korosh mohammadi

Anxiety is one of the most common psychological disorders that cause problems in emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition. One way to improve parents’ psychological characteristics with psychological disorders, including anxiety, is mindful parenting education. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of conscious parenting education on emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition in parents with anxious children.

Present study was semi-experimental with a pretest and post-test design with the control group. The research population was parents with anxious children of Larestan city in the year 2019. Several 40 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups (each group of 20 people). The experimental group trained eight sessions of 90 minutes with the mindful parenting method, and the control group didn’t receive any education. The research instrument was the Spence & et al. preschool anxiety Scale (PAS), Garnefski & Kraaij emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ), and Gladstone & Parker behaviorally inhibited temperament style questionnaire (BITSQ). Data were analyzed with statistical tests and appropriate software.

The findings showed that the experimental and control groups didn’t significantly differ in terms of education, age, and the number of children (P>0.05). Also, the groups in the pretest phase didn’t have a significant difference in terms of positive and negative emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition (P>0.05). Still, in the post-test, a phase has a substantial difference in all three variables (P<0.001). In other words, mindful parenting education led to increased positive emotion regulation and decreased negative emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition in parents with anxious children (P<0.001).

The results indicated the effectiveness of mindful parenting education on improving emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition in parents with anxious children. Therefore, using the aware parenting education method and other educational methods suggested improving psychological characteristics, especially emotion regulation and behavioral inhibition in parents with anxious children.

 

Cold relationships, parental neglect, and defective parenting practices set the grounds for child psychiatric disorders in adulthood that lead to severe child irresponsibility. Phobia is one of the anxiety disorders, and its main feature is the obvious fear of visible and circumscribed objects and situations that damage the person's functions. Obsessions, thoughts, impulses, or mental images are reversible and persistent. They are perceived as disturbing and quickly turn into extreme worries about everyday problems. Numerous factors contribute to the etiology of psychiatric disorders. In this regard, environmental factors, including parental parenting styles, play an essential role in creating these disorders and their different emotions. Therefore, it seems necessary to study mothers' parenting styles who have children with phobia. This study aimed to compare mothers' parenting styles of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobia with mothers of normal children.

This research was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population included all mothers of children with obsessive-compulsive, phobic, and normal children living in Qom City, Iran, in 2013. The study sample included 40 mothers of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 40 mothers of children with phobia, and 40 mothers of the normal children in the control group. The sampling method of the control group was randomized so that twice the final number of samples was selected. After the screening, the samples were selected randomly. The available sample method was used to select the samples with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The inclusion criteria for children included girls and boys aged 8 to 12 years with an average IQ or above. Also, their mothers should have at least a diploma without chronic psychiatric disorders such as psychosis (based on psychiatrist diagnosis) and be able to answer the questionnaire in written form or orally. The exclusion criteria included non-compliance with any inclusion criteria, cancellation or reluctance of mothers to complete the questionnaires, and incomplete completion of research tools. To identify children with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, self-report questionnaires of Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Child Version (OCI-CV) (Foa et al., 2010) and to identify children with phobia, the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) (Connor et al., 2000) were used. Also, the Parenting Style Questionnaire (Baumrind et al., 1971) was used as the research tool. The obtained data were collected, encoded, and entered into SPSS version 16. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and graphical analysis. Also, in the inferential statistics section, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), as well as the Chi-square test and Bonferroni post hoc test, were used to examine the differences between groups in terms of dependent variables. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05 or less.

The findings showed that in the uninvolved parenting style, the obsessive-compulsive group was significantly different from the normal group (p=0.024). That is, in this method, the mean scores of the obsessive-compulsive group (mean=17.73, SD=3.98) were significantly higher than the mean scores of the normal group (mean=14.97, SD=4.25). In the authoritarian parenting style, only the phobia group was significantly different from the normal group (p=0.004). In this method, the mean scores of the phobia group (mean=16.20, SD=5.41) were higher than the mean scores of the normal group (mean=12.36, SD=4.99). There was no significant difference between the groups in the authoritative parenting style regarding all pairwise comparisons (p>0.05).

According to the study findings, the uninvolved parenting style of mothers can cause obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the authoritarian parenting style can cause phobia disorders in children.

Anxiety is among the most prevalent psychological disorders that play an essential role in declining health and the quality of life. The parents of anxious children encounter more issues than the parents of children without psychological disorders. In this regard, one of their problems is the lack of Emotion Regulation (ER). ER indicates implementing appropriate cognitive and behavioral strategies to modify the timing or severity of emotions. Mindful parenting and positive parenting training methods are effective in improving mental conditions in individuals. Mindful parenting training is among the most novel approaches to use mindfulness in the field of mental health. Furthermore, positive parenting training is a behavioral intervention program based on social learning in family interactions. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of mindful parenting and positive parenting training on ER in the parents of anxious children.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The research population included the parents of anxious children of Larestan County, Iran, in 2019. In total, 60 individuals who met the study inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method. Then, they were randomly assigned into three groups, including mindful parenting training, positive parenting training, and control (n=20/group). The research inclusion criteria included having anxious children diagnosed based on the Preschool Child Anxiety Scale (Spencer et al., 2001), having a 5– to 6–year–old child, literacy, living with the child, no history of parenting education, and no history of stressful events, such as divorce and the death of relatives in the past three months. The study exclusion criteria for the parents was discontinuing cooperation with the study and absence from more than one session. The experimental groups received training for 8 sessions of 90 minutes (one session a week) per the methods of Bogels and Restifochr('39')s mindful parenting (2014) and Sanderschr('39') positive parenting (2005), respectively. However, the control group remained on the waiting list for training. The research instrument consisted of the Anxiety Preschoolers Scale (Spence et al., 2001) and ER Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). The obtained data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc test in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The present research findings suggested that the mean±SD age of the mindful parenting training, positive parenting training, and control groups were 28.34±3.15, 29.18±3.02, and 28.70±3.69 years, respectively. Moreover, 60% of the mindful parenting training group members had one child; the same rate in the positive parenting training and control groups equaled 70%. The Wilkes’ Lambda test data demonstrated a significant difference between the research groups at least in terms of one variable of adaptive ER and maladaptive ER approaches (F=38.78, p<0.001). The MANCOVA results indicated a significant difference in the variables of adaptive ER and maladaptive ER between the study groups (p<0.001); based on the effect size, it could be concluded that 77% of the variance of adaptive ER and 71% of the variance of maladaptive ER were due to the training methods. The Bonferroni posthoc test findings revealed that the mindful parenting and positive parenting training groups, in comparison to the control group, presented increased adaptive ER and decreased maladaptive ER strategies (p<0.001); however, there was no significant difference between the provided intervention methods in adaptive ER (p=0.095) and maladaptive ER strategies (p=0.582).

The current study results highlighted the effectiveness of mindful parenting and positive parenting training approaches on ER in the parents of anxious children. Therefore, planning to apply these methods could significantly improve adaptive ER and decrease maladaptive ER strategies in this population.

The purpose of this review is to compare the differential effectiveness of the positive couple therapy and the integrative behavioral couple therapy on marital adjustment. This was a semi-experimental study with pretest, post-test, and follow-up assessments. The statistical population included all couples referring to counseling centers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in 1396. A total of 30 couples (60 individuals) were selected using convenience sampling method considering inclusion criteria; they were then randomly assigned into experimentals (N = 40) and control (N = 20) groups. The research tools were Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The findings showed that both methods of couple therapy had been effective on marital adjustment and also in the follow-up phase. The results showed that in the post-test and follow up stages, there were no significant differences between the effects of these two therapeutic methods in marital adjustment. Therefore, considering the effectiveness of both positive couple therapy and integrated behavioral couple therapy, these two methods can be used to improve marital adjustment of couples. However, due to the lack of research on positive couple therapy and the novelty of this method more research is needed in this topic.

Emotional divorce is one of the phenomena that women experience more because of the cultural context in our country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on the conflict and interpersonal processing of married women with emotional divorce in Tehran.

The research is a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest design with control group, and follow-up (two months). The statistical population consisted of all women referred to two counseling centers in Tehran in 2018. For this purpose, 40 women with emotional divorce were selected using convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a program of dialectic behavioral therapy. To collect the data Marital Conflict – Revised questionnaire, Interpersonal Processing Scale & Emotional Divorce Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and repeated measure analysis of variance.

Results of repeated measure analysis showed that the experimental group compared with the control group in the post-test and follow-up, reduced the conflict (F= 49.67, P<.01) and increased interpersonal processing (F=16.71, p<.01).

According to the results it can be deduced that, the therapeutic dialectical behavior approach reduces the negative emotions that lead to conflict by increasing awareness, and emotional regulation, which increases the effective relationships.

Background and Given the positive outcomes of a stable marriage, the researchers have paid much attention to the parameters and factors affecting the improvement of marital quality. Religiosity and the role of religion and religious beliefs are among the most important factors in this regard. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict marital quality based on spiritual orientation.
This descriptive, correlational study was conducted on 844 married individuals with the mean age of 31.7 years in Mashhad, Iran. The data were collected by means of the Sociodemographic Characteristics Form, Spiritual Orientation Inventory, and Marital Quality Inventory, the validity and reliability of which have been confirmed in Iran. The data analysis was performed using the descriptive and inferential statistics (stepwise regression) in SPSS software, version 22.
According to the results, spiritual orientation and marital quality were correlated (r=0.582). The coefficient of determination indicated that 27% of the variability in the dependent variable (i.e., marital quality) was explained by spiritual orientation. Moreover, the significance of the regression model confirmed the linear relationship between the variables.
Based on the findings, it seems that spiritual orientation and its components are among the main indicators of marital quality and stable marriage and play a decisive role in marital quality.

Considering the communication patterns of couples is one way of looking at the structure of the family through which spouses interact each other. This study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of emotionally coupled therapy and redecision therapy on changing of marital communication skills in married women.
This quezi-expermental study was done on 30 women who were chosen via available sampling through distressed women referred to centers of counselling in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2016. Selected women non-randomly divided in three groups including control, treated with emotionally focused couple therapy intervention and the redecision therapy intervention groups. Women in control group did not receive any intervention. Communication styles questioner was used for pretest and post test.
Emotionally focused couple therapy and redecision therapy significantly improved the communication styles of married women and maintain healthy gains, even up to six months after treatment (P Emotionally focused couple therapy and redecision therapy have the same effect on improvement of communication styles of married women.

Marital satisfaction is one of the deepest and the most basic human pleasures and should be established within the family environment; if not, couples might suffer emotionally. Several factors are involved, including attachment and lifestyle.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between styles of attachment and lifestyle with marital satisfaction.
The population in this study included all of the Bandar Abbas oil refining (BAOR) company employees, for a total of 292 people (146 couples). They were selected by multistage random sampling. The enrich marital satisfaction scale was used to measure marital satisfaction, the Collins and read’s revised adult attachment scale (RAAS) for adult attachment to determine attachment style, and the life style questionnaire (LSQ) for lifestyle. This research was a descriptive-correlative one, and for the data analysis, we used Pearson’s correlation factor and multivariable regression.
The results indicate that attachment style and lifestyle factors can predict marital satisfaction. There was also a meaningful negative relationship between insecure attachment avoidant and insecure attachment anxious-ambivalent styles and marital satisfaction. However, there was no meaningful relationship between secure attachment style and marital satisfaction.
The results showed that the early relationship within the family environment supports a certain attachment style and the effects of the avoidant insecure and ambivalent insecure styles affect the interpersonal relations of the couples in adulthood. The effect of attachment styles on interpersonal relations is far greater than that of lifestyle.

Nitrate is one of the most important groundwater pollutants with such different sources as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or domestic and industrial wastewater. In this research, the optimal operation of groundwater wells in aquifers with nitrate pollution is investigated using simulation and optimization techniques. For the simulation part, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed, and for the optimization model, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used. Considering the high nitrate concentration in Karaj area and its increase in recent years, the northern part of this aquifer is selected as a case study to apply the proposed methodology. A seasonal ANN model is developed with input layers including well discharge in the current and previous seasons, nitrate concentration in the previous season, aquifer thickness, and well coordinates, all selected based on sensitivity analysis. The results of PSO algorithm shows that nitrate concentration can be controlled by increasing or decreasing well discharge in different zones. Therefore, it is possible to reduce nitrate concentration in critical areas by changing the spatial distribution of groundwater extractions in different zones keeping the total discharge constant.