فهرست مطالب m mahmoudi

The purpose of the current research is treatment of cotton seeds with appropriate pesticides and foliar application with plant compounds in a way that be effective in control of first-season sap sucking pests in cotton fields. This experiment was designed to study the effect of several treatments including: 1-seed treatment with Thiamethoxam (Cruiser®), 2-seed treatment with Thiodicarb (Larvin®), 3-seed treatment with Imidacloprid (Gaucho®), 4-foliar application of insecticidal soap containing coconut oil (Palizin®), 5-foliar application of botanical insecticide containing pepper extract (Tondexir®), 6-foliar application of imidacloprid (Confidor®), and 7-control for control of first-season sap sucking pests in cotton fields. This research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with five replications at Darab Agricultural Research Station during two years (2020 and 2021). Seed treatments with Larvin® and Gaucho® were applied only in the second year of experiment. The results of the first year of the experiment showed that the cotton seed treatment with Cruser® kept the cotton seedlings free from the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) until one month after the sowing date compared to other treatments that were applied as foliar spraying. The results of statistical analysis 41 days after sowing date showed that the most effective control method of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) is seed treatment with Cruiser®. The results of the second year of the experiment showed that Cruzer®, Larvin®, and Gaucho®, which were impregnated with cotton seeds, caused a significant decrease in the population density of cotton whitefly nymph [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] until the end of the sampling period (41 days after sowing date). Foliar spraying of seedlings with herbal compounds (Palizin® and Tondexir®) in both years initially had a significant effect on reducing the population of aphids and whiteflies, but with increase of the time, their effect was less than other treatments. Based on the results of the present research, seed treatment with Cruzer® not only offers more control against cotton seedling sucking pests (onion thrips, cotton aphid and cotton whitefly), but also can be a better option in terms of economy, user's health and environmental effects.

Nitrate (NO-3) is an important compound in plant nutrition. However, the leaching of large amounts of it can reduce soil fertility and endanger environmental health and quality of life.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rice husk biochar and different types of pure and mixed fertilizers on nitrate leaching from the soil of one-year-old potted saplings of Acer cappadocicum Gled (with an average collar diameter of 17.3 mm and a height of 19.72 cm). This research was conducted in Lajim nursery, north of Iran, using 19 treatments with three replications in a completely randomized design. The treatments included rice husk at 0.5% and 1% by volume, biochar of rice husk at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% by volume, cow manure at 0.75% and 1.25% by volume, and chemical fertilizer at two levels: 1) triple superphosphate 25, ammonium sulfate 18.75, and potassium sulfate 18.75 mg per kilogram of soil and 2) triple superphosphate 50, ammonium sulfate 37.5, and potassium sulfate 37.5 mg per kilogram of soil. The soil treatment of the planting bed (control) and the combination of treatments were also included. To collect drainage water for measuring the amount of nitrate leaching, potted seedlings were irrigated 20% more than the normal irrigation amount, and samples were taken in five stages (from April to September, once before adding ammonium nitrate fertilizer and four times after its addition). In the laboratory, nitrate concentration was measured by the spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using R software, and a comparison of means was performed using Duncan's test.

According to the results, in the first stage of sampling, the highest concentration of nitrate in drainage water was observed in the chemical fertilizer level 2. In the second and fourth stages, it was observed in the combination of chemical fertilizer level 1 and 0.75% cow manure by volume, and in the third stage, it was observed in the treatment with 0.75% cow manure by volume. The highest pH value of the drainage water in the first stage of sampling was observed in the combination of chemical fertilizer level 1 and 0.5% biochar. In the second and third sampling stages, the control showed the highest pH value. In the fifth stage, the result was the same as the first stage. Also, the combination of chemical fertilizer level 1 and 0.75 percent cow manure caused an increase of 204, and 0.5% biochar caused a total decrease of 39.4 mg/liter of nitrate leaching.

The results of this research showed that the application of biochar causes a decrease in electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration and an increase in the pH of drainage water. Therefore, considering the beneficial effect of biochar in reducing nitrate leaching and soil salinity, which will definitely bring positive environmental effects, it is recommended to use rice husk biochar to produce seedlings in forest nurseries.

The exploitation of nanofluids is the most noteworthy way to make better the rate of heat transfer in solar collectors. Moreover, recently utilizing thermoelectric generators are widely studied to direct the conversion of heat into electricity. The objective of the present study is to deal with a novel multigeneration system that includes a nanofluid-based parabolic trough collector integrated with a quadruple effect absorption refrigeration cycle (cooling), a thermoelectric generator (power), a PEM electrolyzer (hydrogen), vapor generator and domestic water heater. A parametric study is accomplished to consider the effect of significant parameters such as the volume concentration of nanoparticles, solar radiation, absorption system’s generator load, strong solution concentration, and TEG’s figure of merit on the overall system performance, hydrogen production rate, cooling load, COP and useful energy obtained by the collector. It is observed that the power generated by the system is 18.78 kW and the collector energy and exergy efficiency are 82.21% and 80.48%, respectively.  Furthermore, the results showed that the highest exergy destruction rate occurs in the solar system at the rate of 4461 kW. The energy and exergy COPs of the absorption chiller are discovered to be 1.527 and 0.936, respectively. By increasing the concentration of nanoparticles and the amount of solar radiation, the amount of collector useful energy increases while the hydrogen production rate and the generated power in the TEG decreased. The cooling capacity and COPs of the absorption system increased with an increase in VHTG load and decreased with an increase in concentration of the strong solution.

The study offers a numerical approach to a type of FOCPs. The Legendre interpolation polynomials foundation serves as the technique's foundation. Consideration is given to the Lagrange multiplier approach for the restricted parameters as well as the operating matrix of fractions Riemann-Liouville integral and multiplies. Using this approach, the provided optimizing issue can be reduced to the challenge of calculating an algebraic equation-solving system. The FOCP result is achieved by analyzing this issue. Samples that illustrate the proposed method's viability and usefulness are provided.

Solar air heaters (SAHs) have an inherent drawback: the conventional mechanism is low inside these collectors’ types. Use of perforations is a simple technique to improve convection, and this investigation experimentally assesses a novel design SAH utilizing three inclined perforated absorber plates. Two scenarios are considered to assess the dynamics and efficiency of this perforated SAH, including mair = 0.012 kg/s and 0.024 kg/s. Numerous sensors monitored the dynamics of the perforated SAH and ambient factors for 12 hours in October 2022. The experimental outcomes illustrate that the perforation method remarkably enhances the thermal efficiency of the perforated SAH compared with standard smooth SAHs. The daily thermal efficiency of the perforated SAH reaches 73.30% and 82.65%, while the outlet air temperature experiences peak values of 39 oC and 42 oC at noon and keeps within 90% of its maximum value for 2 hours for the scenarios considered. Improving the convection mechanism causes the flowing air to extract the absorber’s thermal energy more effectively. Hence the SAH can produce an airstream near its maximum temperature for an extended duration. In conclusion, the perforation method is a robust, simple method to boost the thermal efficiency of SAHs.

This article endeavours to study the poetic imagry employed in Simin Behbahani's Dasht-e-Arzhan to shed light upon its multilayered visual rhetoric, its sumptuous imagery on external and internal facets as well as the poet's imaginative and pictorial perspective. This descriptive- analytical reading is an attempt to delve into Behbahani's poetic images, deployed in Dasht-e-Arzhan, for their imaginative richness, the diverse perceptual levels they render, and the transition between these levels, from the superficial and intermediate towards the inner and profound layers of perception. The work comprises of an examination of the imagery on both surface and deep perceptual levels and identification of instances of positive and random images.

The present study is a theoretical study that has been done by library research method. The study area and community is the Dasht Arjan in the collection of poems by Simin Behbahani.

Simin Behbahani is one of the contemporary poets who has remained faithful to traditional poetry in form and form, but in many other cases is considered a new poet. Imaging is one of his tricks in this regard. He has his own style and style both in using the elements that make up the image and in the way he presents poetic images.

The study yields fascinating results since the images employed in the masterpiece are of deep and random nature. Moreover, they are significantly imbued with romantic characteristics.

Alder leaf beetle, Agelastica alni (Linnaeus, 1758) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of the alder trees in Iran. Both the beetle and its larvae feed on leaves of alder trees causing aesthetical and physiological damage. The toxicity of four commercial insect growth regulators (IGR) including lufenuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron and pyriproxyfen was investigated on the second instar larvae (24 h old) of alder beetle, A. alni using the leaf dip method (for 30 s) under laboratory conditions [25 ± 1 ºC, 75 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L: D)]. The experiment was conducted in the toxicology laboratory of Guilan University. SPSS software was used for calculating LC50 values. 72 hours after treatment the insecticides proved to have high toxicity. In addition, these pesticides had negative effects on the morphology of larvae in the molting stage. LC50 values were estimated as 36.37 ppm for lufenuron, 48.35 ppm for flufenoxuron, 68.90 ppm for hexaflumuron and 54.37 ppm for pyriproxyfen, respectively. Abnormal morphological changes such as incomplete formation of the cuticle due to consumption of the pesticides by these larvae were observed. Considering that IGRs are safer to human and environment health, compared to conventional insecticides, these four IGRs especially lufenuron seems to be suitable candidates for development of IPM programs against alder leaf beetle.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rice husk, rice husk biochar, cow manure and chemical fertilizers on the morphological and physiological characteristics of coliseum maple (Acer cappadocicum Gled.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings. A total of 60 pots were considered for nine modifying treatments and nursery soil with three replications in a completely randomized design in Lajim nursery located in Savadkuh county, north of Iran. Results showed that different treatments had significant effects on some morphological characteristics of ash. The highest diameter, height, stem length of this species were observed in 150 g of cow manure treatment and the highest dry leaf weight was observed in 300 g of cow manure treatment. Different treatments had significant effects on the height of first stage, leaf area, volume, cross section and length of roots, leaf dry weight and stem volume of coliseum maple seedlings. The highest height in first stage of this species was observed in the control and the highest root volume was observed in the treatments of 300 and 150 g of cow manure and 2% of rice husk treatments. The highest root cross section, root length, leaf dry weight and stem volume of coliseum maple seedlings were observed in 300 g of cow manure treatment and the highest mean leaf area was observed in 150 g of cow manure treatment. In addition, no significant difference was observed in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of different treatments. In general, the obtained results show that the use of cow manure compared to chemical fertilizers and biochar has a better function in increasing the growth of Fraxinus excelsior and Acer cappadocicum seedlings during a period of plant growth in the nursery.

In this article, an optical system for pumping the active medium of solid-state lasers with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is introduced to upgrade the master oscillator of the laser fusion facility. The optical system is based on the guiding of optical rays from light-emitting diode sources to laser rods by means of total reflecting surfaces. Three different configurations with four, five, and six segments have been designed and their geometry is optimized with 3D random ray-tracing method to obtain the best performance. The pump systems have been fabricated and successfully applied to pump a 3 mm diameter laser rod with 10 watts white spectrum LEDs. Using five segments configuration and 4 Joules electrical energy delivered to 35 LEDs, the laser oscillator produced laser spikes with multi-mode Ince-Gaussian transverse beam structure and more than 700 micro-joules laser energy at a 1 Hz repetition rate. Moreover, the Q-switched pulses with an average energy of about 35 micro-joules and 230 ns pulse-width have been generated with the optimized optical pump system. More improvement to the LED-pump system is possible, which can be led to an efficient multi-mJ laser beam.

In this paper, mechanical behaviour and buckling analysis of human femoral bone are performed using the finite element method. A method is proposed to model the geometry and mechanical properties of Femur specimens. Mechanical properties of the bone are regarded both as homogeneous and nonhomogeneous quantities. Compressive tests are performed in three regions of the midshaft to validate the mechanical properties obtained by the CT scan. Waterjet cutting method is used to cut the samples which are used in compressive tests, and the 3D-printed models are used to locate the samples between the jaws of the test machine. Critical axial buckling loads of the femurs are studied, applying both of the homogeneous and nonhomogeneous material properties. Results show that the buckling load which is obtained by proposed homogenous modeling technique is close to the one which is obtained by nonhomogeneous modeling, and the proposed method is quite capable to simplify the FE analysis of the diaphyseal cortical bone.

Asphalt materials commonly have high absorption coefficients, and their surface temperature reaches as high as 80 oC during daytime hours since their surfaces are exposed to solar radiation for long periods. Hence, asphalt pavements can easily be converted to solar air heaters (SAHs) to collect solar energy. Even though asphalt materials have low thermal conductivity, resulting in a weak convection heat exchange rate between the flowing air and asphalt surface. The current experimental study analyzes utilizing aluminum shavings as asphalt coating materials to improve SAHs’ thermal performance. To this aim, a serpentine SAH prototype was constructed, and several sensors were utilized to monitor its dynamic thermal response. Black-painted aluminum shavings were utilized as coating materials to improve the convective heat exchange rate and increase the roughness of the absorber surface. Two scenarios were considered, including the uncoated absorber plate and coated one with 0.2 kg aluminum shavings. The experiments were carried out for two air mass flow rates of 0.02 kg/s and 0.03 kg/s under field conditions. Based on the air mass flow rate, the coated absorber reaches higher temperatures, approximately 5 oC to 9 oC, than the uncoated one. The acquired results illustrate that the coated SAH has nearly 4 oC to 5 oC higher maximum exhaust air temperature; hence, the coating strategy improves the thermal efficiency by 24.75% and 44% in two air mass flow rates of 0.02 kg/s and 0.03 kg/s, respectively.

The present study aims to examine the characteristics of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the future in line with future upheavals and social and political developments. This research is an applied research method. The method of library study and reference to documents and instruments of the questionnaire were used to collect data and using a targeted sampling method to select the sample size of the population under study. In the present research, in accordance with the objectives and research questions, the current features of the armed forces and the characteristics of the armed forces are based on the above documents, and the role of environmental conditions as an influential area in the characteristics of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran And the results indicate the important role of environmental conditions and, given this impact, the features, capabilities and roles of the armed forces in the future are outlined and expressed.

Wrestling is one of the oldest competitive sports and has two styles including freestyle and western. One of the most important pillars of the human body is the spine. The most important spinal disorders are: forward head, torticollis, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of torticollis and scoliosis in elite freestyle wrestlers with cauliflower ears.The present study was a descriptive-analytical study. The subjects of the study were 120 elite male freestyle wrestlers who were in Tehran clubs with an average age of 24.65±4.39 years, weight of 75.31±11.38 kg, height 174.65±4.3 cm and sports history 9.80±2.63. To evaluate the degree of torticollis by photogrammetric method Corel X6 software was used. To evaluate the slope of scoliosis with the help of a researcher-made scoliometer mobile application was employed in Shahid Sabouri Club, 17th district of Tehran. In data analysis, the mean degrees of torticollis and scoliosis were estimated by calculating the 95% confidence interval. In addition, the data were analyzed by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square at a level of 5% error using version 24 of SPSS software.The mean neck slope was 5.68 degrees (with a 95% confidence interval of 5.22-6.15) and the mean spine slope was 3.02 degrees (with a 95% confidence interval of 2.84-3.21). A significant relationship was observed between the superior hand and foot with the fracture side of the ear and the deviation side in the spine (p <0.001).Considering that torticollis causes unequal shoulder on the same side, scoliosis occurs in the lower segment on the same side. Elite wrestlers have strong muscles in the neck and shoulder girdle, so the corrective exercises of these two sections can be used in amateur wrestlers to prevent these two complications.

Thermal problem is one of the main challenges in 3D on-chip networks. Inappropriate traffic distribution, poor heat dissipation, cooling restriction for layers away from the chip heatsink are the main reasons for this problem. This paper proposes a new intelligent routing algorithm called (Int-TAR) to solve these problems. Int-TAR applies a routing for managing the heat in 3D on-chip networks dynamically. The main idea behind Int-TAR is to save the past states of the system and, according to these states, predict the future behavior of the network and perform routing dynamically. It is done by the threshold of routers dynamically based on the current status of the routers. The simulation results show that Int-TAR decreases the temperature of the network by 13% and improves performance efficiently. The proposed idea shows the better benchmark for the thermal problem in 3D on-chip network. Also, the higher memory for storing the past state of the network can make accurate and the further performance for the network.

The field and purpose The book of <adab- Al-Harb, Va-shaja-ah> [War and Bravery etiquettes] has, written by Mansoor- ibn-Mobarak Shah, so- called <Faxr-e- Modabber>, who is one of the writers in 6th and 7th of AH- centuries [Anno Hegirae of after Higrah]. Persian prose texts of 6th and 7th AH- centuries, are mostly tend to ornamented and artifact, but the prose of <Adab-Al-Harb, Va-Shoja-ah>, is simple and unvarished; howere, like many other books, party is literaly in preface and introduction.

In this issue, the book of Adad-Al-harb, va-shoja-ah, from astylistic point of view, is analysed by the use of a predicative and library approach.

The results show that most sentences in the text, are brief; Arrangent of sentences, is considerd. There are many applications of sentences and synonyms. One of the other style characteristics of this book is using of two conjunctions <as then>, the use as a conversation instead of dot, the use colplex proposition <in-with>, the use of adverbs such as <immediately, now, just, in case>, not use of conjunctions and the use of verbs, as nominative case, the use of prefix on the top of verb, specially in the past form. I maginal Figures of speech such as allegory, metaphor, allusion, imagery and rhetorical in gradient, in Adan-Al- Harb, va-shoja-ah are low in use, unlike the works of contemprary authors, that sometime are used by the author according to the text. Intellectually there are, some of moralities and acts such as: certainty of death, advices, caution and care, grab the opportunities, formation and bttling strategies, weapons ans forces arrangement, and talked do out the king’s goodness, rulers, ministers and commonders.

The prose of Adob- Al- Harb is such as scoentifics and the writer has no attitude to pontificate about his knowedge of Arabic and absrtusing. Simplicity in the educational texts, is the best way to translating the issue, that faxr was completely bounded to it.

One of the most important issues in damage detection is determining the severity of damages. Speed and accuracy in determining the severity of damages depend on the measurement noise. Using the proposed method, damage severity of damaged connections has been calculated in the presence of noise in a faster and more accurate fashion. In the proposed method, instead of using several natural mode shapes, only first proper orthogonal mode shape is used and the damage severity of the rigid connections of moment frames is calculated with acceptable accuracy. Several numerical examples and a laboratory model have been studied to prove the performance of this procedure. The results show that this method has acceptable accuracy and speed to estimate the damage severity in the rigid connections of steel moment frames. The proposed method is based on the finite element model updating method and the objective function is based on the difference between the proper orthogonal decomposition mode shapes of the intact and damaged structures. In the proposed procedure, the wavelet transform is used to reduce the noise in the displacement history of the structure. An optimized image processing method has been used to record structural displacements in the laboratory sample. To optimize the objective function, the particle swarm optimization method has been used. Two numerical scenarios have been studied using the finite element model of a three-story, three-span steel moment frame structure. Also, three laboratory scenarios have been studied on the three-story one-span steel moment frame laboratory model. In this paper, the exact location of the damaged connections is determined using the optimized mode shape curvature difference method. The effects of noise on the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are considered. Numerical scenarios have been studied at three noise levels. The proper orthogonal decomposition mode shapes are calculated using the free vibration of the structure under initial displacement.

Sediment fingerprinting of water sediments is a suitable method to determine the share of resources in sediment production and as an erosion and sedimentation technique to identify the origin and movements of sediments in the river and relative estimation of soil erosion, which has increased in recent decades. A comprehensive review of the research background in the field of soil and sediment erosion, hybrid models, different tracers and sampling methods has been performed in various Iranian-scale origin studies. The available data were compared in order to achieve a unified view and provide effective tracers in the origin and determination of the share of sediment sources in sediment production in Iran's watersheds. The results showed that the source studies have been started since 2008 with the help of geochemical, radionuclide, trace elements, mineralogy, magnetic properties and enzymes. Most studies focus on the division of resources into process categories (uses and erosion). In the division of resources according to location (sub-basins), sub-basins close to the output had the largest relative share of sediment production. In sediment sampling, most studies have been based on the measurement of sediment at the backbone or the sample of the canal bed. Sampling volume was divided into three general categories and if granulometry of the sample is not considered in the research, a smaller sample size of 0.5-1 kg is preferred. Of all the studies, two were conducted at the local spatial scale (10 Km2) and the other at the medium spatial scale (10 to 10,000 Km2) and no research was conducted at the regional scale (greater than 10,000 Km2). The use of enzymes has been limited, due to the high cost and chemicals. The use of tracers such as radioactive elements is preferred due to its stability and heavy metals and rare elements due to lack of reaction and concentration changes. In order to reduce costs and analyze the results accurately, using laboratory analysis of sediment samples, the necessary detectors for sediment fingerprinting should be selected and then the concentration of the same detectors in sediment sources should be measured.

The consumption of inorganic fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems led to the destruction of soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and severely affected the quality of the products. Therefore, the application of compost fertilizers in agricultural lands has been widely considered, and it has been mentioned as the best environmental measure. Rootstock plays a crucial role in the growth of citrus trees. Among all the nutrients needed by citrus, nitrogen has a vital role, and a large amount of this macronutrient is supplied in the soil every year. The release of nutrients from organic matter, especially nitrogen, is slower than the nitrogen release from chemical fertilizers. Rootstock affects the photosynthetic capacity of the transplanted cultivar, which is related to the annual carbohydrate redistribution and is a determining factor for vegetative growth and reproductive development. The growth, yield and fruit quality of cultivars are, therefore, strongly regulated by rootstock. In the recent study, the effects of compost and nitrogen fertilizers on common rootstocks in Mazandaran province, including citrange, citrumelo, and sour orange, were investigated. An experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design at Qaemshahr Horticultural Research Station. The treatments included sulfur granular compost (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%), produced by Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries Company, and pure nitrogen (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) in the form of ammonium sulfate. Vegetative growth, including plant height, crown diameter, and the number of leaves, were measured. Also, to study the changes in leaf nutrient concentration, leaf samples were collected, in July and the concentration of nutrients in leaf tissue was measured. A randomized complete block design was conducted at Qaemshahr Horticultural Research Station in 2017. The treatments included sulfur granular compost (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%), produced by Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries Company, and pure nitrogen (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) in the form of ammonium sulfate. One-year-old seedlings of the same size from citrange, citrumelo, and sour orange were planted in 7- kg pots containing arable soil and the treatments. The applied soil was analyzed, and its physical and chemical properties were determined. Irrigation of all pots until reaching the field capacity (weight method) was performed uniformly for all treatments. At the end of the growth period, vegetative growth parameters, including plant height, crown diameter, and the number of leaves, were measured. Also, to study the changes in leaf nutrient concentration, fully developed leaves samples were collected, in July and the concentration of nutrients was analyzed. Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method with a sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide mixture. Phosphorus by calorimetric, potassium using a flame photometer, and calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper were measured using the flame atomic absorption method. Results showed that the highest nitrogen concentrations in citrange and citrumelo seedlings were 2.92 and 2.97% due to 40 and 80 mg kg-1 N and 2.5% compost, respectively. In citrumelo rootstock, plant height increased with enhancing nitrogen application levels at different compost levels. Compost levels did not show a significant increase in citrange height, but the highest height growth was observed at 40 and 80 mg kg-1 nitrogen. In the sour orange rootstock, consumption of high levels of compost and nitrogen significantly reduced plant height. In all three rootstocks, the highest concentrations of potassium were observed in high levels of compost and no nitrogen application. The concentration of iron and zinc in citrumelo leaves increased with increasing compost levels. The trend was different in citrumelo so that consumption of 2.5% compost and 40 mg nitrogen fertilizer showed the highest concentration of leaf iron (151 μg g-1), while the application of 5% compost without nitrogen reduced the concentration of iron to 62.2 μg g-1. Changes in citrange zinc concentration were similar to citrumelo. In sour orange, iron concentration changed limitedly and ranged from 83.8 μg g-1 in 2.5% compost and 20 mg kg-1 nitrogen fertilizer to 61 μg g-1 in control. In this rootstock, the highest concentration of zinc was obtained from no compost application and 40 mg kg-1 nitrogen (28.14 μg g-1), whereas the lowest concentration of iron was observed in control. Citrange seedlings performed better in nutrient uptake than citrumelo and sour orange seedlings. Consumption of 5 and 7.5% levels of compost in sour orange rootstock reduced plant height and crown diameter and caused rosette, led to an increase in the number of leaves. The most effective level of nitrogen in sour oranges was 80 mg kg-1 nitrogen. Application of 80 mg kg-1 nitrogen and 2.5% compost, and 80 mg kg-1 nitrogen and 5% compost led to the highest number of leaves in citrumelo and citrange rootstocks, respectively. According to vegetative growth and concentration of nutrients data, especially from the nitrogen concentration point of view, maximum vegetative growth was obtained in citrumelo rootstock from 2.5% compost and 40 mg kg-1 nitrogen treatment and in citrange and sour orange rootstocks from 2.5% compost and 80 mg kg-1 nitrogen treatment.

The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of tomato in Iran. Therefore, this study was done to investigate fluctuations in adult male population of this pest using sex pheromone traps in Sirvan County (Ilam Province, western Iran) during a growing season, which lasted before transplanting to the end of growing season.

For conducting this research, 4 tomato farms in Sirvan County were selected and the pest populations were sampled using pheromone traps. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between adult moth density and temperature. For determining optimal sample size, the Green's method was used.

According to results of the present study, there were seven population peaks at intervals of approximately one month. Flight peak of this pest occurred on May 10, June 14, July 19, August 23, October 4, November 8 ,and  December 6, respectively. The highest population density was recorded on July 19 (397.75 moths) and population density of this pest was declined since late November. Studying the relationship between average number of male moths of T. absoluta captured by pheromone traps and average monthly temperature in a growing season showed that with the increase in temperature, population density of moths was also increased. Results of regression analysis indicated that peaks about abundance of male moth coincided with the previous monthly mean temperatures. Taylor's regression model showed a significant and high correlation between mean and variance regarding density of pest population. Statistically, the aggregation index of tomato leaf miner was equal to one. In this study, Green's method was used to estimate optimal sample size. The results showed that the required number of sampling units was decreased with the increase in average population density of the pest so that, when average population density of tomato leaf miner moth in each pheromone trap was one per week, the required number of samples with an accuracy level of 25 and 10% was equal to 1.86 and 11.65, respectively, and when average population density of this pest in each pheromone trap was 10 per week, the required number of samples with an accuracy level of 25 and 10% was equal to 0.37 and 2.32, respectively.

Our results demonstrated that pheromone traps can be used as a suitable sampling method for monitoring population of the tomato leaf miner. This study provided the data about sampling, population distribution, fluctuations in population of tomato leaf miner, and the relationship between population density of the pest and temperature. Our findings can greatly contribute to rational management of this pest in the region.

Objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of extension trainings on the yield and income of Durum wheat production which was carried out in Khouzestan province in 2018. Farmers were classified into two groups in terms of taking the advantages of extensional trainings: advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Sample size was estimated to be 132 farmers. In order to descriptive data analysis, the statistics including mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficients were employed. It should also be mentioned that statistics such as compare mean tests, Logit regression, and profitability analysis were used for inferential analysis. Data collection tool was questionnaire in this study. The results showed that the consumption of potash fertilizer, herbicides, and seed per hectare among advantaged farmers were respectively 9.2, 15, and 9.7% lower than the disadvantaged farmers. In addition, the average yield and income of advantaged wheat farmers was 9.9 and 9.4 percent higher than the disadvantaged group, respectively. In the end, the results revealed that the variables age, education, cultivation experience, yield, ownership, water source, cultivar, fertilizer consumption have significant positive effects on wheat farmers' participation in extensional training courses.

This study aimed to determine the effect of various influencing parameters such as tunnel diameter (D), depth (H), width (B), length (L), number of floors, and the horizontal distance of the building from the tunnel axis (X), as well as soil properties such as internal friction angle (ϕ), Poisson ratio (υ), modulus of elasticity (E), and cohesion (C) on surface settlement using ABAQUS. According to the results, the settelment increases with increasing tunnel diameter at a constant depth, while it decreases with increasing tunnel depth. Changes in the width and length of the building also affect the settlement directly; consequently, as the width and length of the building increase due to increasing the cross-sectional area of the building and its rigidity and stiffness, the settlement of the foundation becomes more uniform and resistant to displacement, leading to a decrease in the surface settlement. Also, as the distance of the building from the tunnel axis increases, the settlement decreases and follows a constant trend after a distance equal to the tunnel diameter. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the depth of the tunnel has the greatest effect on the surface settlement, which can be prevented by controlling the depth of the tunnel from the ground surface. Also, among the soil geomechanical parameters, the modulus of elasticity had the greatest effect on settlement in the present study. Finally, according to the results, the effect of tunnel, building, and soil properties on surface settlement is very important, particularly in urban environments.

In this study, an organic emission light diode (OLED) with the ability to adjust the color was created using two organic pigments as guests at the same time. Tunable color organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using two dyes as guests have been fabricated and investigated. The structure of the manufactured part was ITO /PEDOT:PSS /PVK /C6:TPP:Alq3(x nm) /BCP/ Al. First, an organic norepinephrine diode blocker was made, and then the effect of different thicknesses of the Norgecil layer on the electrical characteristics, color, and optical coordinates of the diodes made was evaluated. The green diode was made at a thickness of 10 nm. By changing the thickness, an orange diode was obtained. It was found that by reducing the thickness, in addition to direct recombination, indirect recombination also has a significant effect on diode color. This made the color adjustable diode with thickness control. For part 2, the maximum brightness was obtained at 12 volts. Finally, the experimental results were compared with the simulated results.

The dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, is a key pest of date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. in Iran. This study was conducted in a date palm orchard in Farashband (Fars Province) to investigate the different sampling methods and population fluctuations of dubas bug nymphs in first generation. The results showed that the nymphs emerged at early April, their population density reached to peak at 30 April, and finally declined to a few numbers at early June. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between different sampling methods. Using correlation analysis, it was shown a high and significant correlation between nymph densities on mature date palm and on offshoots (R2=0.96). Results showed that yellow sticky traps could be a relatively appropriate variable to estimate population densities on date palms. Also, results showed that the honeydew secretion begun approximately three weeks after nymphal emergence, however its peak was happened one week after the peak of nymph densities. Regression analysis of Taylor model showed that in exception of one sampling method, all other three sampling methods were significant. Based on R2 and P of regression analysis, Iwao’s model was more appropriate than Taylor model for sampling of dubas bug honeydew. In order to determine the optimal sample size, the Green's and Kuno's method with constant accuracy of 0.2 were used. Based on Green's method, whenever the average density of dubas bug on mature and offshoot date palm leaflet is 10, the number of required samples with a precision level of 0.2 would be 38 and 47 leaflets, respectively. Whenever the average density of this pest in each yellow card is 200, the number of required samples would be 19 cards.

n order to investigate the phenological characteristics of Mastar (Sclorhachis leptoclada Rech.f) in natural habitat and to determine its cardinal germination temperatures, the study was conducted in 2018 in one of its natural habitats in South Khorasan province located in Ark protected area in in Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Birjand. Treatments were seven treatments consisting of temperatures of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C with four replications in a completely randomized design. Measured traits included germination percentage and rate, average germination time, length and fresh weight of radicle and plumule and dry weight of seedling. Results of ecological study of the habitat showed that the habitat was mountainous and rocky with sandy soil and acidity of 8.18 with an average annual rainfall of 150 to 200 mm. The study of phenological stages of Mastar plant also showed that this plant needs 138 days and 1393.6oC during the growth stages. Regression analysis of seed germination data showed that, minimum, optimal and maximum germination temperatures were determined at 5, 10 and 30 °C, respectively.

Damage detection of the structures is one of the most important parts of structural health monitoring. Dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping are inherent parameters of structures which change through local damages. In This paper a new method for damage detection of rigid connections in moment resisting frames at the height and in the plan of the structure is presented. This method is based on the mode shape curvature. The presented procedure is a two-step procedure. At first, the damage level is localized using modal shape curvature of the columns and then the exact place of the damaged connection is determined on the plan using modal shape curvature of the beam. In this essay a new method is being used to draw mode shape curvature at the beginning and the end of members. Detecting the damage at boundary areas becomes possible using this method. The new method is used to normalize the mode shape curvature differences data to localize the damaged connections accurately. This procedure is studied on a seven story three bay steel moment frame with real measurements and in different damage scenarios. The results of this study indicate that the proposed method can identify the location of damage in the connections, especially at the beginning and end of the members with acceptable accuracy.