and Nd were measured by ICP-Mass after digestion of 3 gr of the soil samples with aqua regia (HCl–HNO3; 3:1) for 2 hours. In order to assess the validity of the analytical results, accuracy
and precision were calculated.
Source Discrimination/Discriminant Analysis
The statistical analysis employed to identify a composite fingerprint which is capable of discriminating between potential sources was done in two steps. The first step involved testing the discrimination of potential sources by the fingerprint properties using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Second, we applied stepwise multivariate discriminant function analysis (DA) to select the optimum subset composition of geochemical tracers for maximizing discrimination (Collins, Walling, Webb and King, 2010).
To identify outliers, was calculated the squared Mahalanobis distance, or the multivariate distance of each sample from the centroid of all samples belonging to a given category in the multidimensional space.
Sediment Sources Apportionment and Mixing Models
In geochemical tracing studies the relative contribution of source material to suspended sediment is usually estimated using a multivariate mixing model. The literature describes many different mathematical forms of mixing models. In all mixing models, the objective is to determine the source component proportions (x) in the suspended sediment samples by minimizing the errors. Five mixing models and their modifications to estimate contribution of sources were used.
(Slattery, Walden and Burt, 2000),
(Collins, Walling and Leeks, 1997),
(Devereux, Prestegaard, Needelman and Gellis, 2010),
(Collins et al., 2010),
(Motha, Wallbrink, Hairsine and Grayson, 2004)
where: ci = concentration of fingerprint property (i) in sediment samples; Sij = concentration of fingerprint property (i) in source category (j); X j = percentage contribution from source category (j); Z j = particle size correction factor for source category (j); Oj = organic matter content correction factor for source category (j); Wi = tracer discriminatory weighting or tracer specific weighting; SVji = weighting representing the within-source variability of fingerprint property (i) in source category (j); VARij = variance of the measured values of tracer i in source area j; mj = the total number of samples for an individual source; n = number of fingerprint properties; and m = number of sediment source categories. In sediment fingerprinting studies, to find the best optimum sediment contribution minimizing mixing model errors, Collins et al. (2012) proposed a revised modeling approach comparing the results of local optimization to determine the uncertainties with the following goodness of fit GOF equation and also used RMSE index to select the best mixing models.
Results and DiscussionSoil erosion and sediment yield are among the most destructive phenomena that cause a lot of damage in different regions. However, in order to combat this phenomenon and soil conservation projects, it is needed to be aware of the location of sediment sources in the region. Sediment fingerprinting technique based on geochemical tracers, organic, isotopic ratios, as well as useing various mixing models lead to the recognition and the contribution of different sediment sources in an area. In this study, using the optimum combination of organic and rare tracers to separate the different sources and then determine contribution of this erosion and sediment yield resource using Collins (1997), Collins Modified (2010), Motha (2004), Landwehr (2010), and Slattery (2000) models. In this case, to determine the best model GOF index and matching results with actual measurements of the sediments and erosion amount based on BLM model were used. The result were analyzed by discriminant analysis showed compounds of C, Cu Si, and Ti were considered as tracer and M Collins mixing model with indices GOF, 99.9 was selected as the best model. Measurement results showed that sedimentation rates of different land uses, pastures with relative importance of 3.4 is the priority in management of soil conservation. Mixing models showed the highest proportion in sediment and erosion basins on weak and degraded rangelands area is by 57.04 area percentage and 64.9 contribution percent in field measurements. Cultivations have minimal role in sediment yield of Tange Bostanak watershed. Results showed Motha model with a 0.924 correlation coefficients had the smallest difference with actual values of sediment contributions. The differences in the results of fingerprinting technique and field measurement techniques referred to their quantitative or qualitative approaches and not considering sediment delivery ratio concept and other sediment transition processes. It clearly confirmed the necessity of simultaneous use of all aforesaid techniques to get access to reliable results and to choose the better mixing models in catchments.
ConclusionSoil erosion and sediment yield are among the most destructive phenomena that cause a lot of damage in different regions. However, in order to combat this phenomenon and soil conservation projects, it is needed to be aware of the location of sediment sources in the region. Sediment fingerprinting technique based on geochemical tracers, organic, isotopic ratios, as well as using various mixing models lead to the recognition and the contribution of different sediment sources in an area. In this study, using the optimum combination of organic and rare tracers to separate the different sources and then determine contribution of this erosion and sediment yield resource using, Collins (1997), Collins Modified (2010), Motha (2004), Landwehr (2010), and Slattery(2000) models. In this case, to determine the best model GOF index and matching results with actual measurements of the sediments and erosion amount based on BLM model were used. The results were analyzed by discriminant analysis and showed compounds of C, Cu Si, and Ti were considered as tracer and M Collins mixing model with indices GOF and RMSE, 99.9 and 2.07 were selected as the best models. Measurement results showed that sedimentation rates of different land uses, pastures with weak and moderate cover percentage and gardens with relative importance of 3.04 and 7.72 are prior in the management of soil conservation. Mixing models showed the highest proportion in sediment and erosion basins in the rangelands area is about 16.75 percentage and 57.04 contribution percent and the cultivation has minimal role in sediment yield of Tange Bostanak watershed. Moreover, results showed that Motha model with a 0.924 correlation coefficients had the smallest difference with actual values.

Nearly 400 million Hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients around the world are chronic carriers. A study of the different serologic patterns of HBeAg positive and negative along with levels of liver enzymes is necessary in order to identify chronic progressive infection in HBV carriers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between HBV serological markers and liver enzymes in chronic HBV patients.
In this cross-sectional study, 71 chronic HBV patients who referred to Imam-Khomeini Hospital of Ahvaz were enrolled. HBV serological markers were tested by the ELISA method and liver enzymes were measured via biochemical. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 21.
The mean age of the patients was 38.9±13.5 years. 27 (38%) were females and 44 (62%) were males. Mean and standard of errors of ALT, Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were 77.9±116.3 U/L, 1.11±4 mg/dl and 0.6±2.1 respectively. Mean of ALT in males was significantly higher compared to that of the females (88.24±132.8 U/L vs. 61.8±84.5; P= 0.048). The average of ALT and total bilirubin were not significantly different in HBeAg positive and negative patients. But the average of direct bilirubin in 53 HBeAg-negative patients was significantly higher than in the 18 HBeAg-positive patients (0.73±2.46 mg/dl vs 0.23±0.13 mg/dl; P=0.006).
The level of liver enzymes was similar in the two groups – of positive and negative HBeAg. It is suggested that more research be carried to assess other virological markers, levels of HBV-DNA and histological changes in the liver of chronic (positive and negative HBeAg) HBV patients.

Many catchment erosion studies focus on formation and land use as the primary source of sediment. It is important to improve information on sediment sources, especially in large catchments and sediment source information which can support catchment management decisions. Erosion control projects need to be understood as the relative contributions of different sediment sources from catchments. Fingerprinting methods identify soil erosion sources where geologic variations or different land uses span watershed boundaries. Sediment fingerprinting studies often rely on the collection of sediment from different sources within a catchment. Few studies have focused on using the Hughes mixed model to identify sediment sources. This model can quickly process a large number of samples from the main samples based on Monte Carlo simulation. The main objectives of this research were to determine the contribution of sediment sources by applying a fingerprinting mixing model in a Tange Bostanak drainage catchment.
Material and Methods.Case Study Our study area was located in the Tange Bostanak catchment (30°16′ to 30°25′ N and 52°03′ to 52°13′ E),in the Southern Zagros Mountains, 80 km Northwest of Shiraz, Iran. The drainage area of the Tange Bostanak catchment is 81.73 km2.
Sediment source samples were collected throughout the study catchment from each of the three principal source types (cultivated land, pasture, forest, gardens and also six formations in catchment). 43 representative samples were collected from these potential sources at different locations within the study catchment. Samples were initially oven-dried to 40 °C in order to remove the bias associated with the grain-size effects, only the C, N, Cu, Ti, Si and Sr were identified by the Kruskal–Wallis test to discriminate the potential sediment sources in land use and Nd, Si, C, N, Ti and Nd144/Nd143 were identified by the Kruskal–Wallis test to discriminate the potential sediment sources in the formations. In stepwise multivariate discriminant function analysis, four tracers(C, Cu, Si, Ti) were capable of correctly distinguishing the land use source type. Four tracers (Nd143/144, Cu, Si, Ti) verified the ability to discriminate between geology information source categories. The results on geology information showed that the mean relative contributions related to the areas of Asmary (84.51%) and Quaternary (5.37%) were highest, respectively in Local optimization with 99.94 GOF index. For land uses, the results showed that the GOF index with 97.84 associated with GA optimization were the greatest. The relative contributions related to the areas of range lands (63.04%) and forest (31.81%) were the highest, respectively. Pabedeh Gorpi and Bakhtyari information with 0.24 and 0.27 were the lowest relative importance; also cultivation and forest land uses with 0.022 and 0.55 were the lowest relative importance, respectively. This study suggested that the future sediment fingerprinting studies use models that combine the best explanatory parameters provided by the Hughes (relying on iterations involving all data, and not only their mean values) models with the optimization using genetic algorithms to best predict the relative contribution of sediment sources. Comparing the applications in this catchment, the Hughes mixed model appears a more robust method in Tange Bostanak catchment using the GA optimization method.

Education of sustainable architecture seeks proficiencies for students in order to design buildings with high energy efficiency since in current situation; environmental problems have attracted a lot of attention. Studies all over the world, demonstrate that the best way of saving energy through architecture is designing buildings with high energy efficiency in the light of appropriate and reasonable education. Studies all over the world have suggested that in order to reduce effects of pollutions caused by non-appropriated architecture, education and presenting main solutions for improving its methods should be considered as educational program or educational method. This education usually starts from undergraduate programs. But in Iran all efforts are summarized in one or two-credit courses and this is inadequate for gathering knowledge about new energies for bachelors. So, it seems that cognition of current situation and deficiencies is necessary. The main question of this study is that, to what extent sustainable subjects take into consideration in Iranian universities’ Curriculum and to what context the current problems are related. The solution could be found in the content of subjects related to nature and energy. Today, with an emphasis on sustainable development and coexistence with the environment, education of various sectors of applied science have found their direction and the result of this attitude can be seen in educational system of developed countries. Education can have the most important role in promoting and improving environmental sustainability issues and implementing them correctly. Educating sustainability topics is a new field which has only a little part of common educational courses. The purpose of this qualitative case study is investigating the importance and placement of environmental sustainability subjects, since educating sustainability topics is a new field which has only a little part of common educational courses in Iran. In other words, this case study research tries to investigate the importance and position of courses related to sustainability and their application in architectural design projects. Using attributive method, we compare the subjects approved by the Ministry of Science, with three successful foreign universities in terms of education of environmental sustainability, in order to extracting problems and presenting suggestions. Results indicate that students’ level of satisfaction about the content and applicability of issues related to environmental sustainability in undergraduate curriculum is low and sustainability topics does not have appropriate position in educational system of architecture, so it is necessary to review the presentation of these courses. It seems that, new topics and courses such as energy economy and energy policies should be considered for architects and engineers in order to cover the main subjects in energy decision makings. Because sustainable architecture is a pervasive issue and is not only dedicated to issue of reducing energy and materials consumption. There are fields like architectural technology, green architecture, smart architecture and also environmental design, behavioral architecture, economy-oriented architecture and so on. The seminal result of this study revealed the academic education in the bachelor of architecture needs to be more attended than before especially in the terms of sustainability.... Keywords: Educations, Architecture, Environmental sustainability, Courses, Revise.

Urmia Lake, the second largest hyper-saline lake of the world, has experienced lack of water and other environmental issues in recent years. Now, there is a danger of the lake drying out, which will affect the region and its inhabitants. This study aimed to present a model which can relate the water level of the lake to effective factors.
Parameters that influence water level, such as precipitation, evaporation, water behind dams, and the previous year’s water level, were considered in the modeling procedure. The proposed model, based on evolutionary polynomial regression, can be used to evaluate salt marshes produced in the region in recent years.
Results show that the high surface-area-to-depth ratio of Urmia Lake is most influential on its drying; however, omitting this characteristic as an inherent one, the main cause is the construction of dams on rivers in the Urmia Lake basin.
The proposed model predicts that by 2015, the water level of Urmia Lake will fall below 1269 m, and by 2030, the lake will dry out completely.

Industrial air pollution is a growing challenge to humane health, especially in developing countries, where there is no systematic monitoring of air pollution. Given the importance of the availabil­ity of valid information on population exposure to air pollutants, it is important to design an optimal Air Quality Monitoring Network (AQMN) for assessing population exposure to air pollution and predicting the magnitude of the health risks to the population. A multi-pollutant method (implemented as a MATLAB program) was explored for configur­ing an AQMN to detect the highest level of pollution around an oil refinery plant. The method ranks potential monitoring sites (grids) according to their ability to represent the ambient concentra­tion. The term of cluster of contiguous grids that exceed a threshold value was used to calculate the Station Dosage. Selection of the best configuration of AQMN was done based on the ratio of a sta­tion’s dosage to the total dosage in the network. Six monitoring stations were needed to detect the pollutants concentrations around the study area for estimating the level and distribution of exposure in the population with total network effi­ciency of about 99%. An analysis of the design procedure showed that wind regimes have greatest effect on the location of monitoring stations. The optimal AQMN enables authorities to implement an effective program of air quality management for protecting human health.

Urmia Lake’s water surface area is among the most important parameters needed for water balance analysis. Periodical measurement of this parameter directly by conventional topography almost seems impossible since it is costly and time – consuming. Such limitations highlight the needs for new approaches to be taken, namely remote sensing technique which could provide a good approximation of lake’s surface area in terms of some other parameters available or at least easily measured. This paper considers development of a new model for lake’s surface area measurement according to available water levels and its comparison with other methods in this field as well as the calculations regarding salt-land formation and coastline changes. High resolution images provided by NASA satellites, Aqua and Terra were collected and passed an image processing stage through MATLAB software for surface area calculations. Finally, the water level and surface area values resulted from the home made code, were put together to reach relationship. The comparison between the results of proposed method and provided data by Eastern Azerbaijan Water Organization and also a similar study indicated that the proposed image processing technique has good performance to estimate the surface area of Urmia Lake. The maximum error between the results of proposed model and a similar study which was used combination method of Cellular Automata and Markov Chain was 5.96 % which indicates the good performance of image processing technique in estimation of surface area of Urmia Lake.

Coastal and inland dune sands in desert environments are compositionally and texturally controlled by physical and chemical processes such as the wind action, marine/fluvial processes, weathering, air temperature and precipitation. The objectives of this research are study of sedimentological characteristics, calculation of CIA in the Aeolian sediments and classification of sand dunes in the Yazd-Ardakan plain. For study of sedimentological characteristics and calculation of the CIA were analyzed 88 and 20 samples, respectively. Major element component measured using XRF. Results showed that, sorting and mean grain size is weak and coarse to medium respectively, which it indicates sources of Aeolian sediments is local. According to classification of Besler (2008) sand dunes classified to strongly saline class. Amount of CIA in the all sample is less than 55, which it indicate there weren’t any weathering in the case study and the maximum of CIA is related to Kalot facies with 50.7.

Recently, several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as being cancer-specific, namely metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), HOTAIR, and ANRIL. Studies have revealed that MALAT1, is up-regulated in many solid tumors and it have important regulatory roles in cancer biology, metastasis and recurrence. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cancers of the myeloid and lymphoid blood cells lines, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. KG1 and Jurkat cell lines cultured in IMDM and RPMI-1640 mediums respectively. Total RNA extracted from the cell lines and normal bone marrow cells and MALAT1 gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR. MALAT1 gene expression was significantly increased in the KG1cell line (P <0.05), while decreased in Jurkat cell line in compare to normal bone marrow cells (P <0.05). Our findings suggest that MALAT1 may function as novel biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, metastasis, and predicting the response to therapy for the aforementioned types of cancers.

To perform plans and achieve their goals, organizations are in need of different factors. One of the most important of which is the existence of an ideal organizational climate and participation. The main goal of this study is to determine the relationship between organizational climate and faculty member's participation in decision makings at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (SSUMS) in Yazd. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study induced in 2011-2012. The research population comprised all 292 SSUMS faculty members. 72 members were selected through random-category sampling method. For data collection, two questionnaires included organizational climate and participation were used. The reliability of two questionnaires were 0.86 and 0.85, respectively, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The validity of both questionnaires were confirmed by expert panel. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18. For descriptive results, and used Pearson test for Analytical results. The average of total participation rate for faculty members was computed to be 3.43. The total figure for organizational climate with a mean of 82.6 was obtained from the total average of micro-scale scores. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.418 showed that there was a direct relationship between organizational climate and faculty member's participation. In spite of weakness of counselling system and team work system, and approach diversity between the faculty members, they are enthusiastic to cooperate to solve the university problems. Therefore we suggest more financial and spiritual mechanisms for autonomy of the faculty members.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory molecules that set many vital processes in the cell. These regulatory RNAs, as an important component of the regulatory networks of genes and the expression of key genes involved in setting development, play an important role in neurological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regulatory functions of lncRNAs in the evolution of the CNS and an overview of their roles in the biology of neuropsychiatric diseases. More than half of all lncRNAs expressed in CNS cells and their regulated expression in the evolution and function of the nervous system are important. lncRNAs are involved in the development of different parts of the brain, specificity and differentiation of oligodendrocytes category, and terminal myelination. In addition, they have a role in regulation of vital functions, such as maintaining neural stem cells, neurogenesis and glyogenesis, homeostasis, and synaptic connections. lncRNAs are associated with the biological processes in the brain, such as the development of the hippocampus and aging.
This review has shown that how lncRNA regulate vital processes in neurons in order to have a better understanding on the mechanisms of neurological diseases by RNA interference. Understanding the role of the regulatory RNAs interference and its impact on the biology of CNS can helpful in the field of prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and pathological staging. Furthermore, it can be inhibited or controlled as novel therapeutic targets.

Air pollutants are potentially hazardous to human health, plants, animals, materials and surrounding environment including building, roads, etc. Almost in all cases, it is the human activities that are the main sources of pollution. Air pollution modelling is an essential tool for air pollution studies. Considering that observations are often sparse, models can be used to make inferences on concentrations where there is no information [1, 2]. The current study aimed to consider the pollutants (CO and SO2) concentration in areas adjacent to Tabriz Oil Refining Company and comparison of concentration with clean air standards of Environmental Organization of Iran. The effect of wind speed and direction on dispersion profile of air pollution was also considered. Therefore, the ISCST (Industrial Source Complex-Short Term) model was used to simulate pollutant distributions on two different days in order to assess the ground level concentration of pollutant in the study area.

Clopidogrel is an adenosine-5' diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist that eventually inhibits platelet aggregation. It is used concomitantly with percutaneous coronary interventions and in patients with acute coronary diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effects of preoperative clopidogrel administration on perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. For 100 patients who underwent nonurgent first-time coronary artery bypass grafting surgery participated in this study. clopidogrel was discontinued in 2, 3, 5-6 or 7-8 days before surgery. A cell salvage device was used during surgery and salvaged blood was recorded. After surgery, chest tube output and need for blood transfusion were measured and recorded. Patient's mean age was 61.7 ± 8.0 years (range: 50 to 77). There was a reverse relation between the time clopidogrel had been discontinued and blood loss and need for transfusion of packed cell and blood products during and after surgery (P < 0.05 for all). Preoperative clopidogrel administration increases perioperative blood loss and need for blood transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.