kumarss amini

Colorectal cancer is one of the most serious malignancies affecting humans. In this study, Streptomyces bioactive chemicals extracted from soil were analyzed for their anti-colorectal-cancer and antibacterial properties. A total of 100 soil samples were collected from Kerman-Iran, incubated in SCA media and the antimicrobial properties were tested using the cross-streak method. Three strains were cultured in ISP4 medium to obtain secondary bioactive compounds. After studying the effects of the bioactive compounds on the HT29 and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell lines, the expression of the p53, p21, BAX, BCL2, Casp3 and Casp8 genes was analyzed by real-time PCR and flow cytometry to detect the presence of apoptosis.The isolates show high degree of identification with Streptomyces rochei, Streptomyces fungicidicus and Streptomyces maritimus due to 16SrDNA sequence homology. Compared to HT-29 cells, Streptomyces extracts had lower cytotoxicity against normal cells (SI=5.88), followed by HFF (SI=4.14). The cell lines demonstrated a dose-dependent significant increase in DNA fragmentation, an increase in the proportion of cells in sub-G1 phase and caused G2/M cell cycle arrest in HT-29 and HFF cells.The bacterial extracts obtained displayed strong antibacterial properties and inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 and HFF cell lines. The treated cells exhibited morphological changes caused by the activation of caspase and p53/p21 proteins. This confirms that Streptomyces-induced apoptosis is mediated by the activation of p21/p53. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression was downregulated by treatment with the extracts. Further studies are needed to understand the antimicrobial properties of Streptomyces.

Herein we evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites from the cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. on the expression of vancomycin resistance genes in Staphylococcus Saprophyticus.. This study is motivated by the growing concerns of multi-drug resistant S. saprophyticus strains and the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. of During a two-month period, 120 clinical samples were collected from elderly patients referred to Tehran hospitals. S. saprophyticus isolates were identified using both phenotypic and chemical tests. Subsequently, molecular methods were employed to detect the presence of van genes. The microbroth dilution method used to determine the sensitivity of the bacterial isolates to the methanolic extract of Anabaena sp. . Finally, real-time PCR was employed to measure the expression level of van genes compared to the 16S rRNA gene in S. saprophytic isolates treated with the cyanobacterial secondary metabolite. Among the 83 bacterial isolates obtained from the clinical samples, only eight were identified as S. saprophyticus. One isolate harbored the vanA gene, while two isolates possessed the vanB gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the cyanobacterial secondary metabolite against S. saprophyticus was 750 μg/mL, with a sub-MIC of 325 μg/mL.  Importantly, the expression level of vanA and vanB genes in the strains treated with the cyanobacterial secondary metabolite down-regulated compared to the reference gene (16S rRNA). The findings suggest that the secondary metabolites from Anabaena sp. possess a potent antimicrobial effect and can potentially reduce the expression of antibiotic resistance genes in S. saprophyticus. This paves the way for the development of a new generation of anti-staphylococcal drugs.

Isolation and identification of bacteria with useful properties from local products can play an important role in introducing unique types of probiotics. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and evaluation of the ability of Bifidobacterium bacteria isolated from Tarkhineh traditional food in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the culture medium. Native strains of Bifidobacterium were isolated from a local food called Tarkhineh using general and specific culture media and identified based on phenotypic characteristics, standard biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. Then, samples with probiotic properties such as resistance to acid and bile were examined in terms of sensitivity to common antibiotics. Cholesterol and triglyceride lowering activity of their culture medium was also measured by o-phthaldehyde method. During this study, 210 bacteria were isolated from Tarkhineh food, including 13 strains of like Bifidobacterium bacteria. Among them, 10 strains were resistant to acid and bile condition. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed that most strains were sensitive to common antibiotics and S4 and S1 strains reduced cholesterol in culture medium by 75 ± 0.58 and 71±0.13%, respectively (p<0.01). Among the strains, strains S4, S10 and S1 applied 65%, 63% and 62% reduction of the medium triglyceride, respectively. The data of this study showed that the probiotics isolated from the local food of Tarkhineh had the potential to absorb and reduce cholesterol and triglycerides of the culture medium to a significant extent. It seems that the potential of these strains to improve the lipid pattern can be further investigated.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) can cause serious infections in neonates and pregnant women. GBS may cause urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, molecular epidemiology of such infections is rarely reported. The present study aimed to determine drug resistance patterns and molecular serotyping of GBS isolates in a population of pregnant Iranian women with UTIs.  A cross-sectional study was conducted during the first half of 2021 in the Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University (Tehran, Iran). Sixty GBS strains isolated from the urine and placenta samples of pregnant women with UTIs were evaluated. The women were aged 19-46 years old at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation. The molecular serotype of GBS isolates was determined using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and the disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates for different antibiotics. The association of the GBS serotype with the phenotype of antibiotic resistance was statistically analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0) with a Chi square test and Cramer’s V test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.  GBS capsular serotype II was most prevalent (66.7%) followed by serotypes Ib (21.7%), Ia (3.3%), and III (1.7%). The prevalence of non-typeable isolates was significantly low (6.6%). Of the 60 GBS isolates, 18.3% were resistant to penicillin, 81.6% to ampicillin, 23.3% to clindamycin, and 30% to vancomycin; indicating the need for treatment alternatives.  Region-specific information on antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics of GBS is essential for epidemiological investigations, effective treatment, and vaccine development.

This study aimed to investigate the induction of cytotoxicity in colon (HT-29) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells after treatment with the supernatant of Lactobacillus casei bacteria, as well as changes in the expression of genes involved in apoptosis in vitro. After extracting the bacterial supernatant, the MTT test was performed to check the viability of the examined cancer cells treated with different concentrations of the supernatant, and the expression of genes involved in apoptosis was measured using the Real-Time PCR technique in the treated cells. Concentrations of 3.125 (P<0.01), 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 (P<0.001) μg/mL of bacterial supernatant caused a significant decrease in MCF-7 cancer cell viability. Also, a significant decrease in the survival of HT-29 cancer cells was observed under the treatment with concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. It was also shown that the IC50 concentration of the supernatant for two cancer cell lines, HT-29 and MCF-7, is associated with increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes Caspase 3 (CASP3), Caspase 9 (CASP9), BCL2 associated X regulator (BAX) and decreased expression of BCL2 apoptosis regulator (BCL2), which ultimately induces apoptosis and programmed death cell in both types of cells. Negligible cytotoxicity was observed in normal HFF cells compared to cancer cells. The results of the study showed that the supernatant of Lactobacillus casei has an effective ability and significant potential in dealing with breast and colorectal cancer cells.

Enzymes play a very important role in various industries and in medicine. The BSFA genomic region is also considered one of the most important operons in biotechnology and bioengineering and is used in the preparation of fibrin-breaking drugs (fibrinolytic) or clot-breaking drugs to destroy blood clots in vessels (thrombosis and heart attack treatment) and this enzyme can be used in therapeutic cases. The thermophilic bacillus carries various enzyme genes and the goal is to investigate the genomics and cloning of the fibrinolytic gene (bsfA) from soil thermophilic bacilli in Escherichia coli origami bacteria by Real time PCR and SDS PAGE methods.

Bacillus strains were isolated and identified from a total of 70 soil samples from the areas around Tehran. Then bsfA gene was extracted from bacilli by PCR method. The amplified fragment was inserted into the pTG19 expression vector by TA cloning (Transfer activity) method. In the next step, the recombinant vector was transformed into Escherichia coli origami bacteria and cloning was confirmed using common methods. PCR reaction was performed for the bsfA gene with the mentioned primers.

As a result, all of the 12 Bacillus strains isolated (100%) had the bsfA gene. The results of RNA cloning of suspected colonies extracted cDNA was made and the expression level of bsfA gene was checked by real time PCR test. Determining the molecular identity of the Bacillus genus carrying the bsfA gene was done using primers. Finally, the expression of the bsfA gene in Escherichia coli origami bacteria was confirmed by the sequence of the PCR product.

As a result of this research, they managed to find native bacilli producing bsfA, and finally, successfully transferred the gene of this enzyme from Bacillus bacteria to E.coli bacteria so that this enzyme can be produced in E.coli with more production and economic efficiency. To create bacteria with high expression and recombination ability, it can be a big step in increasing the production of this enzyme in the treatment of patients suffering from thrombosis, which prevents embolism and death.

Background &

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Annually more than half of all new cases occur in Asia, and about 80 percent of all cases are detected in developing countries (1-3). Viral infections are the cause of one-sixth of human cancers, including certain types of human papillomavirus, which play a major role in the development of almost all cervical cancers (4). Recent studies on the prevalence of HPV in Iran have shown that HPV16 along with genotypes 18, 31, and 53 are the most common genotypes in the female population. These studies have confirmed that the presence of high-risk and carcinogenic genotypes as well as multi-type infections are common among patients, which may be associated with an increased risk of cancer progression (5-10).
Since the effects of age and multiple HPV infections on the progression of lesions are more important than other risk factors in invasive cancers (11). The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the human papillomavirus genotypes. The relationship between age and multiple HPV infections as well as the interaction of these two important parameters in the progression of lesion deterioration in women with abnormal cervical cytology result was investigated in order to understand the role of these factors in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and providing effective and preventing actions.

In a period of six months, a total of 110 women with abnormal cytological and histological results of cervical liquid smear samples were collected. Cytopathologic characterization was categorized by the Bethesda 2014, a global system for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic findings including atypical squamous cell of unknown significance (ASCUS), low‑grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high‑grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), squamous cell carci noma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ACA). In the present study, cytology results of ASCUS were considered abnormal. Genomic DNA from cervicovaginal liquid-based ThinPrep samples was extracted using the DNA Extraction Kit. The purity of the extracted DNA was evaluated by a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. The PCR assay for the β-globin gene was carried out as an internal control for each sample. Samples with positive results of β-globin were then amplified in PCR assay with general consensus GP5+/GP6+ primers, subsequently genotyping analysis of different HPV types was performed using INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II Amp assay. The relationship between age and the multiplicity of HPV infections on the progression and deterioration of lesions were analyzed using statistical tests in SPSS 23.

In the present cross-sectional study, all subjects had an infection with at least one human papillomavirus genotype. A total of 27 different genotypes were identified in the sample population, including 18 high-risk and 6 low-risk HPV genotypes.
Among all 110 samples, 74 patients (67.3%) had ASCUS cytology results, 24 patients had LSIL results (21.8%) and 12 Patients had HSIL results (10.9%). 52 out of 110 patients, had one type of HPV infection (47.3%) and 58 patients were co-infected with several different HPV genotypes (52.7%).
The mean age of all subjects was 36.2 years. The minimum age was 22 and the maximum age was 50 years. The mean age of women with ASCUS lesions was 35.9 years, 36.4 years in women with LSIL results, and 37.7 years in women with HSIL results.
A significant relationship observed between aging and the progression of the severity of the lesions. On the other hand, the present study did not show a significant relationship between multi-type HPV infections and increased severity, as well as the cooperative relation of age and multi-type HPV infections with increased severity of lesions.

Iran has a population of 25 million women over the age of 15 who are at risk for cervical cancer. The prevalence of cervical cancer in Iran is 6.64% and this cancer accounts for 34.2% of all cases of female cancer in Iran(12).
Nearly a decade interval between HPV infection and invasive cervical cancer incidence provides a golden opportunity for women to prevent the progression of precancerous lesions with early diagnosis and effective treatments(13). Significant relationship between age and increasing the severity of lesions, proves that lack of general awareness of cancer screening and timely detection among young women will lead to progression of invasive cancer, which could have been easily prevented.
According to the results of the present study, HPV infection has 100% prevalent among women with dysplastic lesions and all 18 high-risk HPV genotypes that could be identified by the relevant test were observed in the sample population. Multi-type HPV infections are common in cervical liquid samples of HPV-positive individuals, especially in women with severe intraepithelial lesions.
Rates of HPV infection and the incidence of cervical cancer in developing countries remain high, therefore, it is necessary to optimize HPV DNA-based diagnostic tests at lower costs so that they can be performed with routine Pap smear tests. With regular screening, HPV diagnostic testing, and considering the age factor and the type of HPV infection in terms of risk factors of carcinogenesis, it is possible to prevent the progression of cervical cancer by providing appropriate health services for all women (14).

Although little research has been conducted on the role of Streptococcus pyogenes superantigens in psoriasis, exploring this area could lead to valuable insights and potential treatment options for individuals with psoriasis. This study aimed to assess the presence of superantigens, including SpeK, SpeL, SpeM, SpeC, and SmeZ, in plaque samples from Iranian medical centers and to examine any changes in their expression after gliotoxin treatment. Skin plaque samples were collected from 400 50-year-old patients using swabs. The presence of superantigens was determined using the multiplex PCR method. Streptococcus pyogenes strains were confirmed using a specific primer SPY1258, and gene expression after gliotoxin treatment was assessed using real-time PCR. According to our data, among 400 samples, 50 were found to contain Streptococcus pyogenes. The analysis further revealed that SpeK and SpeL were present in these samples with 50% and 8% prevalence, respectively. These were mostly found in samples collected from patients with hand lesions.. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the expression of these two genes after gliotoxin treatment. However, there was no evidence of the presence of the other three genes. These findings suggest that microbial toxins, such as gliotoxin, can potentially be utilized to develop antimicrobial drugs for treating psoriasis. Therefore, further research should be conducted to explore the potential of gliotoxin as a treatment option for psoriasis

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. One of the polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease is rs7920721 in the ECHDC3 gene, which has not been studied in the population of Iranian Alzheimer's patients and was evaluated in the present study. In 2021, 100 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 100 healthy controls performed the current case-control analysis. Following blood sampling and DNA extraction, rs7920721 polymorphism was examined using Tetra ARMS PCR. The frequency of AA, AG and GG genotypes in rs7920721 in the control group was 89, 10, and 1%, respectively; in people with Alzheimer's disease, they were 73, 23, and 4%, respectively (P = 0.014). The frequency of A and G alleles in the control group was 94% and 6%, respectively, and in people with Alzheimer's disease, they were 84.5% and 15.5%, respectively (P = 0.046). The value (OR = 2.874) (CI 95% = 1.43-5.77) indicated an increased probability of disease in the presence of polymorphism. Both the case and control populations were also in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results of the present study showed that the presence of the G allele in rs7920721 of the ECHDC3 gene could be associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Iranian population. As a result, this polymorphism can be introduced as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.

The ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae as an opportunistic bacterium in hospital infections, by producing biofilm on food utensils and hospital surfaces, has adverse effects on the treatment and survival of hospitalized patients. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm formation.

TiO2 nanoparticles were produced using sol-gel method. 62 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from three hospitals in Tehran. Antimicrobial activity of TiO2 nanoparticles against biofilm-producing and antibiotic-resistant strains was determined by disk diffusion method. Definitive identification of the isolates was done through common biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing, and the expression of treC, mrkD, sugE, luxS and 16SrRNA genes was investigated by real time PCR.

The data showed that the ability to form biofilm among isolates obtained from sputum was higher than other isolates. TiO2 nanoparticles with a concentration of 256 μg/ml inhibited biofilm production in fourteen isolated strains. Comparison of LuxS gene expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae untreated and treated with TiO2 showed that the level of gene expression decreased by 3.85 times (p = 0.002).

This study showed that the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles are effective against the formation of biofilm in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains resistant to several drugs and can be reliable and useful as inorganic antimicrobial agents.

Today, the widespread use of petroleum products has led to environmental pollution and has created serious problems for the health of the environment. Streptomyces make up 50% of the total population of soil actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive, and essentially aerobic. These bacteria are abundant in natural aquatic and terrestrial environments, are not nutritionally hardy, require only a source of carbon and nitrogen along with mineral salts, and they are able to remain in the soil as spores for a long time. The aim of the study was to clone the Streptomyces  catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase gene (C2,3) gene present in the soil in Escherichia coli bacteria in order to remove oil pollutants.

In this study, 58 samples were collected from a depth of 5 to 10 cm in different areas of the suburb of Tehran and oil contaminated areas such as the oil depot and its surroundings. After culturing, diluting and selecting suspicious Streptomyces colonies for identification, after confirmation of Streptomyces bacteria based on colony appearance, microscopic characteristics, and biochemical tests for final confirmation of molecular identification, their 16srRNA sequence was amplified and replicated, was examined. In the next step, after DNA extraction of the samples, PCR was used to amplify the C2,3 gene. The C2,3 gene was then cloned into Escherichia coli Origami by PTG19-T vector. Finally, the amount of gene expression was determined by Real Time PCR and after sequencing the phylogenetic tree was drawn.

The enzyme catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase can be extracted from limited sources such as Streptomyces, so the need for gene amplification of this enzyme is important from the bacterial sources that produce it. Therefore, in this study, this enzyme was isolated from Streptomyces. As a result of this study, we were able to find native Streptomyces that produce the enzyme catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase, and finally, the gene of this enzyme was successfully introduced into Escherichia coli Origami.

In this study, in order to create of a recombinant host with high expression capacity, it can be considered a big step towards increasing the production of this enzyme in the industry. Further investigation to find new strains producing catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase can lead to a new method of removing oil contaminants.

Antibiotic resistance is among the most concerning issues worldwide. Currently, the use of natural alternatives with improved therapeutic effects and fewer complications than common therapies is considered a novel therapeutic approach to care urinary tract infections (UTI). In this research, we evaluated the prospective activity of Oliveria decumbens vent essential oil (ODEO) in the treatment of Escherichia coli-induced cystitis. The antibacterial properties of ODEO were investigated using standard microdilution assays against E. coli. To induce cystitis, 1.5 ×108  CFU/ml of E. coli (ATCC 700928) was injected into the bladder of Wistar rats, and then they were prescribed ODEO and gentamicin. The histopathological parameters of the bladders were tested at the end of the study. The MIC and MBC of the ODEO against E.coli were 0.54 μl/ml and 1.024 μl/ml respectively. In the infected group with no treatment, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the thickness of bladder tissue were increased notably, however in the groups treated with ODEO, especially at higher doses, the parameters were significantly decreased (p<0.01). The ODEO efficacy was comparable to gentamicin in the reduction of the bacterial count. In addition, after administration of the ODEO, inflammation, fibrosis, and thickness of epithelium also decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). In conclusion, treatment with ODEO which added as drinking supplement or injected subcutaneously resulted to the renal clearance of pathogens in study rats.

 Doxorubicin is preferred to cure many malignancies. Its nephrotoxicity is a dangerous nature that is to operate with a warning. Antioxidants accompanied by anticancer could moderate the various side effects.

 Cichorium intybus (C. intybus) has nephron-protective effects. Melatonin stands as an antioxidant equivalent to others. The repairing effects of C. intybus-melatonin against the toxicity effects of doxorubicin on the kidneys were studied.

 Thirty 20 g to 25 g, balb/c mice were divided into 5 identical groups (n: 6). The research was grouped as control saline; DOX with the injection of doxorubicin; Chicory with the administration of the C. intybus complete extract following DOX; melatonin with the administration of the melatonin following DOX; both: with the administration of the chicory and melatonin following DOX. The histopathological study was set to determine degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis.

 The mean of each histological phenomenon in the control group was significantly lower than in the DOX group. In the histopathology, we saw that all the treating groups, including C. intybus extract-received, melatonin-received, both of them received improved better than the doxorubicin-received group. The best improving mean was seen in the latter group. The DOX-induced nephrotoxicity could be improved by using the C. intybus extract and melatonin synchronously as therapeutic care.

 Synchronous administration of the chicory and melatonin has a healing potency against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Enterococcus faecium is a normal flora of gut microbiota. This opportunistic pathogen has attracted much attention due to its multidrug resistance and ability to survive in hostile environments. Various molecular typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis or ribotyping have been developed for clinical and epidemiological investigation of these bacteria. However, these methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The present study was conducted to evaluate the discriminatory power of two common fingerprinting methods i.e. BOX-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR for E. faecium clinical isolates.

Fifty multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolates were isolated from 74 clinical specimens. The isolates were identified by specific 16S rRNA PCR. All isolates were fingerprinted using BOX-PCR and ERIC PCR. The discriminatory power and reproducibility of these two methods were also assessed.

According to the dendrogram with >60% similarity, 17 different genotypes were observed using ERIC PCR. In addition, BOX-PCR produced 22 distinct patterns at a genetic distance percentage of 60%, with sizes ranging from 278 bp to 1450 bp. The discrimination index of BOX-PCR was higher than that of ERIC-PCR.

We concluded that a combination of ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR may be a quicker and more reliable alternative for the discrimination of E. faecium clinical isolates.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the eleventh leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of NHL. Up to winter 2021-2022, the death toll caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exceeded 5.6 million worldwide. Possible molecular mechanisms involved in the systemic inflammation, and cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients are still not fully understood. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) plays a role in the post-transcriptional gene regulation of hematopoiesis, oncogenesis, and inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of miR-155 in patients with DLBCL and/or COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2020 in Tehran (Iran) to evaluate the expression of miR-155 in adult patients diagnosed with DLBCL and/or COVID-19. The real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was used to evaluate the expression of miR-155 in the sera of 92 adults who were either healthy or suffering from DLBCL and/or COVID-19. Relative quantification of gene expression was calculated in terms of cycle threshold (Ct) value. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.  The expression of miR-155 was not associated with the sex or age of the participants. In comparison with healthy individuals (-ΔCt: -1.92±0.25), the expression of miR-155 increased in patients with COVID-19 (1.95±0.14), DLBCL (2.25±0.16), or both (4.33±0.65). The expression of miR-155 increased in patients with DLBCL and/or COVID-19.

The present study was conducted to investigate the detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species via molecular techniques and evaluate the serum concentrations of inflammatory factors in Cryptosporidium species. The fecal samples (n = 256) were collected from pre-weaned (≤ 2.00 months) calves and the positive samples were identified utilizing Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Nested species-specific multiplex PCR (nssm-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to identify the species and sub-species. The serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were also assessed. The results revealed that 10.54% of samples were positive. The results of Nested-PCR showed that 92.59% of the samples were positive for C. parvum while 7.41% were positive for C. andersoni. The results of RFLP confirmed 92.59% of the samples for C. parvum, 3.70% for C. muris / C. andersoni, and 3.70% for C. muris. The serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in the infected calves compared to those in healthy calves. However, the serum concentration of IFN-γ was significantly higher in the calves infected with C. parvum while the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in those infected with C. andersoni. In conclusion, C. parvum was prevalent in the region and the calves demonstrated inflammatory responses to Cryptosporidium species.

Enterococcus faecalis species are significant issue in severe nosocomial infections. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of ionic liquids based on amino acids on pathogenic genes of this bacterium using Real time PCR.

In this study, 100 samples of oral infections were taken from patients and Enterococcus faecalis strains were identified using biochemical tests. The presence and frequency of cyl, hyl and esp genes and their expression under the influence of ionic fluid were evaluated using real time-PCR.

From the total samples taken, twelve Enterococcus faecalis bacteria were isolated and identified. The highest frequency of pathogenic genes was related to cyl gene which was present in 11 strains and the expression of target genes in the treated group under the influence of ionic fluid decreased compared to the control group (p <0.05). With decreasing ion-based amino acid concentration, the ability of bacteria to form biofilms increased (p <0.05).

Widespread antibiotic resistance is the most important concern about Enterococcus and cytolysin is a gelatinase enzyme and one of the most important invasive agents of Enterococcus faecalis. The results of this study provide a basis for promoting the use of new antibacterial agents, including ionic fluid, to prevent further pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecalis.

Bioavailability is a good alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods for removing toxic metals from groundwater and wastewater. Selenium is a non-metallic substance. Although large amounts of selenium are toxic, proper consumption is essential for specific cellular functions. In the seasons when there is a maximum spawning rate, due to the excretion of high levels of selenium through the eggs from the body, the balance of selenium in the body is disturbed and its amount is reduced to a minimum and the body becomes susceptible to virus attack. Laying birds are more common (1, 2).Reproduction of viruses, especially avian influenza, also requires selenium, which is higher due to the high proliferation of viruses, but the selenium required for a virus is very low, and if there is enough selenium in animals, the virus enters the body. In other words, the virus poisons itself with selenium, and this is a schematic example of the fight against toxins, as well as a way to fight and defend the type of prevention, not when the disease occurs. falls down. Numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae and higher fungi that are grown on a large scale can be used as a rich source of protein for humans and animals. Yeasts are among the organisms that are widely used to produce protozoan proteins, and the most important of them are Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Didium, etc. (5).

  In this research, phenotypic and genotypic study was carried out on the use of isolated yeast from industrial effluents with the aim of eliminating Selenium biological and the production of biomass as a feed for livestock and poultry. In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation by using the replication of the ITs region and their evolutional correlation with S1 strains (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a) selenium removal was performed. Sequencing: To confirm the sequences obtained by PCR, the sequencing reaction was performed according to Sanger method by Gene Fanavaran Company. In this sequencing, the Cycle Sequencing Kit Big Dye Terminatorv3.1 from Applied Biosystems and the ABI Sequence Analyzer 3130xl from the same company were used. The sequence of each DNA strand was analyzed using the corresponding chromatogram and Chromas (Technelysium) software. The questionable bases were examined by careful examination of the chromatogram and comparison with the chromatogram of the reverse string sequence.
Chromas (Technelysium) software was used to analyze and compare all genetic changes.

  The ability of these isolates to tolerate selenium was performed using PYT agar medium containing different concentrations of 4-15 mM of Se2 +. Selenium-capable strains of reddish colonies contained Selenite in PYD Agar medium. These strains were selected as superior strains.Enrichment and Determination of Selenium Resistance Pattern in Yeast Strains: After optimizing the reaction conditions of bilenium selenite removal reaction by single factor method and finding appropriate values of reaction parameters, the effect of heating time on removal efficiency was investigated. Based on the results obtained after 72 hours of heating, the resting yeast cells were able to remove more than 93% of the selenium in the conversion medium, indicating the potential potential of the microbial catalyst to remove toxic selenium from the reaction medium.

The MFC test was conducted to select the best yeast strain for performing desulphurisation tests. The resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ions (tolerance greater than 22 g / l) was related to strain S1. The microbial protein produced in this study is widely used and can be used as an additive and probiotic in the diet of livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals.In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation, selenium removal was performed by replicating the ITs region and investigating their evolutionary relationship with strains S1 (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a). For this purpose, selenium-capable strains of red colonies in PYD agar medium contained selenite. These strains were selected as the top strains. Then, in order to select the best efficient yeast strain for selenite removal experiments, MFC test was performed. Resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ion (tolerance above 22 g / l) was related to S1 strain. These results are consistent with the study of Ashnagarov et al. Protozoan protein can be produced from various sources. Researchers have conducted various studies on the production of protozoan proteins from substrates such as agricultural wastes (molasses, rice, citrus), chemical by-products (methane and petroleum derivatives), and fishery wastes (such as shrimp skin). Each of the studies used different microbes or microbes and the conditions for preparing the growth medium of the microorganisms used were different. The results of studies by Scholes et al. Showed that the amount of crude protein in SCP produced from yeasts was between 39-68%, while this amount in bacterial SCP was about 82%. The amount of essential amino acids of yeast protein was between 6.4-6.4% per gram of protein. However, the amount of total fat in protein with different microbial origins has been variable. The results of the present study also confirm the above results.The results of a study by Samuel et al. In 1992 showed that when using microbes, the average crude protein in fish and crab waste was 60.4% and 44.1%, respectively. Ferrer et al. Used shrimp shells to produce microbial protein and used marine yeast to achieve this goal. The results showed that the specific growth rate and crop production coefficient were 0.398 per hour and 447% kg dry cell weight, respectively. Recently, due to the lack of protein, efforts have been made to discover alternative sources of common food and feed. SCP is cheap for everyone and safe to eat. Genetically modified, high-yielding non-toxic microbes can also be used to increase SCP production. During a study, scientists coated medical lenses with selenium to prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying on the lenses (11).

Doxorubicin is a favorite drug for feasting many malignancies. All organs' hepatic toxic effects are destructive and lead to use with caution. Then, it is necessary to increase antioxidants accompanied with doxorubicin to reduce its toxicity. Vitamin E is an antioxidant with harmful consequences. Omega-3 is an antioxidant similarly. The healing capacity of Vitamin E- Omega-3 was investigated together against doxorubicin.

Thirty balb/c mice have divided a weight of 25 g into five equal groups of six mice each. The groups were classified as Control: normal saline; DOX: Doxorubicin; Vitamin E: Vitamin E + DOX; Omega-3; Omega-3 + DOX; Both Vitamin E- Omega-3 + DOX. The histopathology was set to describe vacuolar degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to estimate the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), demonstrating the inflammation.

DOX-induced hepatic injury and increased TNF-α expression were seen more than alone when co-administered with vitamin E and omega-3. A significant decrease was shown in the ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels compared to the control. The Glutathione peroxidase and Catalase enzyme activities were higher in the co-administered Vitamin E- Omega-3 group than that received Vit E or Omega-3.

Co-administration of Vitamin E and Omega-3 have a more repair capacity with controlling effects on Doxorubicin-induced liver toxicity.

Streptococci are Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria that are isolated from different sources. These bacteria are capable of producing superantigens, toxins, and biologically-active substances and are therefore very important in the field of infectious disease. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A (speA) is produced by various bacteria, including Streptococcus dysgalactiae. This study aimed at the isolation, cloning, and production of speA from streptococci from the skin of psoriasis patients.

In this descriptive-laboratory study, samples were taken from 60 psoriasis patients. S. dysgalactiae isolated were identified by different tests. The speA gene was cloned by the TA cloning method using PTG-19 vector into the Escherichia coli X11 blue as host. Expression of the cloned gene in recombinant colonies was evaluated by SDS-PAGE.

Screening of white recombinant colonies confirmed the presence of speA genes. Expression of the speA gene in E. coli X11 blue was confirmed by SDS-PAGE.

Streptococcus superantigens can be considered as a rich source of vaccine production for different infections caused by these bacteria. By utilizing different cloning hosts and investigating optimal production conditions, S. dysgalactiae could be a candidate for future studies on vaccine production.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Plantago ovata plant extract on the expression of beta-lactamase-producing genes in multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae isolates. This study was conducted on 50 samples of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of respiratory hospitals. K. pneumoniae isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests, culturing, and Gram staining. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates was determined using the micro broth dilution method. Then, P. ovata extract was prepared and its effects on the expression of MDR K. pneumoniae genes were evaluated. Totally, 50 samples were collected from 50 patients (25 males and 25 females, 58 ± 2.2 years of age) with COVID-19 infection. Thirty K. pneumoniae strains, 4 K. oxytoca strains, 2 K. mobilis strains, and 2 strains of K. rhinoscleromatis were isolated here. Gentamicin and chloramphenicol did not affect the strains and piperacillin/tazobactam was the most effective antibiotic. CTX-M15, OXA-48, and OXA-181 genes were detected in 29 (96.6%), one (1.66%), and one (1.66%) K. pneumoniae strains, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of P. Ovata was 3.125 μg/ml for the isolated bacteria, and the extract significantly downregulated OXA-48 and OXA-181 genes (p<0.005, CI=95%). P. ovata extract showed antibacterial effects on MDR species of clinically isolated K. pneomoniae. Downregulation of beta-lactamase enzyme-producing genes can be considered as the possible mechanism action of antibacterial effects of the plant.

Monitoring of contagious diseases is important to advance our knowledge of their epidemiology and to enable more impressive investigation and prevention efforts. This study aimed to examine antifungal drug susceptibility and molecular analysis of clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in humans and cattle.

A total of 400 patients and 500 cattle were evaluated in this study. Dermatophytosis was confirmed in cases by direct microscopy and culture methods. Antifungal drug susceptibility profiles, MIC50, and MIC90 of isolates were determined using the broth microdilution method. Multiplex-PCR, RAPD PCR, and sequencing methods were used for the genetic analysis of virulence genes and the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, respectively.

A total of 175 patients and 120 cattle were diagnosed with dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes showed a remarkable rate (30%) of terbinafine resistance. T. mentagrophytes showed lower susceptibility than T. rubrum (MIC50=16 μg/mL). Strains harboring Mep1, Mep2, and Mep4 genes had the highest frequency among all genotypes. A RAPD-PCR dendrogram divided T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum strains into three and six groups, respectively.

A notable rate of resistance to terbinafine in isolated dermatophytes was reported in this study. Examination of RAPD-PCR results showed that T. rubrum strains had higher genetic diversity than T. mentagrophytes. Genetic monitoring of dermatophytes must be considered an important factor in providing fungal infection prevention and treatment approaches.

Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRs) take part in post-transcriptional gene regulation. MiR-155 regulates hematopoiesis, oncogenesis, and immunologic and inflammatory processes. We investigated the expression levels of miR-155 in sera of patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and rheumatoid arthritis.

In this cross-sectional observation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate expression of miR-155 in sera of 92 Iranian adults who were healthy or had Burkitt’s lymphoma, DLBCL, or rheumatoid arthritis. The relative quantification of gene expression was calculated in terms of cycle threshold values (Ct). We conducted Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations, Fisher's exact test, and one-way analysis of variance and Games-Howell post-hoc test, with the level of significance of 0.05.

The expression of miR-155 was independent of sex and age in each study group. In comparison with healthy subjects(-ΔCt: -2.29 ±SD: 1.92), miR-155 expression increased in DLBCL (2.49±1.01), and rheumatoid arthritis (2.30±1.34) patients, but did not change in adults with Burkitt’s lymphoma (-1.29±2.11).

MiR-155 was significantly elevated in the sera of patients with DLBCL, and rheumatoid arthritis. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess the diagnostic, and therapeutic applications of miR-155 in these patients.
Practical Implications. The expression of miR-155 increases in sera of patients suffering from DLBCL, and rheumatoid arthritis. The expression of miR-155 was independent of sex and age of patients in this study.

Doxorubicin is anticancer that is a choice for the treatment of many malignancies. The nature of its toxic effects on the liver and other organs is the harmful character that leads to use with caution. Then, it is necessary to supplement an antioxidant with doxorubicin to reduce its side effects.

Cichorium intybus (C. intybus) is a plant with hepatoprotective effects. Melatonin is an antioxidant similar to vitamins. We investigated the repairing effects of C. intybus -melatonin together against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Thirty balb/c mice in the weight range of 20 g to 25 g were divided into 5 equal groups of 6 animals each. The groups were as Control: normal saline; DOX: doxorubicin; Chicory: chicory whole plant extract + DOX; Melatonin; melatonin + DOX; Both Chicory-Melatonin + DOX. We assessed histopathology to define necrosis, vacuolar degeneration, and inflammation. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the TNFα proving the rate of inflammation.

The mean sum of histological grading in the control group was 0.00 in contrast to severe damage of the hepatic parenchyma grading 11.34 in sum. The mean sum grade of the other groups including Chicory, Melatonin, and Both ChicoryMelatonin were 8.17, 4.18, and 2.49, respectively. We found that the increased liver damage and TNF-α expression induced by DOX could be improved by applying therapeutic care with the coadministration of the C. intybus extract and Melatonin.

Chicory and Melatonin have a healing ability against doxorubicin-induced hepatic lesions.

Salmonella Typhimurium belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative bacilli and causes gastrointestinal diseases such as typhoid. This bacterium has a special structure and various genes, including the ompf gene (outer membrane protein). Recent studies have shown the possibility of using ompf in the development of a diagnostic tuberculosis vaccine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clone and sequence the ompf gene of Salmonella typhimurium, the causative agent of typhoid in Escherichia coli Oragami, in order to obtain a vaccine.
Purines are the outer membrane proteins of gram-negative bacteria, which act as receptors for bacteriophages and are effective in a variety of functions such as solution transport, pathogenicity, and immunity. Salmonella typhi purines show heterologous epitopes on their loops, giving them the potential for diagnosis and vaccination. The outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhi allow ions to pass through. Omp (outer membrane protein) is a member of the purine family, which is highly expressed in gram-negative bacteria.OmpC, D Omp, and F Omp purines of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi are ternary proteins that create pores on both outer membrane surfaces. The presence of protein pores makes this membrane permeable to low molecular weight solutes. Large molecules of antibiotics slowly perforate the membrane, which is one of the reasons that gram-negative bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics.

Sampling of people with salmonellosis was performed during 4 months from the infectious ward of medical centers in Tehran province. After identifying and performing specific biochemical tests, Salmonella typhi was isolated and DNA was extracted. Salmonella typhi strains with ompf gene were then extracted by PCR. The ompf gene of the positive strains was transfected into the Escherichia coli bacterium by vector and cloned by TA technique. Finally, the expression of genes in Escherichia coli Oregami was measured by Real time PCR technique. ClustalX and Mega5 software were used to draw the phylogenetic tree. After visiting the following site and studying and searching in various articles, suitable primers for Ompf gene were selected. The primers were compared and blasted at the site (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and ordered from Sinagen. The primers were diluted with distilled water to a concentration of 100 picomoles and then to a suitable concentration of 10 picomoles. According to studies, 3 suitable pairs of primers were selected and ordered from Bioneer.
In order to clone the PCR product faster and more efficiently, the TA-Cloning method is used. The TA-Cloning PCR kit was prepared by Sina Gene Company. As stated in the kit protocol, this method uses a linear vector called PTG19-T with the thymine base at the end ´3. The use of PTG19-T linear vector, which has a thymine base at the end of 3, leads to direct, fast and easy binding of the PCR product to the cloning vector. As a result, a cyclic molecule containing the gene we want is formed, which has the ability to reproduce spontaneously in a suitable host such as E. coli. In this method, no enzymatic digestion step is required and this step has been eliminated

A total of 12 Salmonella typhi isolates were isolated from the screening of clinical specimens sent to the laboratory, which were identified based on morphological characteristics, microscopy and biochemical tests. Of these, only one wasolate had the ompf gene. After cloning, ompf genes, cloned selection colony strains (blue / white) were isolated. In order to confirm the results of DNA cloning, it was extracted from suspicious colonies and analyzed by Real time PCR. Sequence, m13 and proliferation curves confirmed gene expression in Escherichia coli origami.
In order to determine the molecular identity of Salmonella typhi, 16s general primers were used (PCR result in Figure 7) and finally the PCR product was sent to Bioneer for sequencing and BLAST.

In this study, by genomic evaluation of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients with tuberculosis, ompf gene with immunization potential was extracted from this bacterium in order to make a vaccine and cloning was successful. Finally, by examining the phylogenetic tree drawn in this study, the degree of similarity and kinship of Salmonella typhi with other species was shown.Typhoid is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi and is considered an important protein in immunological research due to the ability of the Ompf gene. This gene has the potential to stimulate immune responses by isolating and cloning the ompf gene separately. Salmonella typhimurium in Escherichia coli can be used to meet treatment needs and achieve an effective vaccine. Out of 12 Salmonella typhi isolates, only one strain carried the ompf gene. The gene was transferred to the host bacterium via the ptg19 plasmid and cloning was successful. This recombinant protein has the potential to be used in immunization and vaccine development. The phylogenetic tree drawn in this study showed the similarity and kinship of Salmonella typhi with other species.In addition, S. typhi induces the expression of excitatory molecules on antigen-containing cells through conventional signaling pathways. However, the main potential of S. Typhi for use as vaccine compounds is unknown. Here, the characteristics of S. typhi against a range of related laboratory and clinically antigens were investigated. Co-immunization of S. Typhi with ovalbumin protein (OVA), in addition, immunization of S. Typhi protein, generates anti-influenza IgG elements, changes antibody class and matures. In general, OmpF proteins are versatile vaccine compounds, which can be used to enhance cellular immune responses and improve antibody responses.