mahdi alipour

Public management theory in the field of public administration has been influenced and dominated by the knowledge of political science, economics, law, behavioral sciences, and social psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since the emergence of theoretical and applied knowledge of public management, theories of public management have been classified and introduced within the same paradigms and theories of classical public management, managerialism or new public management, good governance, new public service, public value management, and so on. This article aims to explore the main paradigms and theories of public management within the framework of Barl and Morgan. Contemporary theories of public management, under the titles of classical public management paradigm, bureaucratization, managerialism or new public management, have to a large extent roots in functionalist sociology and carry values of objectivity, hierarchical obedience, positivist epistemology, and a tendency towards universalizing theories of public management beyond cultures, emphasizing the preservation of the existing state. Modern orientations in public management, with a focus on human-centricity by shifting attention from economics to culture and cognitive processes, carry values of mentalism, inter-mental relationships, meta-positivism, voluntarism, and conscious choice of actors, and emphasize the space of interpretation, discourse, and social constructions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the experiences of Farhangian University student-teachers of learning in the virtual flipped classroom.

This research was conducted in a qualitative and phenomenological way. The statistical population of the research included 84 student teachers in the field of secretarial studies at Farhangian University of Birjand. According to the nature of the research, the purposeful sampling method was used, and with the semi-structured interview of 10 student-teachers in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022, the obtained data reached saturation. For the analysis of the collected data, Colaizzi method and MAXQDA11 software were used.

After extracting and subject classification, seven main themes and 49 sub-themes were identified. The main themes included the use of software and educational content, content production, use of educational systems, data management and transfer, educational communication, equipment management and time management.

The lived experiences of the student teachers of Farhangian University showed that the virtual reverse class has caused a transformation in their learning; In such a way that students have guided their learning according to their personal characteristics and speed and have taken positive actions in the field of knowledge management. The levels of educational communication and interpersonal relationships and their digital literacy have increased. Also, the virtual reverse class has brought educational and behavioral consequences in positive and negative dimensions for student teachers.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lived experiences of Farhangian University professors on the educational use of mobile phones during the Covid-19 pandemic.

This qualitative research was conducted using the phenomenological method. The data collection method was semi-structured interview. Therefore, with the purposeful sampling approach and standard method, the professors of Farhangian University in the Academic year of 2021-2022, who had used mobile phones in the field of education were selected, and finally, theoretical saturation was achieved with an in-depth interview with 8 people. The analysis of the interviews was done using the seven-step Colizzi model with the help of MAXQDA12 software as a data analysis tool.

After extracting and subject classification, seven main themes and 49 sub-themes were identified. The main themes included the use of software and educational content, content production, use of educational systems, data management and transfer, educational communication, equipment management and time management.

The research findings show that mobile phone can be used as an educational tool in the field of education and teaching in the university and professors should use mobile phone to advance their educational goals.

The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the consequences of virtual flipped learning from the perspective of pre-service teachers of Farhangian University in a qualitative and phenomenological way. Due to the nature of the research, purposive sampling method was used, which obtained data was saturated with in-depth interviews with 9 pre-service teachers. The content analysis method was used to analyze the collected data and MAXQDA11 software was used as an auxiliary method in entering the data. Findings from pre-service teachers’ perceptions about the consequences of this method were summarized in 6 main themes:increase of technological competences, learning promotion and improvement, social and communication issues, psychological, personalization of learning, and control of learning. Pre-service teachers’ perception shows that from their point of view, using the virtual flipped classroom is a positive step in improving the level of education and has positive consequences in various dimensions. Virtual flipped learning can make learning more effective and personalized for learners, and the issue of education can be controlled by students in terms of time, place and speed so that they can adjust education to their learning speed.

In many organizations, they have faced various issues, including issues related to human resource management, one of which is the management of employees' careers. In career management, most research focuses on career advancement and job demotion is neglected. Therefore, focusing on the phenomenon of job demotion, the purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions and consequences of job demotion of employees. This research has been done using a qualitative approach and Meta-synthesis tools. Data collection tools and information in the present study, past documents that generally include 37 sources. The research findings indicate that this phenomenon includes various dimensions and will have consequences in the organization. Its dimensions are: reduction of organizational hierarchy, reduction of authority, weakening of job content, getting out of the job path and weakening of service compensation, the consequences of this phenomenon at the separate level of the individual and the organization can be positive or negative. Based on the consequences of job decline, organizations should be careful in choosing this phenomenon for their employees because it may lead to the destruction of human capital.

In some countries, including Iran, the education system and curriculum are centralized. In recent years, decentralization in Iran's educational system has been the focus of officials and planners, as in other countries, and there has been a great tendency towards decentralization. During the recent years, decentralization in the education system of Iran, like other countries, has been the focus of the officials. In the current research, the reasons, opportunities and challenges of decentralization in the curriculum were analyzed.

According to the nature of the research, qualitative method of phenomenological type was used. The statistical population of the research was all curriculum planning experts. Purposive sampling of the criterion type was used, and with the in-depth interview of 7 experts in the field of curriculum planning, the obtained data was saturated. The data obtained from the perception and lived experiences of the experts were analyzed using the Colizzi analysis method at three levels of open, central, and selective coding, and MAXQDA11 software was used as a data analysis tool.

The findings of the research, which were the result of the perception and lived experiences of curriculum planning experts in the field of decentralization, were categorized into 3 main themes: "Reasons and Necessities of Decentralization", "Opportunities and Consequences of Decentralization", "Challenges and Problems of Decentralization.

The experiences of experts show that decentralization in the education system is very necessary due to the inefficiency of the centralized system, but in the meantime, the actions of the headquarters in the direction of decentralization are very sudden and cause more damage, Also, in order to decentralize, the human resources of education and training are still not qualified, and system infrastructures and change of beliefs should be done in this area.

One of the most important aspects of people's lives in the organization is career path. In this path, different mental, physical and social states can be imagined for employees, each of these states is affected by employees' job interactions, one of the most important interactions that often Human resource researchers have also remained silent about the phenomenon of job demotion.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the causes, dimensions and consequences of employee job demotion. In line with this goal, this research has been done using a hyper-combined qualitative method. The data collection tool in the present study is past documents in this field, which generally includes 32 articles. This phenomenon can include various dimensions and have causes and consequences in the organization. The most important factors of its emergence are individual, organizational, intermediate factors (individual and organization) and environmental factors. This phenomenon manifests itself in various forms and dimensions in the organization, which are: reduction of organizational hierarchy, reduction of organizational authority, Undermining the content of the job, getting out of the job path and undermining the compensation of services, as well as the consequences of this phenomenon at the separate level of the individual and the organization can be positive or negative

Recent quince breeding programs has resulted in release of new cultivar Viduja and Behta and presentation of promising Esfahan-2, Esfahan-3 and Esfahan 5 genotypes. This research was conducted to discriminate these cultivars by morphological and molecular markers. Morphological markers were based on 38 characteristics from discrimination, uniformity and stability (DUS) tests, while for molecular markers, 15 primer pairs of apple and pear SSR markers were used. Cluster analysis on morphologic and banding pattern of SSR marker demonstrated distinctness of all evaluated cultivars and promising genotypes. Among morphological markers, tree vigor and growth habit, shoot color and position of bud in relation to the shoot, leaf size and undulation of blades, bloom color and fruit traits were key characteristics. Cultivar Esfahan, based on tree growth habit and fruit shape, cv. Viduja based on tree form and leaf blade undulation, bloom color and flowering time have been discriminated, while in Esfahan-2, Esfahan-3, Behta and Esfahan-5, the fruit shape, position of but in relation to the shoot, fruit neck and finally green-brown of shoot color, respectively were the most discriminative characteristics. In molecular markers, 10 polymorph alleles with mean 3.3 alleles per locus were observed. The highest allele numbers and PIC indices were observed for CH05d04, CH04a12 and CH02b10 primer pairs. Three primer pairs belong to CH04a12, CH05d04 and Ch02b10, SSR loci were more discriminative and three primer pairs, including NH015a, CH04a12 and NB103a with one of the CH01d08, CH05d04 or NH011b were adequately discriminative for all evaluated quinces.

In the present study, the lived experiences and perceptions of students about the effect of flipped learning on the literacy of technology were examined qualitatively and phenomenologically. The research community consisted of all fifth-grade elementary school boy students of Ibn Sina Elementary School in Birjand who had the flipped class experience. Due to the nature of the research, a targeted sampling method was used, which was saturated with an in-depth interview of 15 students. To analyze the collected data, the content analysis method and MAXQDA 11 software were used as an auxiliary method for data entry. Findings from studentschr('39') living experiences and perceptions of the effect of flipped class on technology literacy were summarized in 6 main themes: "Acquiring the ability to work with computers and mobile phones", "Familiarity and working with equipment and accessories", "The ability to work with the Internet", "Reducing playing and watching TV time", "Changing parentschr('39') views on technology" and "Acquiring skills in using software and social networks ". Students chr('39')lived experiences show that flipped learning has had a positive effect on studentschr('39') technology literacy in hardware and software dimensions, and has also led to a change in students chr('39')parentschr('39') beliefs about technology and has increased their technology literacy.

In the present study, the lived experiences of parents of fifth-grade elementary schoolboys from the flip class and the consequences of this learning method were studied qualitatively and phenomenologically. Due to the nature of the research, purposive sampling was used that saturated data were obtained from in-depth interviews with 8 parents. Thematic analysis method and MAXQDA11 software were used to analyze the collected data as an auxiliary method for data entry. Findings from parentschr('39') lived experiences on the consequences of this method were summarized in six main themes: Improving education and learning, Classroom troubleshooting, Educational communications, Addressing Parentschr('39') educational challenges, Informing to complete learning and Learning Control. Parentschr('39') lived experiences show that from their viewpoint, the use of the flip classroom is a positive step in improving the educational level and has positive consequences in various dimensions. Implementing this method has led to the departure of traditional education and is based on the up-to-date issues and needs of students and parents, and it has the most impact on studentschr('39') learning and education.

The increase in the number of patients in hospitals and the long wait due to overcrowding are some of the main concerns in health system research. Transferring patients to emergency departments is one way to reduce the congestion of the emergency department.

This study deals with the allocation of patients in the emergency department of hospitals, according to the segregation of the type of disease, which reduces the congestion by transferring patients to other hospitals, if necessary, and minimizes the total cost of the system. In this paper, a linear model is presented for patient allocation and the model is solved using GAMS software.

Patients admitted to the hospital are divided into different types in terms of the type of disease. To reduce the cost of waiting and reduce the waiting time for patients, patients who cannot be treated at the hospital due to lack of expertise in their illness are transferred to other hospitals. All costs, including the cost of increasing the patient's capacity, the cost of admitting the patient, the cost of transporting patients, the cost of waiting fines, the cost of unmet demand and the cost of overtime are calculated in the mathematical model.

by transferring patients, the number of expected patients and the number of patients who are considered as unmet needs can be reduced. Because with the increase in the number of patients waiting and patients who have not been considered as an unmet demand, the mortality rate, medical errors and patient dissatisfaction will increase and irreparable risks will arise, especially for patients with acute problems.

Pycnocycla caespitosa is an essential oil-containing plant naturally growing in southwest of Iran. The extract of this plant has been used as remedy in traditional medicine. Another species of Pycnocyla (P. spinosa) possessed antispasmodic activity. The pharmacological objective of this study was to look for relaxant effect of hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of P. caespitosa on rat isolated ileum contractions for comparison with loperamide. The essential oil and the hydroalcoholic extract were prepared by hydrodistillation and percolation techniques, respectively. For antispasmodic studies a section of rat ileum was suspended in an organ bath containing Tyrode’s solution. The tissue was stimulated with electrical field stimulation (EFS), KCl (80 mM) and acetylcholine (ACh 0.5 µM). The tissue was kept under 1 g tension at 37 °C and continuously gassed with O2. The essential oil content in the aerial parts of P. caespitosa was found to be 0.16 % ml/g. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography– mass spectrometry. Seventy constituents, representing 97 % of the oil were identified. The major components of the oil were carvacrol (7.1%), β-eudesmol (6.4 %), ρ-cymene (5.7%), caryophyllene oxide (3.6%), α-pinine (1.4%) and α-phelandrene (1.1%). The hydroalcoholic extract of P. caespitosa inhibited the response to KCl (IC50 = 48 ± 3 µg/ml), ACh (IC50 = 61 ± 14.7 µg/ml) and EFS (IC50 = 77 ± 17 µg/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner. The essential oil of P. caespitosa also inhibited rat ileum contractions. The IC50 values for KCl, ACh and EFS were 9.2 ± 1.2 µg/ml, 7.6 ± 0.8 µg/ml and 6.4 ± 0.8 µg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory effect of both the essential oil and the extract were reversible. This research confirms the antispasmodic activity of both the essential oil and the extract of P. caespitosa on smooth muscle contraction of ileum.

Educational organizations due to entry new competitors in this field، they are drawing a long-term vision for them. In order to achieve an acceptable point in this field، should be internal and external factors including of the challenges and potentials of the accelerator and the opportunities، and also examines the opportunities and then attempt to formulate the optimum strategies. In this paper required information investigation through filling the questionnaires، interviews with faculty and department experts and reviewing reports and documents were prepared. This research survey the internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external environment (opportunities and threats)، Department of environment of natural resources faculty of Tehran university، it has studied using SWOT analysis. Based on the results of the final score in the Internal Factor Evaluation of matrix was 0. 035 and external factors Evaluation of matrix was -0. 093 determined. In order to، the Department mentioned in the strategic position is conservative. To determine the attractiveness and relative priority strategies was formed quantitative strategic planning matrix that based on those results، as the best strategies was determined Environmental Excellence launched and set up new fields operational needs respectively.

Present study is conducted to measure the effect of obligation to religious functions on pedagogy employees’ organizational commitment in Shahriar. For this purpose، the variables of two aspects namely “worship” and “ethics” are considered as the constituents of obligation to religious functions and their impact on employees’ organizational commitment is studied. Two questionnaires were used to measure obligation to religious functions and organizational commitment. To analyze data، Pearson correlation، regression analysis، structural equation modeling and Freedman ranking were used. In the meantime، SPSS and LISREL software were also applied. Research findings reveal that obligation to religious functions and organizational commitment have a significant relationship with confidence level of 99% and in such confidence level، religious functions impacts on pedagogy employees’ organizational commitment positively and directly. Finally، the results show that pedagogy employees pay more attention to “ethics of interaction with nature” & “individual worship” than other aspects.

Water Quality Indices are one of the methods can be used in water quality management as a useful tool in decision making، so this study carried out on evaluating the quality of the Aydughmush river by National Sanitation Foundation Water quality (NSFWQI) and River Pollution Indices (Liou). In this cross sectional study standard field parameters including dissolved oxygen، temperature، Biochemical and chemical oxygen Demand، Most Probable Number of Coliforms، Fecal Coliform، Turbidity، Total Dissolved Solids، Total Solids، pH، conductivity and others were measured at eight different stations during one year (2010 to 2011). Sampling points were selected on the basis of their importance. From the water quality (WQI) the National Sanitation Foundation Water quality (NSFWQI) and from River Pollution Indices (Liou) that defined by Liou، were used for Aydughmush River water quality survey. As results showed most of the water samples were found within Moderate category of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) and Good category base on Liou results. As results of numerical values ​​of Liou index showed، Station B had been polluted due to the high amount of biochemical oxygen demand and low dissolved oxygen levels. As this study showed using Liou is the same as NSFWQI with difference of their parameters and calculation method but they have same value in decision making.

The term paradigm is being used in various fields of knowledge. This term has been very ambiguous. The inappropriate applications of this term in scientific communities of Iran have opened grounds for misunderstandings. In this article, different applications of the term paradigm and its conceptual analysis in philosophy of science are studied. Finally, a new definition of this terminology is offered that is more applicable that other definitions.

One of the basic and fundamental questions that certificate every paradigm is “what are social things?” In the other words, what is epistemology and ontology of social things? Indeed, every paradigm of social science and humanities was determined by explaining essence of social things as one of the basic prepositions of social science and humanities.In this paper, we try to express and analyze the viewpoints of three important paradigms of social science and humanities. Next, we will refer to and analyze the viewpoints of paradigm of ejtehadi religious science (PADD). This paper attempts show preference of this viewpoint to other alternatives.