leila valizadeh

Considering the importance of a community health nursing master's program in providing effective health services and promoting community health, it is necessary to compare educational programs to examine and identify the strengths and weaknesses of educational programs in nursing. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the educational program of the master's degree program in community health nursing at the nursing school of Iran and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).

This comparative descriptive study was conducted at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2023. The educational program for the master's degree in community health nursing approved by the Iranian Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education and UCSF University were extracted from the relevant sites and described, interpreted, compared, and analyzed using the Bereday four-stage model.

The community health nursing degree at UCSF was offered in two sub-fields (health policy and advanced community health nursing). The strategies, educational techniques, and students' roles were similar in Iran and UCSF. The definition of the major, the way of admission, philosophy, vision, mission, objectives, and titles of the courses were different.

The master's degree in community health nursing has been presented more fully and follows society's needs according to the university's mission and goal in the U.S.A. One of the most important strengths of the program at USCF was the training of leaders through the roles of the graduates to make policies and lead programs to promote and maintain health, equality, justice, and part-time educational conditions. Therefore, we should strengthen the strengths and correct the weaknesses based on the experiences of developed countries and the context of our country's society.

Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the academic program and dealing with comparative studies can provide practical suggestions to the compilers of the educational programs so that they can develop or modify the educational program with a broader perspective. This study has been done with the purpose of descriptive and comparative comparison of the undergraduate nursing curriculum in Iran and the University of Copenhagen, Denmark and to provide suggestions for completing and improving the quality of the program.

In this descriptive-adaptive study, two educational programs were described, interpreted, juxtaposed, compared, and analyzed using Bereday's four-stage model.

Nursing education in Iran has a long history. The nursing bachelor's program in Copenhagen, Denmark, is shorter than in Iran. The overall structure of the educational program of both courses is theoretical and clinical. In the educational program of Copenhagen, Denmark, to create a positive learning environment to acquire the cultural competence necessary to work in this profession, interprofessional interaction, internationalization, the ability to make independent clinical decisions in different situations, teamwork, and the development of nursing profession with a focus on technological developments has received more attention. Due to health tourism programs and the diversity of different ethnicities in Iran, less attention has been paid to preparing graduates to provide healthcare services for a multicultural society in order to provide appropriate community services.

Knowledge of the strengths and educational experiences of Copenhagen University in Denmark can be helpful in improving the quality of nursing education in Iran. As a result, in this regard, it is suggested to pay attention to cultural competence, interprofessional interaction, group work, and educational development in line with technological developments, while reviewing the curriculum in terms of content.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of simultaneous cognitive and motor tasks on walking performance between individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) and healthy controls.  

A total of 20 patients with NSCLBP and 20 healthy controls participated in this study. They walked at their self-selected speed on a treadmill under 3 walking conditions in a randomized order: walking only, walking while performing a concurrent cognitive task, and walking while performing a concurrent motor task. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance with additional post hoc comparison (Bonferroni test) was used to evaluate the effects of group and walking conditions on gait parameters.   

The result showed a significant main effect of the group for swing time (P = 0.012) and double support time (P = 0.021) in those with NSCLBP compared with healthy controls. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the group and condition for cadence (P = 0.004) and step width variability (P = 0.016). Regarding stride length variability and stride time variability, the analysis indicated a significant effect of condition (P = 0.002 and P = 0.030, respectively). In both groups, no significant differences were observed in gait parameters between motor dual task and single walking (P > 0.05).  

Our findings indicated that those with NSCLBP adapted successfully to walking performance to maintain the performance of the concurrent cognitive task under the cognitive dual-task walking condition. Moreover, the present study observed no dual-task interference under the motor dual-task condition.

Most physiotherapy treatments require direct contact with patients, which could predispose physical therapists to the transmission of infection. The present study aimed to investigate the depression, anxiety, and stress of physical therapists during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

A cross-sectional, web-based survey was applied during the pandemic. The survey was completed by 135 physical therapists working in Iran. The depression-anxiety and stress scale 21 (DASS-21) was used to evaluate their depression, anxiety, and stress statuses. A multiple regression analysis was used to identify the demographic characteristics factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress.

The results showed that 43.7%, 43.8%, and 54.8% of physical therapists had severe and very severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. In addition, female physical therapists had higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The level of anxiety was higher in physical therapists working in hospitals and those with more work experience.

Our findings indicated that COVID-19 resulted in high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in Iranian physical therapists. Therefore, the mental health of physical therapists should be regularly monitored, and the proper support and training in coping strategies should be provided for them.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing researchers have conducted various studies on different dimensions of this disease. Therefore, recognizing and evaluating research and scientific activities is very necessary for research planning and policy making. The present study was conducted to investigate the topics of approved nursing research projects on the subject of coronavirus in Iran.

This study is a scoping review based on the five steps proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), including identifying and determining research questions, identifying relevant studies, selecting studies, tabulating data, summarizing, and reporting. The results were conducted between 2019 and 2021.

The results showed that the largest number of approved research projects were related to the patients with Corona and their families, as well as nurses and health care providers. In this field, the studies were mostly focused on psychological issues such as anxiety, death, stress, and depression. In the field of patient and family, it is necessary to investigate the development of nursing care models and theories as well as the relevance of nursing theories and their effect on nursing care of patients with covid-19 so that, we could be able to improve the quality of care by applying nursing theories in the nursing process of caring for patients with Covid-19. In the field of nurses and care providers, it is necessary to conduct more studies on nurses' willingness to provide care for patients with infectious diseases, and examine nurses’ competence in caring for patients with infectious diseases, including Covid-19. Fewer studies have been conducted in the field of nursing students and faculty members, as well as healthcare service provider systems. In this area, most research was related to the quality of virtual education, the strengths and weaknesses of this educational method, and the faculty members’ ability to use them. E-learning may affect students' health and academic outcomes; hence further research is needed. In the field of healthcare service provider systems, it is necessary to conduct more research on human resource management. It is also necessary to design innovative strategic models to provide human resources.

The results of the present research can help nursing researchers, professors and faculty members, managers and policy makers of the nursing profession in identifying more and faster research topics needed and in line with research priorities, and therefore lead to the increase of the growing body of knowledge about the Corona issue.

Breastfeeding is known as a normative means of infant feeding, and human milk is considered the optimal nutrition source for infants. Although there are several tools for assessing infants’ feeding behavior, currently, only the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS) is specifically developed to measure the feeding behavior of preterm infants. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity and feasibility of PIBBS.
The Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale was translated using forward/backward methods. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was used to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the questionnaire. To this end, the feeding behaviors of 70 neonates born at 32-35 weeks of gestation were assessed on two consecutive days, once by the researcher and again in the evening shift of the same day by one of the nurses, and then, PIBBS questionnaire was completed. The internal consistency of the instrument was measured by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
The total Cohen’s kappa of the instrument was estimated to be 0.72 on the first day of observation and 0.79 on the second day, which was considered substantial. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the instrument was 0.791, which was acceptable.
The PIBBS was a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation of preterm newborns’ feeding behavior.

Increasing the number of elderly people in the world is affecting the need for elderly health care providers. Nurses are one of the most important providers of health care to this group. In Iran, the master's degree program in gerontological nursing has been established and trained students during the last decade. Evaluation in the curriculum is one of the most important ways to improve it. Comparative studies are an effective method of identifying strengths and weaknesses. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative study of the master's degree program in gerontological nursing offered at Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran and the University of Pennsylvania.

Methods & Materials:

 In this descriptive-comparative study in 2021, information related to the master of gerontological nursing education program was obtained using the keywords of comparative study, curriculum, master's degree, gerontological nursing, Iran, University of Pennsylvania. The data were analyzed using Bereday's model in four stages of description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison.

The results showed that the University of Pennsylvania, considering the scope of the elderly care, offers a master's degree in nursing in both acute and primary care programs, But in Iran, two types of care are offered in one program. The University of Pennsylvania, unlike most Iranian institutions, employs specialist instructors in the field of gerontology and has nursing centers for direct student work with the elderly. Students entry to Pennsylvania is assessed by various criteria, but in Iran, the entrance exam is the only admission criterion. Courses offered and resources used in Iran are generally taken from Western countries; Unlike in Pennsylvania, the country's cultural, indigenous, and demographic needs have not been addressed. The job status of graduates in Iran, unlike in Pennsylvania, is clearly stated.

The Master of gerontological nursing program in Iran is being successfully presented by institutions. In order to improve the situation by considering issues such as the principles of student enrollment, the presence of a teacher familiar with the field of gerontology, the existence of a suitable clinical environment, attention to cultural, indigenous and demographic issues in the course structure and attracting graduates to appropriate jobs, the provision of services by nurses to the elderly community can be affected.

Hospitalization induces anxiety and causes sleep disorders in children.

This study aimed to examine the effects of listening and reading a tale on anxiety and sleeping onset time (SOT) among hospitalized children with fracture.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 102 children with extremity fracture in Shohada Hospital of Tabriz in 2018–2019. Subjects were recruited consecutively and randomly allocated into three groups: control, storytelling, and simultaneous listening to and reading a tale. The data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire: questions on SOT, heart rate, and the Reynolds and Richmond Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire. One‑way analysis of variance, paired t‑test, Chi‑square and Fisher’s exact test, and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data.

Mean SOT, mean anxiety, and mean pulse rate did not significantly differ between the three groups at baseline. After the intervention, the mean SOT and mean pulse rate decreased significantly in all three groups (P < 0.001); however, the between‑group differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.50). The mean manifest anxiety did not change significantly in any of the groups (P > 0.05).

Storytelling had no effect on anxiety, heart rate, and SOT of children with fractures. Further studies can help determine the best method of storytelling for children with fractures.

Increasing knowledge in nursing and existing contradictions is the main challenge for the health system in a pandemic such as a corona pandemic. Knowledge translation is an effective strategy in strengthening the acceptance and application of research results in the field. Interaction between researchers (research nurses) and users (nursing caregivers) is one of the main features of knowledge translators. This study was conducted to explain the need for a knowledge translation model in Iranian nursing.

The systematic review studies about knowledge translation were searched between 2005 and 2020 in the valid databases Medline, PubMed, Scopus with keywords included COVID-19 , Knowledge Translation Model, Knowledge translation in Nursing, Knowledge‐ to ‐ Action Cycle. Overall, 1231 documents were extracted, and after removing irrelevant and duplicate articles, 46 articles related to the subject were included.

Knowledge translation in nursing needs a model to develop testable and useful interventions. Despite the need to develop theory and model in the last four decades, there is currently no complete and satisfactory model of knowledge translation in nursing. Many people who believe that change should take place after the production of knowledge, believe that due to the various obstacles in the process, the factors affecting the knowledge translation in nursing should be presented as a model.

Research about the knowledge translation process in nursing, and health policymakers' reaction, increase insight into the problems and shortcomings of this process. At present, there are no coherent models appropriate to the local conditions in nursing in Iran to explain the model of knowledge translation in such a way that the conditions prevail over the three areas of policy-making, academic and clinical in general.

Coming back into existence is a concept coined relatively recently in a grounded nursing theory of post-burn patients. However, the nature of this concept has not been thoroughly clarified. In order to improve nurses’ and others’ understanding of and communication about coming back to existence, this study aimed to clarify the concept.

This study was performed qualitatively using Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis to clarify the concept of coming back to existence. Multiple computerized databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Iran Mede, and SID) were searched for their titles and abstracts to select full-text English papers published without time limit. A total of 20 articles were selected to be reviewed.

The key attributes of coming back into existence identified in this study were providing opportunities for thinking and self-reflection on living affairs, releasing the mind to focus on the inner life, and making conscious efforts to explore and discover the original dimensions of one’s being. Antecedents included the bitter and unforgettable experience of physical pain, psychological suffering, failure and hopelessness in interactions, and doubts about one’s self-identity and philosophy of being. Consequences included self-acceptance, a sense of liberation and freedom, and positive and creative development in life to achieve more transcendent goals. 

The results of this study can be helpful in identifying the needs and problems of clients and developing appropriate care plans and nursing interventions.

Planning for the issuance of professional competency examination has been put on the agenda of professional policymakers, but the ways of evaluating and conducting examinations and its dimensions are the main challenges. The present study aimed to explain the essential dimensions of professional competency examination in Iran from academic and clinical nurses’ perspective.

The present mixed‑method study was performed at three stages, systematic review, qualitative, and quantitative stages. At the first stage, 56 articles and texts were collected from PubMed, CINHAL, Ovid, and ProQuest databases, by using the keywords, namely professional competency examination and assessment. Base on the inclusion criteria and eligibility assessment of article, six articles and one text on regulation were selected. At the second stage, the results of the literature review were approved by 20 nursing experts. Direct content analysis was used for data analysis. The results were prepared in the form of a questionnaire. At the last stage, the questionnaire was given to 2209 clinical, academic, nurse managers, and nurses.

Based on findings of the review literature, essential dimensions of the professional competency examination included a central theme of the client’s needs with four categories. At the second stage, the Professional Competency Examination dimensions were approved by experts. At the third stage, a comparison of findings indicated that clinical nurses emphasized more on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, client safety, and implementation of procedures, while academic nurses emphasized on the client’s needs, client education, and clients’ physiological integrity.

The client’s need is the most important dimension in the professional competency examination. The nurses will be successful in providing care if they can identify the clients’ needs and provide care plans based on client needs and priorities.

Women with breast cancer often experience alterations in their mothering roles both because of the disease and the reduced ability for child care. However, many women with breast cancer try to play their mothering roles as they did before the disease. This study aimed to discover the strategies used by Iranian women with breast cancer to manage their mothering roles in the process of the disease and survival.

 A qualitative content analysis study was conducted on 23 mothers with breast cancer. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and a conventional content analysis method was used to analyze the data simultaneously with data collection.

 Totally 1200 non-duplicate codes were extracted from the data and were categorized into four categories. Self-preparation was the first category and included three subcategories, namely, self-awareness for regaining the role, psychological mobilization to continue the role, and seeking informational support. Role reorganizing was the second category and had two subcategories, namely assigning to alternate people, and modifications of maternal duties. Self- and family-reconstruction was the third category and included three subcategories of energy conservation, communication development, and child protection. Playing a participatory-supervisory role was the fourth category and had two subcategories of participation and supervision.

Identifying the strategies used to play the mothering role can help health care professionals to support, provide advice, and train the mothers with breast cancer and their families. It also helps mothers to play their mothering role during the disease.

Structured description of pediatric medical emergencies requires the assessment and classification of underlying factors. The aim of study was to investigate frequency of predisposing factors for the entry of foreign bodies (FB) in the ear, ingestion and aspiration in children under five years in Tabriz.

Methods & Materials: 

This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted through convenience sampling (n=245) in the ENT and emergency departments and the clinic of childrenchr('39')s hospital in Tabriz, from March 2019 to June 2019. A researcher-made tool including the demographic characteristics form and questionnaire on predisposing factors was used to collect the data. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 21 through descriptive statistics.

There were 137 (55.9%) cases of  FB aspiration into the airways (upper and lower), and the highest was related to nose. FB in ear was 19.6% and in stomach was 19.2%. Clinical manifestations were pain (50.2%), no clinical signs (29.4%), and the rest were bleeding with pain, cough, shortness of breath, suffocation, wheezing, nausea, and vomiting. The place of event was at home (in living room) and in the evening and night time. FB types included objects, food stuff/snacks/nuts, beans and fruit cores, and toy pieces, and it is most likely to be seed, toy pieces, nuts, shirt buttons, and rosary beads.

Parental, child-related, and environmental predisposing factors were reported. Therefore, future studies are suggested to evaluate the contribution of each of three factors and to implement necessary educational, notification, and interventional measures.

Cognitive ability is an important criterion in selecting a nursing student, but unfortunately, this criterion is not considered among nursing applicants. There is a lack of clarity about the components which would signify appropriate cognitive abilities among nursing student candidates. This study was conducted to identify such components based on the experiences of clinical nurses and nursing instructors.

This qualitative research was conducted using conventional content analysis approach. Participants were 25 nurses and nursing instructors. They were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected in audio-recorded and transcribed semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using MAXQDA10 software.

Analysis revealed three main categories and seven subcategories: having a deep insight into challenging situations (Investigating the root causes of problems, the ability to analyze a situation), mind organizing (Conscious attention, Maintaining the mental focus, Time management and work prioritization), and speed of mental processing (Fast operation along with accuracy, Quick perception).

This study identified core components for future investigations into the cognitive ability of nursing applicants. Findings of this study can be used by nursing education institutions to develop their current methods to assess the cognitive ability of nursing applicants in the student selection process.

Hand hygiene is the first step in nosocomial infection control. However, most people have limited knowledge about proper hand hygiene.

This study aimed at comparing the effects of face‑to‑face education (FTFE) and video‑based education (VBE) on hand hygiene knowledge and performance among mothers in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Using a three‑group design, this randomized controlled trial was conducted in March–December 2019 in Al‑Zahra University Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. In total, 132 mothers of neonates in NICU were recruited to the study through convenient sampling and were randomly allocated to either an FTFE group, a VBE group, or a control group. Data were collected before and 3 days after the intervention using a Maternal Hand Hygiene Knowledge Questionnaire and a Maternal Hand Hygiene Performance checklist. Data analysis was performed using the Chi‑square test, paired‑samples t‑test, one‑way analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance.

The mean scores of hand hygiene knowledge and performance significantly increased in both the intervention groups (P < 0.05) but did not significantly change in the control group (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups regarding the pretest mean scores of hand hygiene knowledge (P = 0.24) and performance (P = 0.26), while the posttest mean scores of hand hygiene knowledge and performance in both the intervention groups were significantly greater than the control group (P < 0.05).

Both FTFE and VBE are effective in significantly improving hand hygiene knowledge and performance among the mothers of neonates in NICU.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the 5th leading cause of death in Iranian women. Many of these women are at the age of fertility and have dependent children.

This study aimed to explore the experiences of mothers with breast cancer of the support they receive for playing and rebalancing their mothering role.

This qualitative content analysis study was conducted from 2018 to 2019. Participants were 22 mothers with breast cancer purposively recruited from Shahid Ghazi Tabatabaee Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Data were collected through semi‑structured interviews and analyzed through a conventional content analysis method.

Participants’ experiences were categorized into three main categories, namely, perceived difficulties, being with and for mother, and rebalancing family functions. The four subcategories of the first category were the physical limitations in performing the mothering role, the psychological burden of the disease, role strain in playing the mothering role, and children’s social difficulties. The second category included five subcategories, namely, assistance with the mothering role, emotional attachment to the mother, provision of family expenses and medical costs, normalization of appearance following cancer‑induced changes, and social support resources. Finally, the third category included two subcategories, namely, the stability of the mother’s roles and promoting a health‑oriented perspective in the family.

Mothers with breast cancer face difficulties in performing their role as mothers. Identifying and providing supportive interventions for them by the health‑care providers not only can be effective in achieving role stability for the mother but also in rebalancing family functions.

Context: 

Self-efficacy is one of the important determinants of the behaviors that influence the physical and psychological health among patients with chronic medical conditions.

This study was aimed to investigate the factors that influence the self-efficacy of patients with thalassemia. Setting and Design: This was a qualitative study using a directed content analysis design. The research population consisted of the patients with thalassemia major who referred to the thalassemia ward of the medical training centers in Iran for blood transfusion. The research sample included 16 patients with thalassemia major who were selected using the purposeful sampling method with maximum variation.

Data were collected from 16 patients with thalassemia major, using a semi-structured interview in 2018–2019. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using the Elo and Kyngäs method and MAXQDA10 software (Berlin, Germany).

The analysis of the data resulted in 70 initial codes and the emergence of five generic categories including: (1) the performance accomplishments, (2) the vicarious experience, (3) the verbal persuasion, (4) the physiological states, (5) the self-persuasion.

Factors influential on the creation and promotion of the self-efficacy of the patients with thalassemia include the performance accomplishments, the vicarious experience, the verbal persuasion, the physiological states, and the self-persuasion. Self-efficacy affects the onset and persistence of behavior. Therefore, designing practical programs containing factors affecting the self-efficacy of the patients with thalassemia seems necessary to improve quality of life and physical and mental health of these patients.

Nurses in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) need adequate professional knowledge and skills for providing quality developmental care to premature newborns.

This study aimed to compare the effects of education through compact disk (CD) and social media (SM) on knowledge and practice regarding the assessment of preterm infant behavior (APIB) among nurses in NICUs.

This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on fifty NICU nurses. They were randomly allocated to a CD and a SM group. The intervention for both the groups was the same and consisted of education about APIB. Participants’ APIB‑related knowledge and practice were assessed before and after the intervention using a researcher‑made knowledge questionnaire and the APIB checklist, respectively. Data were analyzed through the Chi‑square, the independent‑samples t, and the paired‑samples t‑tests as well as the analysis of covariance.

The pretest mean scores of knowledge and practice were, respectively, 9.72 ± 4.95 and 207.64 ± 109.49 in the SM group and 9.16 ± 5.94 and 209.88 ± 110.46 in the CD group. After the study intervention, these values significantly increased to 14.80 ± 1.80 and 361.96 ± 38.24 in the SM group (P < 0.05) and 12.46 ± 2.10 and 295.44 ± 53.30 in the CD group (P < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences between the groups regarding the pretest mean scores of knowledge and practice (P > 0.05), the posttest mean scores of knowledge and practice in the SM group were significantly greater than the CD group (P < 0.05).

SM‑based education is more effective than CD‑based education in improving APIB‑related knowledge and practice among NICU nurses.

One of the best and most effective ways to care and prevent adverse effects in premature infants is to actively engage mothers in caring for an infant. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) and neonatal outcomes.

This descriptive study was 600 infants and mothers. This study used the convenience sampling method. All mothers were taught the importance of KMC referred to the ward on the first day. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-made questionnaire including demographic information of neonate, mother, and neonatal outcomes. Finally, the data were given to the software SPSS16, mothers were divided for Presence into two groups (more than twice (330 people) and at most once into two (270 people)).

There was no difference between the demographic variables in the two groups. Concerning the neonatal outcomes such as the frequency of KMC, neonate weight gain, neonate hospitalization period, re-hospitalization, neonate’s need for oxygen therapy, sepsis, neonate’s oxygen dependency, and hypoglycemia decreased in group 1 significantly compared to group 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups of neonates regarding the incidence of IVH and jaundice neonatal.

Encouraging mothers to engage in the process of KMC leads to potentially positive and actual effects on premature infants admitted to NICU.

The short course of baccalaureate nursing program and overcrowding of clinical settings restrict the development of pediatric peripheral venous catheter (PVC) insertion skill among nursing students. Therefore, better teaching strategies are needed.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of role play simulation and demonstration on pediatric PVC insertion skill among nursing students.

In this three‑group experimental study, 46 nursing students were selected from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, randomly allocated to a control, a role play simulation, or a demonstration group. Initially, all students received information about pediatric PVC insertion through lecture. Then, their skill was assessed using a child mannequin in a skill lab by a thirty‑item rating scale. Then, participants in the simulation and the demonstration groups received training about this skill through simulation or demonstration teaching methods. After 3 weeks, their skill was reassessed. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests.

The baseline total scores of PVC insertion skill were 17.66 ± 7.46, 14.93 ± 6.64, and 16.92 ± 10.38 and after intervention changed to 20.66 ± 5.65, 33.81 ± 6.86, and 41.14 ± 7.67 in the control, role play simulation, and demonstration groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase of skill in simulation and demonstration groups (P < 0.001), whereas the increase in the control group was insignificant (P = 0.09). There was no significant difference between role play simulation and demonstration groups (P > 0.05).

Both role play simulation and demonstration significantly improve pediatric PVC insertion skill among nursing students. These teaching methods are recommended for developing nursing skills.

  The recent COVID-19 pandemic, there have been many concerns about the transmission of the virus from mother to newborn. This is more important due to the management of breastfeeding. This study aimed to review the latest studies on newborns breastfeeding in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods and Materials: This is a review study. In this study, articles about newborns breastfeeding in COVID-19 pandemic of published from December 2019  to May 2020 were selected via a search into the electronic databases of SID, PubMed, Scopus, Direct Science, Google Scholar, Ovid, MagIran, using the key ward of new coronavirus, COVID-19, breast milk, breastfeeding.   

In this paper, the principles of publication ethics were considered.

The results of this study showed that, So far, there is no evidence of a new coronavirus in breast milk or transmission of COVID-19 through breastfeeding, all mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, should continue to breastfeed in accordance with the principles of hygiene and respiratory precaution.

Breastfeeding protects the baby against infectious diseases. It should be noted that studies on the absence of the coronavirus in breast milk are very limited, this study describes breastfeeding the current state of COVID-19. While there are still many unknowns of this emerging disease Therefore, more studies are needed to manage breastfeeding in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Patient-centered care is considered a pivotal element of the mission of the healthcare system around the world. However implementing Patient-centered care is not always easy and nurses have admitted this fact reluctantly. The evidence suggests that the first step in implementing Patient-centered care is to change the professionals’ viewpoint, behavior, and understanding. This study examined nurses' perceptions of the components of Patient-centered care and its delivery.

This was qualitative descriptive research with a conventional content analysis approach. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 nurses, working in teaching hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, and 5 field notes were collected. Data were analyzed using the Zhang and Wildemuth method of content analysis.

Three main themes and eleven sub-themes were extracted. Nurses identified “Effective Communication”, “Careful Care of Distinctive Needs”, and “Valuing the Patients and Their Rights” as the main elements of Patient-centered care.

Nurses implement some components of Patient-centered care. Yet Patient-centered care remains an ad hoc practice requiring more improvement. This study provided a deeper understanding of nurses' perceptions about the implementation of Patient-centered care and their weaknesses. The finding is consistent with current knowledge, shedding light on Patient-centered care-related practices performed by Iranian nurses and pointing to areas for improvement in implementing Patient-centered care.

Competency is a core ability to perform nursing responsibilities and has a direct impact on patients' health and safety. In this regard, evaluating, maintaining, and developing nurse competency has become one of the main and important tasks of professional managers. The purpose of the study was to investigate the nurses' competency studies conducted in Iran through an integrated review and analysis of the related challenges.

This integrated review study consisted of five steps, including specifying the review purpose, searching the literature, evaluating data from primary sources, analyzing data, and presenting the results suggested by Knafl & Whittemore. Databases like SID, IranDOC, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched using the keywords of competency, competence, assessment or evaluation of competency. The initial comprehensive search result consisted of 488 articles. After applying inclusion criteria and assessing the articles using the Bowling's Quality Assessment Tool, finally 19 studies were included.

After a thorough evaluation of the articles, results were itemized as following categories: a) Study factors, including concept of competency, evaluation methods, research tools, type of research, type of sampling, study wards and places, b) population factors including the demographic characteristics of the participants, c) the type of intervention designed to promote the competency of nurses, head nurses, and managers, and d) the competency correlation with other concepts. Finally, the related challenges were identified.

Competency as a vital feature of nurses should be included in the periodic evaluation of nurses and the continuation of the job must be dependent on obtaining the necessary qualifications. The results show that competency as a concept needs to be examined in-depth and there are some problems and challenges in planning and implementing related studies. It is hoped that findings of this study will be effective in promoting quality of nursing competency studies in Iran.

Based on recommendations from World Health Organization (WHO), hands hygiene is the first step for infection control. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge and performance of mothers about hands hygiene in NICU.

This was a cross-sectional study. Participants included 132 mothers with preterm newborns hospitalized in NICU of Al-Zahra teaching hospital, affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Data was collected by two questionnaires for demographics and knowledge on hand hygiene and checklist to evaluate the techniques of hand washing as recommended by WHO. The results were analyzed by SPSS, V19.

The results of the present study showed that the majority of mothers considered that the frequent visits to the cause of infection and they stated that only reason for hand washing is dirty hands. Most of them only rubbed their hands together, in the process of washing hands and they did not follow the stages of hand washing as recommended by WHO.

The results of this study showed that maternal knowledge and performance in hand hygiene were not acceptable. Considering the developmental of family center care and involving mothers in the care of their infants, it's essential to pay attention to the mothers hand hygiene. By identifying the gap of between the standards and the actual performance, the opportunities for promotion and training are provided to them, until unknowingly and unwittingly, they do not transmit the infection to their infants.

Children’s sleep problems can negatively affect their daily functioning at home and school, their behaviors, and their health status. Education through short message service (SMS) is among the techniques with potential positive effects. However, no study is available on the effects of SMS‑based sleep education on sleep among children.

This study aimed to examine the effects of SMS‑based education for mothers on sleep duration among their 7–12‑year‑old children who had sleep inadequacy.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 206 elementary students and their mothers. Students with sleep inadequacy who were selected from thirteen elementary schools in Tabriz, Iran, were randomly allocated to a control (n = 103) and an intervention (n = 103) group. In the intervention group, students’ mothers were provided with sleep education through thirty nightly messages sent at 20:00 for 1 month. Mothers in both groups completed the 2‑week sleep record before, 1 week, and 3 months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the independent samples t‑ and the Chi‑square tests, the repeated‑measures analysis of variance, and the analysis of covariance.

The mean of sleep duration in the intervention group significantly increased from 533.28 ± 29.35 min at baseline to 551.26 ± 37.93 at the first posttest and 568.25 ± 35.44 at the second posttest (P < 0.05). In the control group, the mean of sleep duration significantly increased from 523.13 ± 33.69 min at the pretest to 539.98 ± 49.03 at the first posttest (P < 0.05) and insignificantly decreased to 528.96 ± 52.20 at the second posttest (P > 0.05). Between‑group difference respecting the mean of sleep duration was statistically significant only at the second posttest (P < 0.001).

SMS‑based sleep education for mothers is effective in significantly increasing sleep duration among school‑aged children.