javad niknejad

The economic man is one of the important subjects of classical liberal economics, which is the subject of debate and disagreement. Based on this, the aim of this article is to examine the question of what are the components of economic man and what are the criticisms of the concept of economic man from the point of view of jurisprudence.

This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used to collect materials and data.Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The findings showed that personal gain, hedonism, calculation and rationality are the most important characteristics of an economic person. Criticisms have been added to the mentioned components, such as the fact that man is not only trying to gain personal benefit, man is not only hedonistic and has spiritual dimensions as well, and finally, human calculation is not absolute and faces limitations that deny the possibility of making the best choice. From the point of view of jurisprudence, the two principles of optimal use of facilities in the direction of both material and spiritual pleasure and creation of public welfare in such a way that justice is established are the most important characteristics of economic man.

In the Islamic vision, unlike the Western thought, which only thinks about hedonism and maximum materialistic pursuit, the ultimate goal is to achieve true happiness, desirable perfection and closeness to God. It seems necessary to change the components of economic man in its classical liberal sense.

Although, the contracts are binding, but in some occasions, due to some reasons, one of the parties may decide to cancel a contract. A cancellation of contract results in termination of a contract and its effects. The important point regarding the cancellation of a contract is that, if, after concluding a contract and before cancellation, a transferee take the possession of an object of transaction as a transferor, for example, if they sell an object of transaction to a third party, what may be the effects of cancellation of the contract on the alienable possession? Dose it results also in cancellation of the selling, or, principally, the transferee might not to do the transferring acts? And, as the consequence, the transaction is invalid? There is some disagreement among the lawyers and jurisprudents on the interpretations of Iranian law and Imamieh jurisprudence. Although, there is less disagreement on the interpretations of legal cancellations of contracts, and, principally, the jurisprudents and lawyers both believe that this cancellation has no effects on the validity of the selling. Then, the transferee should return the object of transaction to the transferor. But, on the contractual powers, including option of condition, there is disagreement between the lawyers and the jurisprudents. Some of them believe that in those options of conditions there is an implicit condition that one against whom an option is stipulated may not take possession of an object, including the possession of the object of a transaction, by violation of conditions, otherwise, the transaction is invalid. Some other believe that, regarding the mentioned options of conditions, unless it is expressly stipulated otherwise, one against whom an option is stipulated may not take possession of an object of transaction.

The criminal responsibility of legal entities, especially commercial companies, is one of the important issues that is the subject of discussion and considering the important role of these companies, its explanation and analysis is of great importance. The purpose of this article is to examine the approach of Iranian criminal law towards the criminal responsibility of legal entities (business companies). This article is theoretical and has investigated the mentioned subject by using analytical descriptive method. The findings indicate that the criminal responsibility of legal entities in Iran was explicitly defined for the first time in Article 19 of the Computer Crimes Law approved in 2008 and specifically for some of the crimes stipulated in that law and then generally in the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2012 without it was predicted to be limited to certain crimes. The Islamic Penal Code approved in 1392, in Article 20, 142, 143 and other articles, has determined punishments for legal entities, which include liquidation of the legal entity, confiscation of property and other cases. Based on Article 143 of the Islamic Penal Code, criminal responsibility is based on the responsibility of a natural person, and a legal person is criminally responsible if the legal representative of a legal person commits a crime in the name or in line with its interests.

The existence and dissolution of a legal entity are part of commercial regulations determined based on legal standards. For the survival of a legal entity, political, cultural and economic issues are influential and one of these influential issues is economic issue. The decisions and approvals that the government take for country economy affect the performance and existence of the legal entity. The purpose of present study is to explain the economic decisions of government that affect legal entity.

Methods and Materials: 

Research method is descriptive_analytical.

Ethical Considerations:

 In present study, the principles of text originality, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The above mentioned factors cause the dissolution of the legal entity because the company loses its competitiveness. The legal entity needs support from government for its survival. Therefore, the legislator can protect the legal entity from economic causes of dissolution and create the ability to exist and function properly for legal entity.

The economic issues affecting the legal entity include interest rate, currency, inflation, regulations and bans on export and import, the obligation to sell goods on stock exchange and taxes.

Child custody is a significant issue faced by families after divorce in all legal systems. In Iranian law, custody refers to the keeping, care, and regulation of a child's relationships with others, while in Canadian and English law, it encompasses all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities, and authorities that parents have concerning their child and their property. The crucial question to be addressed is how divorce affects child custody according to the legal systems of Iran, England, and Canada. It appears that while divorce itself does not have a direct impact on the priority of one parent over the other in terms of child custody in Iranian law, the actual determination of custody between the father and mother becomes evident after divorce due to their pre-divorce cohabitation. In Canadian and English law, explicit gender priority in post-divorce custody has largely subsided since the 1970s, with custody laws focusing on an independent assessment of the child's best interests and welfare, thus divorce does not affect the priority of one parent over the other regarding child custody. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive-analytical and documentary, utilizing a library-based approach. After analyzing the content, the following conclusions were drawn: firstly, it should be noted that Canadian law is similar to English law in most related aspects. Secondly, custody in Iran only encompasses child custody, while in common law, it also includes guardianship and wardship. In common law, both parents can jointly seek custody, and there is no priority between them. The court decides which parent should be responsible for custody based on the child's best interests and welfare. Additionally, the mother's remarriage does not affect custody arrangements. However, in Iranian law, although custody remains with the mother until the child reaches the age of 7, guardianship remains with the father. Anything that endangers the child, such as insanity, leads to the deprivation of custody. Iranian legislation considers the mother's remarriage as a ground for depriving her of custody, but it does not consider the father's remarriage as an effective ground for deprivation. Nevertheless, according to Article 41 of the Law on Family Protection enacted in 2012, the court has the authority to modify or extend custody duration and the custodial parent based on the child's best interests.

Whereas, by communicating the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution and emphasizing privatization, it has condemned anti-competitive practices, and on the other hand, from the perspective of domestic law, due to the adoption of Culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the implementation of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution) and especially its ninth chapter, anti-competitive behaviors and procedures have been identified and that anti-competitive practices are in conflict with certain jurisprudential rules, especially the harmless rule. How to fight against anti-competitive practice from a jurisprudential-legal perspective is necessary. The main question of the present study is that in comparison between anti-competitive practices from the jurisprudential-legal perspective, In American and European law, their competitive evaluation process is based on certain criteria.However, it is possible that these agreements, their specific elements, may be subject to general exemptions and be exempted from the competitive exploration process.

Global development is the result of rapid, dramatic and unprecedented advances in science and technology and especially international communications. Undoubtedly the implementation of important development, industrial and economic projects requires the cooperation and interaction of various people and specialties and also investment security. The most important form of providing security for a country's foreign investment is achieved through national legislation. The Iranian legislature, following the developed countries, first in the article 107 of the Fifth Development Plan Act and subsequently in the article 24 of the Permanent Provisions of the Country’s Development Plans Act, has introduced the legal framework of the "Economic group with common interests" in one article and its following notes, to the legal and economic community of the country, stipulating the formation of these groups in the form of "Civil Partnership" and has explained the limits of the obligations and powers of the group’s members. However, in this law, cases have been raised by the legislator that are basically inconsistent with the rules of civil partnership and although this law is practically an adaptation of the law of France, the ratified text is fundamentally different from the French regulations. On the one hand, the legislative stipulation on the formation of a group in the form of a civil company implies the provisions of the civil law under the title of partnership contract which exclusively deals with the management of common property, but such rules are basically not enough to form and run a group. On the other hand, some of these regulations are not commensurate with the goals and functions of the group. In addition, the guarantee of non-compliance with the conditions set forth in this article is generally unexplained and it is not clear what responsibilities will be assigned to the members and managers of the group. It also emphasizes the joint and several liability of the members for the debts of the group

Human cloning is one of the subjects that has raised many challenges from the legal and jurisprudential point of view. The purpose of the present research is to investigate human assimilation from the point of view of Islamic jurists. This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. The objections to the human assimilation process are often due to ignorance and prejudices, as well as lack of attention to the technical aspect of the matter from the point of view of genetic engineering and medicine. By demonstrating the originality of al-Abahah in the principles of Shia jurisprudence, the rule of simulating can be considered as subject to abahah in terms of the primary titles; Because there is no proof of the sanctity of simulation from the sources of the four rulings, and this opinion is almost the same as the fatwa of most of the contemporary jurists.

In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the doctrine of "denial of justice" in international law under the title "denial of justice" and its examples. Let us explain Iranian law and point out the effects of recognizing this doctrine in Iranian law. "Denial of justice" is a type of "severe injustice" that calls into question the basis of proceedings and lawsuits to the point where it seems that "rights are denied". Currently, since this doctrine does not have a binding aspect, if it occurs in substantive discussions, it can only be placed in the form of injustice, the subcategory of contradiction between Sharia and in contradiction with the basis and philosophy of law, and for this reason, it may be possible to consider its influence on the judicial decision was hopeful. But if there is a denial of justice regarding the formal regulations, we cannot take action to fix it and we have to comply with the formal law, even if it is unfair. Whereas if this doctrine is developed and considered as a rule or law or doctrine, it can be cited in different stages of proceedings and the judges will be obliged to resolve it. The purpose of this article is to identify and introduce the doctrine of "denial of justice" in Iran's legal system, so that it can enter Iran's law as a recognized rule and be considered and cited effectively. This doctrine can significantly reduce cases of rejection of lawsuits and petitions and avoidable delays, it can have a profound effect in preventing the loss of the rights of the litigants and the waste of time and cost of proceedings, and it can be a document for issuing more fair rulings. Paying attention and recognizing and finally using this doctrine, while creating a change in proceedings, can be a means of asserting the rights of individuals whose rights have been violated under circumstances and are desperate to resort to litigation

Following advanced legal systems and with the aim of facilitating and expanding economic and trade partnerships in the form of a legal article, the Iranian legislature has proposed the establishment of a new institution called the Economic Group with common interests, based on the members’ contract, despite the short volume of the approved agreement, and at the same time the legislative emphasis on forming a group in the form of a civil company, including the lack of independent legal personality of the group and the group’s ability to enjoy residence, property, citizenship, and other benefits. In a company contract, the civil company only regulates the management of the common property and has no regulations governing the coinage, administration, organization of activities, and dissolution of the civil company. Furthermore, the numerous examples of silence and conflict between the approved regulations and certain legal foundations have caused its inefficiency and, consequently, the lack of reception by traders in using this newly established legal format.

Proviso is one of applied topics and it is very common in our society. As one of its types, negative condition is divided into two groups of material and legal. Regarding a legal negative condition, a person who is responsible to perform a condition undertakes contractually not to perform one of the obligations - a contract or unilateral obligation. One very important question which arises here is that, if the person who is responsible to perform a condition violates their obligation, and in legal terms, if they perform a negative condition, what would be the jurisdictional or judicial order for the transaction or for that violation? There is disagreement between the jurisprudents and lawyers in this regard. Some considers the transaction violating the condition as valid and also consider the person in whose favor the condition is made a right to claim compensation; on the other hand, some consider such a transaction as invalid; and, some regard such a condition as invalid. Some of jurisprudents and lawyers consider a transaction which violates negative condition as invalid; and, finally, some regard it as unopposable. Our hypothesis is that, it depends on the negative condition which is violated. In other words, if the obligation is to perform a unilateral obligation such as cancellation, the transaction violating the condition is invalid; but, if the undertaking is the omission of an act, the transaction violating the condition is considered as to be in the observation state.

Law Economic is an interdisciplinary issue that has not received much attention from a jurisprudential point of view. In this article, an attempt has been made to deal with economic man from the perspective of economics of law and jurisprudence and the impact of economics on law with a jurisprudential approach.

The present type of research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library which has been studied by referring to books and articles. Ethical considerations: In different stages of writing the article, ethical and scientific principles have been observed.

Preference of personal interests and rationality are the most important components of economic man in economics of law, which in jurisprudence, in addition to the material dimensions mentioned, also emphasizes the spiritual dimensions of economic man. In fact, in human jurisprudence, there are two material and spiritual areas that affect the legal dimensions of one's behavior.

One of the most important achievements of economic analysis of law is the focus on reducing costs in the light of human economic components. Emphasis on rationalization and economicization of court costs, the tendency of alternative punishments to imprisonment as a less costly and efficient mechanism, and attention to the high costs of crime are examples of the impact of economics on rights, which can be achieved in jurisprudence for reasons based on its accuracy.

In Iranian legal system and Shia jurisprudence, the rights of vendor and buyer are not balanced. Because of the possessory of the sale contract legal support scales, they are usually in the favor of the vendor.  For example, at the selling in instalments, buyer immediately will be owner of object of sale and immediately can transfer it to the other and the vendor can only file an action against the client. For this reason, the parties of sale contract try to use solutions to balance the rights between themselves. One of these solutions which is very popular in society is using dissolving condition in deed (sale). The question whose answer is very important is whether the client can transfer the object of sale before the instalments of consideration (money purchase). There are different opinions. Our hypothesis in this research is that client in this period doesn’t have the right of possessions against dissolving condition and if there is any conflict in transaction, it will be in pasture tax condition.

Arbitration litigation is not always without its drawbacks, so the legislature has considered ways to invalidate arbitral awards, one of which is through retrial. Of course, this issue is controversial among jurists, because some do not consider the retrial as part of the arbitral awards and consider it possible only through the authority and the court that determines the arbitration, but others have foreseen the retrial in the arbitral awards.          

This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically.   

An important issue is the determination of the competent court to consider the annulment of the arbitral award. There are differences of opinion on this issue as well, as national legal systems may also claim jurisdiction over the annulment of arbitration. Therefore, only the national courts can hear the request for annulment of the verdict, which according to the criteria accepted in the relevant legal system of the court, the verdict of the petition for annulment is considered internal to that country. Therefore, in this study, ambiguities and conflicts in the field of retrial and competent court to cancel the arbitral award were resolved.

Legislators in different societies, relying on different criteria, have tried to protect the property and assets of citizens to better serve their interests. One of these criteria is the economic criterion, inspiring and providing an economic perspective on Property will have a variety of effects and create new perspectives that will be addressed in this study.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Basically, just because an object is traded and people pay a price for it, it makes the property worthwhile, and basically anything that is paid for is called property. Custom has also considered such cases as property and has given them tax and economic value. Ownership also refers to the relationship that exists between a person and a material object, and the law recognizes it as valid and allows the owner to take full advantage of that property and no one can prevent it.

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The economic approach to the element of property proves that in view of the developments in the field of economics, in order to consider everything as "property", we must consider its interests in society and the way in which custom deals with it.

At the whole we talk about fairness maxims of dispute resolution in this essay. From our view and based on principles of procedure justice any dispute resolution mechanism must have three important principles: equal treatment with parties to dispute, rationality in making decision and efficiency that this one contains access and possibility to reach to a dispute resolution and being tools for counter with procedural inequalities between parties in turn. According to access and possibility to reach to a dispute resolution parties should be able to reach to a dispute resolution mechanism. Proceeding on this method should be done by minimum costs and delay and based on the second criterion those issues making problem for parties for taking part in proceedings, which are not arisen of proceeding rules but have been created by one party inability to take part equally in process should be balanced or eliminated.

National resources recognition and exceptions under article 2 of the law of Conserve and Protect Forest Reserves undertaken ministry ofJihad of Construction (Organization of Forests and Pastures) was put. In the law of Determine Lands Dispute subject to article 56 of the Law on Conservation and Exploitation of Forests and Pastures,the legislator nominated a delegation to deal with the protest of nationalization. By passing the law of Increase Efficiencyin 1389 and the law of Removing Manufacturing Barriers in 1394, Persons who have not yet objected to the nationalization of lands, right to protest in a five-year term was given to the persons in that commission.At the end of the deadline, question arises, Inwhich authority can people object to nationalization of lands?According to footnote 1 of Article 2 of the law of Conserve and Protect Forest Reserves and footnote 1 of article 9 of Increase Efficiency law and article 45 (1) the law of Removal Barriers Productionand circularize directions, atthe moment, there is no reference to the lawsuit the courts must hear the relevant cases in accordance with Article 159 of the Constitution . This paper examines theses law and the ambiguities andin this regard,it has suggested the solutions.

In the management of joint stock companies based on the majority vote, the rights of the minority are less considered and in some cases, the managers of the company abuse their position. In this regard, it is necessary to provide solutions to support minority shareholders. The solutions for filing a lawsuit against the shareholders are in two general ways, including on the name and on behalf of the joint stock company and the other by the name and on behalf of the shareholder. Identifying several shortcomings in the binding legal regulations related to minority rights in Iranian law, especially in the areas of "financial disclosure and transparency", "voting system" and "derivative litigation" is among the objectives of the present study.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

None to be declared.

Filing a lawsuit against the shareholder in the name and on behalf of the company, which is the derivative lawsuit, is in order to properly manage the company and protect the joint stock company against violations that managers have committed in performing their duties to the company. Article 276 of the bill amended a part of the Commercial Code of 1347, which refers to the possibility of filing a derivative lawsuit, makes it possible to file a derivative lawsuit only against the persons mentioned in Article 276. As a second solution, the shareholder can file a lawsuit against any private or legal person, both from a legal and criminal point of view, unlike a derivative lawsuit, which can only be filed from a legal point of view.

In the laws of France and Iran, by relying on the ethical norms of business, shareholders can file a lawsuit on behalf of the company through a derivative lawsuit. Although it is possible to identify minimum rights for minority shareholders in joint-stock companies from checking some internal regulations, the silence of common laws, the lack of legal binding of some formalities and the lack of dynamics of judicial procedure in this regard have caused minority rights to be less noticed and sometimes be overshadowed by the misbehavior of managers and majority shareholders.

In a free market economy, competitive rules are determined by the market itself. Competition causes the producer to improve the quality of the product, the consumer to provide it with the most suitable conditions. However, there are vertical and horizontal anti-competitive practices that are detrimental to this competition. The main question of the present study is what legal approaches at the level of the United States, the European Union and Iran to civil liability arising from anti-competitive practices? In the United States, there is currently a more legal approach to civil liability arising from vertical agreements. It is horizontally focused, while the European Union has the opposite position. Iran's legal approach can be considered as an intermediate approach according to the jurisprudential rules as well as the prevailing laws such as civil law.

A reasoned opinion is a decision that a judge and an arbitrator identify, analyze and describe all aspects of the action and the legal event. The purpose of the documentary vote is to find a legal framework for the event or legal act. Justification has the same meaning as reasoning, but it is different from reasoning. Description is a legal technique that connects subject matter to judgment. In order to issue a verdict, the judge first examines the origin of the plaintiff's request and, by discovering the truth, describes the act and the legal event, and finally selects its legal form, and based on that, fulfill the sentence and issues the verdict. This research deals with the role, position and effect of reasoned, documented and justified opinion in ensuring judicial justice and the rights of the parties and guaranteeing the non-observance of these factors, which, as the case may be, is related to compensation for the damages, disciplinary violations and criminal offenses. Therefore, first, the concept and nature of reasoning, documentary, justification of the verdict, its examination and difference with the legal description of the case, and its effects are determined.

The most important position of civil responsibility in societies is more tangible and sensitive. On the other hand, the relationship of contracts with public order has also caused some restrictions. The effect of the consent of the lost in civil liability conflict, even though is led to satisfaction. It is effective in some places and ineffective in other ones due to being against public order. Therefore, the accurate cognition of the lost satisfaction before and after occurrence of the loss in terms of effect and lack of influence and understanding other theoretical frameworks seem to be essential. On the other hand, the satisfaction of the lost with the assumption of maturity and accuracy which is not prohibited by law is also accepted by the intellectuals, rational, and the custom and conforms to the basis of the principle of sovereignty, and the will be in the rights and norm of the owner permission.

One of the main duties of the legislature is to enact laws and regulations in compliance with economic interests, as it has done in the case of compensation, and in some laws, by applying an economic view, the method of payment is preferred to other methods of compensation. Is. Basically, the legislator in civil liability has provided methods and principles for compensation, such as according to Article 328 of the Civil Code, in case of loss of property in the first instance and in the absence of a proverb, has ordered to pay a price, and in the case of guardian property It orders compensation by paying a price, but the legislature in Article 3 of the Civil Liability Law allows the court to choose and apply the method of compensation based on the circumstances; Now, the fundamental question is whether in Iranian law, the rules of civil liability may in some cases be amended instead of the acts enumerated in the law, and the legislator, instead of ruling on the same property, may adopt another method, such as To be compensated at the discretion of the court and according to the circumstances? It seems that the legislator has this in mind as a rule and has followed it in certain cases, and this has not been just an example. Therefore, we will try to study this issue as a rule and criterion in Iranian law.

In the past, it was not possible to hold the government accountable, but today there are various responsibilities for the government, one of which is leasing companies, which, despite sanctions, provide the most assistance to the economy. And our industry and need support. Our purpose in this article is to explain the civil liability of the government to leasing companies in special circumstances of sanctions.

This descriptive-analytical article has been prepared by using documentary method and filing tool.

The findings confirm that; There are cases in which the government competes unequally with leasing companies instead of supporting them. Which is directly related to the losses of leasing companies in case of unregulated and unregulated imports. Therefore, the government is obliged to always consider all aspects of the issue when deciding on imports and using expert opinions, To import goods to the country.

 From the beginning to the end of the article, it has been prepared and compiled with adherence to the principles of honesty and trustworthiness.

if the government inflicts damages on leasing companies in the field of improper import of goods, makes a mistake or error in decision making, the issue of government civil liability is raised. On the other hand, sometimes consumer rights conflict And the producer forces the government to choose between the two existing rights, and sometimes governments may prioritize consumer rights over producer rights for the sake of public welfare or other considerations. The spirit of jurisprudential and legal regulations does not allow these losses to remain without compensation

In legal contracts, if any conditions are included, it must be in accordance with good morals and legal principles. This is also reflected in the contracts of leasing companies. These companies, in the first place, with an ethical approach, help consumers to increase their purchasing power by providing capital goods and transferring them on a long-term and installment basis; Therefore, their contracts with customers must follow the principles of ethics and legal standards. The purpose of this study is to understand the ethical and legal principles in the contracts of leasing companies.

To organize this article, the library method using note-taking has been followed.

This article is based on ethical and professional principles such as the principle of truth-seeking and the principle of honesty.

Leasing as a contract is one of the financing strategies in the field of domestic and international trade. on the other hand, leasing companies, as a kind of business partner, include conditions in their contracts that need to be based on ethical and legal principles. Also, the main goal of these companies should be to supply consumer goods.

The leasing contract is a lease agreement with the condition of the result or deed for ownership. Assuming the condition of the result of ownership of the leasing agreement, the tenant becomes the owner automatically at the end of the contract term and payment of the last installment. So, assuming the condition of the act of ownership in the leasing contract, the right of ownership arises for the tenant and as a result the lessor is obliged to transfer. In any case, leasing companies are bound by the ethical and legal principles to protect the rights of consumers.

Considering the importance of property registration in regulating social security and its platform for stabilizing transactions and the obsolescence of Iranian registration laws in comparison with countries such as the United Kingdom that are pioneers in terms of registration system, study and compare the UK registration system can To be effective in providing solutions and improving the performance system and eliminating legal gaps in our country. For this purpose and considering the importance of the research, the purpose of the present study is a comparative study to examine the competence of the Supervisory Board and the High Council of Registration in the system of registration law of Iran with the United Kingdom.

In this research, the library method has been used and reference has been made to laws, regulations, special rules, registration letters and books, articles, registration dissertations in both countries.

The Supervisory Board in Iran consists of two judges and the Director General of the Provincial Registry or his deputy who is the deputy or acting registrar of the region. And has the authority to investigate and comment on registration errors and disputes in the High Registration Council. The organizational structure is similar to the Iranian Property and Deeds Registration Organization in the United Kingdom, the Real Estate Registration Office. The general outline of their registration and custodian affairs in the United Kingdom shows that similar to Iran, the above organization supervises the registration of documents, real estate and intellectual property. Pay. Also, if the supervisory board does not have the authority to investigate the matter, the High Council of Registration, by entering into the nature of the matter, makes its substantive decision.