javad ranjbar

The science of semiotics is the knowledge of examining semantic implications. Charles Sanders Peirce of the structuralist semioticians used the concept of "signification" to explain and develop his theory of semiotics. In Peirce's semiotics, the concepts of "sign", "interpreter" and "subject" are the pillars on which his semiotics is based. In examining the sign, Peirce introduced three concepts of manifestation, interpretation and example, the first is the form of the sign and the equivalent of the signifier in Saussure's semiotics, the second is the perception that creates the sign and is the equivalent of the signified, and the third is the example that the sign signifies. This linguist philosopher believes in three types of signs. First, a sign in which the relationship between the signifier and the signified is contractual and therefore learnable, and he calls it a symbolic sign. The other is a sign in which the relationship between the signifier and the signified is similar and can be called a symbolic sign, and finally, a sign in which the signifier and signified relationship is a cause and effect relationship. Place is one of the fundamental elements of every story and novel, in such a way that the absence of place in narrative works leads to the loss of the originality of those works. The place plays an irreplaceable role in the novel Guantanamo and carries various psychological and socio-political meanings with it, so that the element of place can be divided into different types of mental, elevated, Familiar, unfamiliar, multi-dimensional, signified change and empty division. Also, traces of three types of signs considered by Peirce, which are symbolic, iconic and indexical, can be clearly traced in the novel Guantanamo.

Stylistics is one of the most important literary phenomena that has a special place among linguistic researches. This critical method seeks to examine the differences between different types of texts and recognize the stylistic characteristics of a person or a group or a literary period. In this research, which has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, while explaining the most important elements and stylistic components of Ziyārat Jāmiʿeh Kabīreh, the degree of coherence and convergence of these elements has been analyzed and evaluated at the phonetic and rhetorical levels. The obtained results show that the elements that make up the inner and outer music of the text of Ziyārat Jāmiʿeh Kabīreh have a very high frequency. The comprehensive musical system and structure, including the type of arrangement of letters and words, the system of the spacing of phrases and the harmony between consonants and short and long vowels in such a way that the music is the result of the type and attributes of the letters; and their coherent connection based on the meaning and concept of the case of speaker's opinion is shown. In the phonetic layer, the predominance is with sensory rather than abstract words. Music in Ziyārat Jāmiʿeh Kabīreh is beautifully linked with meaning and plays a special role in influencing the meaning on the audience. The speaker has given a pleasant and beautiful sound and music to Ziyārat by using more of the structure of the sajʿ. Among other results obtained from this research, we can point out the high frequency of similes in the depiction of phrases in Ziyārat text, which is the most frequent and highest depiction element in this Ziyārat.

In this article, a contrast enhancement algorithm using wavelet transform is proposed to create natural enhancement in images with various brightness ranges. In the proposed method, the input image is first decomposed into 4 sub-bands by discrete wavelet transformation. Then, in the LL sub band image, the histogram cutting process is performed by the cutting threshold level equal to the average intensities. Next, the cut histogram based on entropy is divided into three parts with approximately equal number of pixels, and before equalization process, each sub-histogram is mapped to the new dynamic range. Finally, we use the inverse discrete wavelet transform to create an improved image. By controlling the enhancement ratio, the proposed method produces an image with maximum details and natural enhancement in the output image. Comparing the performance of the proposed method with previously presented methods, in terms of entropy as well as visual quality based on the mean opinion score, shows the superiority of the proposed algorithm.

Modern research about how to recognize the characteristics of verses and surahs with similar meanings or the semantic implications of a word in the verses of the Qur'an is one of the recent approaches in the linguistics of the Holy Qur'an which leads to deeply understand the heart and basics of divine teachings in the Qur’an. The word throne in various verses of the Holy Quran has a lot of meanings, whose position and true meaning is explained based on the structure of the sentence in terms of literature, syntax and rhetoric as well as the collocation and substitution rules. The present study, using the descriptive and analytical method and the statistical community of the verses in which the word throne is used, aims to explain the semantic implications of “throne” in the Holy Qur’an based on the collocation and substitution relations. Considering the synonyms of throne such as science, perfect human heart, sphere, power, etc., it seems that divine throne has many meanings, which are sometimes considered from the material world and sometimes from the immaterial world. One of the most important findings of this study is that the best substitution for the meaning of throne is divine knowledge and devisal.

Love for the homeland is in the essence of all human beings and it is an undeniable feeling so that nationalism is one of the permanent topics in poets' poetry. Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi is a poet whose nationalism tendencies and attitudes are prominent in his poetry. In fact, his poetry calls for the awakening and progress of the country. In this way, he takes advantage of issues such as the fight against colonialism and aliens, as well as honoring the status of science, art, and civilization. He sarcastically refers to the progress of the West to the people of his homeland. He pays attention to the issues of the homeland and loves his country and portrays his regret for the backwardness of his homeland in the form of abstract and metaphorical images. He complains that why his compatriots neglect their homeland while he himself sacrifices his life for his country. The present study aims to state al-Zahawi’s attention to the issue of homeland and its progress with a descriptive-analytical and library method. The results show that the poet focuses on the elements of national awakening and progress, including honoring the status of science and knowledge, resistance, anti-colonialism and patriotism.

Automatic tracking systems of flying targets play a key role in the battle field. Nowadays, vision sensors have attracted wide attention due to their outstanding features such as being cheap, passive, and their resistant to jamming in comparison to expensive radar-based tracking system which prone to jamming. In this paper, a system is considered and designed for automatic tracking of flying targets using segmentation and digital image processing. In the first section, images of flying targets are proceed using color image segmentation algorithm through Kmeans and FCM clustering techniques and then desired target is detected. In following, edges of images are detected using Prewitt algorithm and then desired object is identified and tracked. Visual results of developed techniques are similar and have sufficient accuracy but, speed of automatic tracking using edge detection is higher in comparison to color image segmentation and so its performance in battle field and online tracking of flying targets is preferred.

In this paper, in order to provide telecommunication coverage for a wide geographical area, the use of a network consisting of an LEO satellite and a Tethered-Balloon equipped with antenna pointing mechanism is proposed. The proposed telecommunication network is able to send the collected data to a mission center outside the covered region and receive the required telecommands, while providing a telecommunication link between the users in the covered region. To control and point the antenna beams towards desired targets, an Adaptive Dynamic Surface Controller is designed. Determining the required operating modes, designing a mode management algorithm and extracting the appropriate reference trajectories for each operating mode are among the discussed issues in this paper. The Uniform Ultimate Boundary (UUB) stability of the closed-loop system is proved and the performance of the control system is studied by simulation. The proposed communication network and control system are able to provide wide telecommunication coverage in remote areas or emergency situations.

Exploiting the bed and subbed of the seas which are outside the governments’ sovereignty is always discussed since the countries severely need to these resources and the technological progress makes it possible to exploit these areas. Present study aims to respond this question that how resources of bed and subbed of the seas outside governments’ sovereignty are exploit based on law perspective, and how can analyze juridical attitude in this issue. In law perspective, according to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Seas, these areas are the common heritage of humanity and International Seabed Authority is responsible in this field. In Islamic jurisprudence, exploitation of properties which do not belong to a specific person and freely are in access the public is named Anfal. But the bed and subbed of the seas are not included in any of the territories such as Dar al-Harb defined by the jurists, because no government have the right to claim sovereignty over these areas, and Dar al-Kofr is not in charge of these areas either. It is necessary to act based on international treaties and customary in such a situation. It means that Dar al-Islam is committed to act in accordance with existing international treaties and customary. Even if Dar al-Islam has not accepted any treaties regarding the bed and subbed of the seas, it is committed to implement international regulations based on international customary since international customary has known the bed and subbed of the seas outside the governments’ sovereignty as the common heritage of humanity.

In emergency situations, where there is no possibility of using terrestrial-based or space-based telecommunication platforms or when there is a need for providing telecommunication services in remote, rural or hilly areas which are faced with lacking telecommunication infrastructures, typically using tethered balloon-based telecommunication technology is the best choice. Despite all the advantages of using this technology, small and limited coverage area is the biggest drawback of using tethered balloon platforms. In this paper, using a tethered balloon equipped with antenna pointing mechanism is proposed in order to, extend their small coverage area to a large region, in addition to benefit from inherent tethered balloons technology advantages. In this regard, dynamic and kinematic modeling of the proposed antenna pointing mechanism is discussed. In this research, the kinematic model is validated using RoboAnalyzer software and Robotics MATLAB toolbox. Antenna pointing mechanism provides the rotation ability for the antenna in two Azimuth and Elevation directions which increased the coverage area dramatically.

The objective of this paper is to present a balanced bandpass filter whose physical dimensions are reduced using a quarter mode substrate integrated waveguide (QM-SIW) and an eighth mode (EM-SIW) resonators. The step-by-step design process of a balanced filter with the desired specifications is presented and then the balanced filter is realized with six degree Chebyshev response by choosing the right tapping feed points and combining the quarter and eighth mode resonators. In addition to achieving the desired differential filter response, the rejection rate of common mode is above 60dB in the desired frequency band with the FBW of 15% and the central frequency of 3.1GHz. Also, the dimensions of the resonators used in the mentioned design are about one quarter and one eighth of a common rectangular one, which is much smaller than the other developed counterparts. By using three-cell PBG resonators, the bandwidth limitation of the common mode rejection is relaxed such that the common mode rejection is above 35dB outside the pass band and is above 80dB inside the pass band. The proposed design has been fabricated and the results have shown good agreement when compared with the simulation results.

Stylistics is one of the methods of analyzing and interpreting literary texts based on linguistic elements which have a special place among the researches in the field of linguistics. Surah Hijr is one of the Meccan surahs of the Quran, which has valuable points in terms of rhetoric and syntax. The rhetorical and syntactical style of this surah can reveal the beauties and subtleties of the holy Quran to audience that can be considered from its foundation of revelation. The present research has analyzed and explained the rhetorical and syntactical features of surah Hijr with a descriptive analytical method, by using new stylistic criteria has tried to examine layers of beauty of this surah from the perspective of rhetorical and syntactical style such as "presentation and delay", "elimination and contradiction and confrontation" and etc. The result of the research show that in this surah embodiment of styles in a precise and tangible way while the words are concise has helped  conveying the meaning accurately and effectively and emphasis, exaggeration, bowing and honoring, etc. in the Quran has reached its peak of eloquence. In the direction of imaging and drawing the intended message based on the concepts of the verses has been manifested in an artistically and beautiful way. It has also been determined that presentation and delay styles, elimination styles and contradiction and confrontation styles in the service of expressing meaning and shaping the knowledge system intended by almighty God, have more frequency than other linguistic elements.

In the phased arrays the side lobes level (SLL) level is main problem which causes waste of energy or saturation of the receiver in the case of presence of the strong spatial blockers. In this paper, a weighting method was first used to reduce the level of SLL. However, this method increased the beam width and reduced resolution, which is not suitable for track applications. In next step hoping to increase the resolution, the distance between the antennas increased. But in this way, grating lobes appeared in the final beam. In fact, the main idea of the article is to solve this problem. It is shown that for a linear 11-element phased array system with up to 180° scan angle for simultaneously beam-forming and null-steering a resolution of 10 degrees was obtained for the amount of difference between desired beam and null points. The proposed system reduces the grating lobes to below -11.6 dB.

In this paper, a distributed pilot-based power control algorithm is proposed that controls the transmitted power of each user in the uplink direction base on pilot’s measurement in the downlink direction to address the SINR balancing and antennas selection in a multi-user massive MIMO system. In the proposed algorithm, each user chooses a set of antennas of all BSs as their home group antennas and based on their received pilot power, adjust their transmitting power by solving a polynomial equation. The algorithm is performed recursively and after several repetitions, the SINR values of all users converge to the same value in their home group antennas. The simulation results illustrate the improvement in energy efficiency by choosing proper antennas selection and power adjustment.

As a modern method in literary criticism, stylistics is used to investigate linguistic and stylistic characteristics to reveal the beauty of a literary text through the text itself, to identify the most prominent features of its author’s style and, ultimately, to recognize the aesthetic value of that text. Via a descriptive-analytic procedure, the present study aims to provide a stylistic analysis of Qasida Al-Ayniyyah on phonetic and lexical levels. On the level of lexicography, the study investigates the phonetic and lexical implications of the text whereas on the level of denotation, it analyzes the text in syntactic and rhetorical terms. On the level of phonetic analysis, the study deals with the aesthetics of internal and external music as well as the ternary conjugation of verbs and their semantic implications. On the level of syntactic analysis, the study deals with the qualitative and quantitative functions of sentences with linking and action verbs, their rhetorical and denotative functions in transferring meaning to the audience, as well as the stylistic analysis of apostrophe for its abundance in the poetic discourse of Ibn Abi al-Hadid. And finally, on the level of lexical analysis, the study deals with the use of Quranic terminology, Quranic narratives and religious personalities by the poet to strengthen his intended meanings.

Stylistics is one of the technical and structural means of analyzing literary texts, which is highly esteemed among linguistic studies. Today, a major part of studies in linguistics focus on stylistics. This literary phenomenon and analytical method, known as aloslubia in Arabic, seeks to examine the differences between the various types of texts. Undoubtedly, the Holy Qur'an, as a matchless example of exquisite Arabic literary texts, offers an extensive perspective of verbal elegances to the readers. This provision is represented in the various ways employed by Allah to influence the readers of the Qur'an. The present descriptive-analytical research, using new stylistic criteria, aimed to study part of the beauty of this splendid book at two phonetic and syntactic levels. The results show that the elements supplying internal and external musicality of the ayahs are frequent. In addition, the coherent comprehensive rhythmic structure, represented by the types of letters and words using in each ayah, the arrangement of letters and words, rhyme, and the order of ayahs' lengths, as well as the harmony between phonemes, consonants, long and short vowels are in a way that they depict the rhythm resulting from the features of letters and their consistent link on the basis of the meanings of the ayahs.

Oliya Ansari is one of the Iraqi committed authors who owns six novels and two stories. His novels are often about women in the societies and the issues relating to their lives. He writes about Iraq, troubles, pains and sufferings caused by persecutors and oppressors; meanwhile he points out the Islamic values and principles. This article – in analytic – descriptive method – attempts to study and analyze some story elements such as theme, style and etc. in "The eye of the Moses's mother"; the result show that there is cohesion and coherence among the elements of the abovementioned novel.

The present article attempts to study the intertextuality theory beside expressing and interpretation of intertextuality relations between Moses story and its influence on "Tariq min Al Sama" story. The results show that the author has enjoyed the hidden as well as apparent intertextual items and has beautified his work by Quranic stories.

Inertextuality is one of the new approaches to literary criticism according to which there is no independent text and it indicates that texts interact with each other and some feedback from prior or contemporary texts could be found in each text.
In this study an attempt was made to explain and interpret the intertextual relationship between Servat Abaza’s novel “Shai’ min Al-khowf” and religious texts, particularly the holy Quran as well as investigating the influence of ever-flowing fountain of relevation on this prolific writer by using descriptive-analytic method in terms of critical theory of intertextuality. The results show that the writer has used explicit, implicit, direct and indirect intertextuality and has adorned his novel by mentioning Quranic characters, getting inspiration from Quranic verses in form of parallel and partial negation as well as expressing religious and Islamic values.

The night element as one of the manifestations of nature has been used as a symbol for the reflection of social and political problems in contemporary literature. This element as one of the common keywords in the poems of two pioneers of Arabic and Persian literature has given their poetry especial aura. The commonality of applying the night symbol in the poetic images of the two poets shows the semantic weight of this manifestation in expressing the hardships and annoying loneliness of these two in their night stricken era. This interpretation in Nima Youshij s poetry expresses the loneliness of the poet in the throes of social and political problems of his time, whereas, in Nazek Almalekeh poems it is more at the service of personal premonitions.

Ibn Khafaja is one of the poets and men of letters in Spain. He is titled to Sanobari of Spain. He is one of the masters of description. Hence, the analysis of successful techniques he has used in the descriptive art could illuminate the way for others. Al-Taswir al-harfi (graphic description) is a term which denotes the highest and most detailed poems. On this basis, the best descriptive poem is one which is closer to a painting. He has used some elements called conforming elements of description which contain: imagination, feeling, faculty, and dialogue as well as three other elements: to be inborn in description, enchanting nature and convenient life. This article is going to give an analysis of the reasons for Ibn Khafaja’s success in description and portrait making.