mahdi fasihi ramandi

The intersection of ethics with other disciplines, including psychology, offers valuable opportunities for the development and expansion of ethical knowledge. Recognizing the unique and influential contributions of various fields, particularly psychology, is crucial. Cultural psychology, a discipline that has emerged in the past decade, provides significant insights and capabilities in advancing ethical knowledge. This article aims to explore how cultural psychologists approach the understanding of ethics and the transformative potential it holds. Despite the importance of studying ethical transformation through cultural psychology, the dimensions of this exploration remain insufficiently explained. Hence, this article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to illuminate and analyze the most innovative aspects of this theory. The findings emphasize five key capacities that greatly contribute to ethical growth from the perspective of cultural psychology: symbolic interpretation of culture, critique of established dualities, examination of dominant methodologies, integration of religion and spirituality into ethics, and practical relativism.

We aimed to design a B and T cell recombinant protein vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii with in silico approach. MIC13 plays an important role in spreading the parasite in the host body. GRA1 causes the persistence of the parasite in the parasitophorous vacuole. SAG1 plays a role in host-cell adhesion and cell invasion.

Amino acid positions 73-272 from MIC13, 71-190 from GRA1, and 101-300 from SAG1 were selected and joined with linker A(EAAAK)A. The structures, antigenicity, allergenicity, physicochemical properties, as well as codon optimization and mRNA structure of this recombinant protein called MGS1, were predicted using bioinformatics servers. The designed structure was synthesized and then cloned in pET28a (+) plasmid and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21.

The number of amino acids in this antigen was 555, and its antigenicity was estimated to be 0.6340. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting confirmed gene expression and successful production of the protein with a molecular weight of 59.56kDa. This protein will be used in our future studies as an anti-Toxoplasma vaccine candidate in animal models

In silico methods are efficient for understanding information about proteins, selecting immunogenic epitopes, and finally producing recombinant proteins, as well as reducing the time and cost of vaccine design.

Despite the essential need for T cells to eradicate infection, the protective role of the humoral response is also evident in the defense response. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenic and immunogenic role of rTF/Bp26/Omp31 recombinant chimeric protein in BALB/c mice as a new vaccine candidate.

In this experimental study, in order to evaluate the immunogenicity of the designed recombinant protein, clone, and gene expression were performed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The protein extracted from the culture of the mentioned cells was purified by Ni-NTA column. Nisome nanocarriers were made using Tovin and Span surfactants, cholesterol, and chloroform through standard methods, and then mixed with the purified protein and prepared for injection into BALB/c laboratory mice.

The evaluation of the immune response indicated the production of antibodies against niosomes containing the recombinant protein, and the amount of antibody production was also different in different injection methods. The statistical data analysis showed the appropriate response of the immune system of laboratory mice.

The results of the study indicate the better efficacy of the nanoniosomes form in the design of the Brucella vaccine and its immune function, and this immunogen structure can be suitable for the design of a vaccine against brucellosis.

Brucellosis is one of the most common diseases between humans and animals. Therefore, the need for prevention and production of an efficient vaccine is necessary. The aim of the present study is to prepare a niosomal nanostructure containing trivalent immunogen (TF, Bp26 and Omp31) of Brucella as a nanovaccine candidate.

In this study, after designing the immunogen structure by bioinformatics databases and software, in order to evaluate the immunogenicity of the designed recombinant protein, clone and gene expression were carried out in E.coli BL21. The protein extracted from the culture of said cells was purified by Ni-NTA column. Thin layer coating method was used to prepare niosomes carrying trivalent immunogen and were evaluated using DLS and Zetasizer characterization tests. Then, the amount of trivalent immunogen loading and release was calculated.

The results of the characterization confirmed the successful fabrication of niosomal nanosystem containing trivalent immunogen. The results showed that the produced niosomes are in a suitable range of size (100 nm). Trivalent immunogen with high efficiency (81.96%) is encapsulated in the system. The release of trivalent immunogen from Niosomal nanosystem was reported to be 97% after 96 hours. In addition, the trivalent immunogen release pattern of the coated system was more controlled and slower. This confirms the positive effect of the niosome nanosystem.

The use of nisome as a nanovaccine agent has an effective role in controlling antigen release and can be considered as a vaccine candidate and increase the protective immune response against Brucella.

Bacterial resistance against antibiotics has caused many problems in treating humans and animal infections worldwide. Nowadays, researchers are continuously seeking to develop novel antibacterial to tackle the issue of microbial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides have been introduced as new effective strategies that kill bacteria quickly and cause less antibiotic resistance. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of a synthesized peptide (NRWCFAGRR-NH2) on some Gram-positive and –negative bacteria and eukaryotic cells.

Twelve bacterial strains were selected to study the antimicrobial effect of the NRWC peptide. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays were used to study the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of these peptides, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the peptide was evaluated on Hela cell line and human RBC using the MTT assay and hemoglobin release measurement, respectively. The J774 macrophage cell line was used to measure nitric oxide production in response to the peptide.

The results showed that NRWCFAGRR peptide has a bactericidal and inhibitory effect on all 12 bacterial strains' growth in a dosedependent manner. It has also been proven that the toxic effect of the peptide on human cells is evitable at the MIC and MBC concentration. The highest amount of nitric oxide production was induced after 48 hours of treatment.

Considering the research conducted in the field of antimicrobial peptides, our designed peptide has antimicrobial properties that kill some of the pathogenic microorganisms directly and can theoretically kill some organisms indirectly via induction of nitric oxide by macrophages.

The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate whether Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatments can induce regulatory phenotype, together with modulating the expression of chemokine receptors (CRs) in dendritic cells (DCs). The CRs of DCs have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through directing recruitment and migration of immune cells.

In brief, monocytes of patients with SLE and healthy donors were isolated and differentiated to regulatory or inflammatory mature DCs through treatment with L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, mixed probiotics, and LPS. 

FACScan analysis showed that the expression of CRs including CXCR3, CCR5, CCR4, and CCR3, was significantly reduced in all probiotic-treated groups of SLE and healthy (control) donors when compared with the LPS treated group. 

The results demonstrated that tolerogenic probiotics could prevent or decrease the expression of inflammatory CRs on the surface of tolerogenic DCs during the maturation process.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection and usually requires antibiotics for treatment. But the antibiotic resistance is always a serious concern. So, developing some alternative medication strategies such as herbal medicine is an extreme need. Several studies have confirmed the prophylactic and also therapeutic effects of a variety of anthocyanin-containing berries for UTIs. Cornus mas which is native to Southern Europe and Southwestern Asia is also rich in anthocyanin but its effect on UTI has been not yet studied. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Cornu's mas extract in treating UTI in rat models. After inducing UTI in 18 Wistar rats, they were sub-grouped into three groups: control group, nitrofurantoin treated group (case I) and Cornus mas treated group (case II). After seven days of treatment, the UTI indicators like fever, microscopic analysis of urine, and pathological examination of the bladder were investigated. Actually, UTI indicators were resolved after treatment in both treated groups (nitrofurantoin and case II). Comparison of the results between the control group and the other three groups confirmed the development of UTI in the rat model. Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic results proposed that the Cornus mas extract effects in treating UTI are not inferior to that of nitrofurantoin. In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, Cornu's mas extract can be a gifted potential substitute for antibiotics in treating UTI in rat models.

With increasing antimicrobial resistance to common antibiotics, the development of alternative therapeutic strategies is necessary. Also, an antibacterial peptide with numerous behavior and different properties such as net charge, hydrophobicity, length, etc. could act against pathogenic microorganisms. In recent years, novel peptides with activity against a wide range of bacteria have been introduced. In this study, seventeen pathogenic bacteria were chosen to study the antibacterial effect of K4 peptide using MIC and MBC assays. The therapeutic index (TI) of this peptide was experimentally calculated by the ratio of HC50 to MIC as a parameter to represent the specificity of AMP. In silico analysis was performed to predict the physicochemical properties, structures, and behavior of this peptide. In vitro cytotoxic effect of peptide was evaluated on the Hela cell line using MTT assay, and the amount of macrophage nitric oxide production was measured by the Griess method on the J774 cell line. Peptide concentrations of 25-400 µg/ml were seen as the MIC value results for different bacteria. MBC assay showed such a result with a concentration of more than 25-400 µg/ml. The result of the hemolysis assay was 24 percent at a 1 mg/ml concentration. The amount of nitric oxide production of macrophage cell line J774 was 25.9873 µM at a 6.3 µg/ml peptide concentration. K4 peptide had a strong antibacterial effect on some bacteria such as B. melitensis. This peptide may have a role in immunity with nitric oxide production. Additionally, it enhances the bacterial killing mechanism of macrophages, making this peptide a potential agent against pathogens.

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are resistant to antimicrobial agents and produce toxic virulence factors such as exotoxin A. Studies have shown that some nanoparticle compounds and antibiotics have a synergistic effect. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles and erythromycin on antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa.

 In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 40 cultured samples of burn wound secretions were taken from Imam Musa Kazem (PBUH) Burns Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Diagnostic and differential tests were performed. Antibiogram was performed to obtain the bacterial resistance pattern and the exotoxin A gene was detected by PCR. The bacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was then applied to the silver nanoparticles (shape and mean size) and erythromycin separately and a common mixture of both in 10 dilutions to investigate the synergistic effect.

   A number of 26 bacteria were strains of P. aeruginosa. Of samples, 25 (96.15%) had exotoxin A gene. All samples were sensitive to all erythromycin concentrations. The mean MIC of nanoparticles against bacteria was reported to be 2 μg/mL. A solution of 40 μg/mL erythromycin and 2 μg/mL nanoparticles was also considered as MIC solution. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is sensitive to erythromycin to very low concentrations of silver particles. But no synergistic effect between silver nanoparticles and erythromycin was reported for this bacterium. Based on PCR results and antibiotic resistance pattern, a significant number of the samples contained the exotoxin A gene and the use of erythromycin alone was not appropriate for treatment.

Bone replacement materials used for void filling and healing the bone injuries with antibacterial characteristics is of interest to many researchers. The main inorganic material in human and animal bones makes calcium phosphate suitable to interact with neighboring bones and enhances the healing process. A few drawbacks of using neat Ca/P powder such as low solubility and its brittle nature makes it difficult to manipulate. Therefore, the composition of these bio-ceramics with biopolymers makes an ideal injectable mixture with proper mechanical properties. In this study a hybrid composite of sodium alginate (SA) and calcium phosphate was prepared and its antibacterial characteristics were investigated.

In this study, hydrogel composites of SA/brushite and SA/hydroxyapatite (HA) were fabricated with different fabrication methods as well as the final compositions. The filler properties of these hybrid composites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, to determine the antibacterial effects, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed on two strands of microorganisms including Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae which are known as causative agents for biofilm formation on implant surfaces.

Findings reveal that calcium phosphate in the form of brushite in combination with alginate and carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC) has intrinsic antibacterial efficiency in concentrations lower than 250 μg/mL.

The composition of SA/brushite with CMC carrier is a promising injectable filler with antibacterial properties which could be used to treat bone injuries and orthopedic applications.

Final elimination of some intracellular bacterial agents, such as Brucella, is often a complex issue and impossible to achieve, primarily due to the presence and survival of the bacteria within phagocytic cells. By penetrating into the cell membrane, drug delivery nanosystems can reduce the number of intracellular bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles on the delivery of gentamicin into Brucella infected J774A.1 murine cells in vitro.

Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using ionic gelation technique. The shape, size and charge of NPs, loading rate and release of the drug were investigated. Finally, the effects of gentamicin-loaded chitosan NPs (Gen-Cs) and free gentamicin on J774A.1 murine cells infected with these bacteria were examined.

The mean size and charge of NPs were computed as 100 nm and +28mV, respectively. The loading capacity of NPs was 22%. About 70% of the drug was released from NPs during the first 8 hours. Antimicrobial activity of the two formulations showed that MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the Gen-Cs and free drug was 3.1 and 6.25 µg, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the NPs-loaded drug and free drug was 6.25 and 12.5 µg, respectively. Cell culture analysis revealed that there was a significant reduction in the load of the intercellular bacteria in J774A.1 murine cells in both formulations.

Our results showed the Gen-Cs have a proper potential for optimal treatment of intracellular bacterial agents.

Undoubtedly, the most important function of the religious preaching is to deliver the faithful message to the religious community honestly. This function sometimes faces ethical challenges or dilemmas, placing the sum at the cost of two or more ways of making ethical decisions. This article aims to address some of the most important challenges of honesty in the field of religious preaching. To this end, the most important texts and resources written on the promotion of religion were referred to, and their content analyzed qualitatively. The findings of this study showed that honest advertising is sometimes at odds with the personal interests of the preachers, sometimes attracting maximum audiences jeopardizes the honesty of the preaching, sometimes weakening the merits and qualifications of the preacher. The mission of religion can also be one of the reasons for the lack of integrity in the promotion of religion.

Human epithelial growth factor receptor2 (Her2) and polymorphic epithelial mucin (MUC1) are tumor-associated antigens that have been extensively investigated in adenocarcinomas. Generally, each of these molecules was used separately for diagnosis of adenocarcinomas and as an injective vaccines in cancer therapy researches, but not in the chimeric form as an edible immunogen. In this study, Her2, MUC1, and a novel fusion structure were expressed in the seeds and hairy roots of transgenic plants appropriately. The mice groups were immunized either by feeding of transgenic seeds or hairy roots. All immunized groups showed a considerable rise in anti-glycoprotein serum IgG and IgA, and IFNɣ cytokine. However, the animals received chimeric protein showed significant higher immune responses in comparison to ones received one of these immunogen. The results indicated that the oral immunization of an animal model with transgenic plants could effectively elicit immune responses against two major tumor-associated antigens.

Among all types of malignant diseases, breast cancer has worldwide importance because of the high mortality rate in women aged fewer than 50 in the developing countries. Identification of immunogenic antigens and the generation of specific antibodies against cancer cells are the most successful strategies for early detection and effective treatment of breast cancer. In the current study, a chimeric protein consisting of two specific surface antigens, MUC1 and HER2, were used for the production of chitosan nanoparticles and evaluated as a vaccine candidate. The pET-28a expression vector harboring the HER2-MUC1 gene was constructed. Expression of the protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was induced using IPTG. The recombinant HER2-MUC1 (HM) protein was purified using a Ni-NTA column and confirmed by western blotting. Chitosan nanoparticles containing the target protein were prepared and the lymphocytes viability was evaluated using MTT assay. The expression of the recombinant protein with molecular weight of 40 kDa was confirmed using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The electric charge and the size of the nanoparticles were determined and verified by a Zeta Sizer device. The evaluation of IgG and IgA titration suggested that inducing humoral and mucosal immune responses by administering nanoparticles containing the chimeric protein. Analysis of cell-mediated immunity showed that the chimeric HM protein could induce specific splenocyte proliferation in immunized mice. It seems that HM nanoparticles can be utilized as a vaccine candidate for inducing the cellular and humoral immune response against breast cancer.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as a causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular parasite which is excreted by the cat's feces. Efforts have been made for the development of toxoplasmosis vaccine, but none led to developing a vaccine with protective immune response to the parasite. Adjuvants are essential for vaccine formulation to create strong immune responses. As an adjuvant, nanomaterials such as nano-alum, can stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. The present report aimed to investigate the protective effects of the alum-based nano-adjuvant formulated in killed T. gondii. In this experimental study, the vaccine candidates were separately formulated in alum, complete Freund, and nano-alum adjuvants. The BALB/c mice were immunized three times with two-week intervals. To investigate the type of induced immune response, sera were analyzed by ELISA for total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a isotypes and also IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 cytokines. To evaluate lymphocyte proliferation, BrdU method was performed. Immunization of mice with killed Toxoplasma vaccine formulated with nano-alum adjuvant increased lymphocyte proliferation, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-2, and IFN-γ cytokine responses, total antibodies, as well as IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes compared with those of other experimental groups. Compared with alum-based killed Toxoplasma vaccine, the nano-alum adjuvant could strongly induce cellular and humoral immune responses.

Maternal–fetal tolerance plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of pregnancy. However, this immunological tolerance can be influenced by intrauterine infections. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) have immunomodulatory effects and respond to invading pathogens through expressing various toll‑like receptors (TLRs). We hypothesize that bacteria or bacterial products affect the immunosuppressive effects of hAECs through TLR stimulation. Here, we investigated how a successful pregnancy can be threatened by TLR4 activation on hAECs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) engagement. hAECs were isolated from the amniotic membrane received from six healthy pregnant women. The immunophenotyping of hAECs was studied by flow cytometry. The isolated hAECs (4 × 105 cells/ml) were cultured in 24‑well plates in the presence or absence of LPS (5 μg/ml). After 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation, the culture supernatants of hAECs were collected, and the levels of interleukin‑5 (IL‑5), IL‑6, IL‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α), transforming growth factor‑beta 1 (TGF‑β1), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. TLR4 activation showed a stimulatory effect on TGF‑β1 production of hAECs (P < 0.001–0.05). PGE2 production of LPS‑stimulated hAECs was significantly increased (P < 0.01–0.05). Moreover, TLR4 could induce TNF‑α and IL‑1β production of hAECs (P < 0.0001–0.01), while this effect was not observed on IL‑6 production of hAECs. The IL‑5 was produced at a very low level in two culture supernatants of hAECs, in which its production was independent of LPS effect. TLR4 activation by bacterial components on hAECs may be a potential risk factor for pregnancy complications.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) involved in regulation of the genes. The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (CEBPα) is a crucial transcription factor for normal hematopoiesis and cell cycle that frequently disrupted in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The miR-182 up-regulation in several malignant diseases such as AML was reported, in the other hand bioinformatics analysis revealed CEBPα targeted by miR-182.miR-182-5p inhibition in human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line was performed by using locked nucleic acid (LNA) and subsequently miR-182-5p and CEBPα expression, apoptosis, necrosis and cell proliferation were measured.After LNA-anti-miR-182-5p transfection to cells at different time points, miR-182-5p down regulation and CEBPα overexpression was revealed in the LNA-anti-miR group compared to the control groups. The cell viability was meaningfully varied between LNA-anti-miR and control groups. Increasing of the apoptotic ratio was linked to miR-182-5p inhibition in the LNA-anti-miR group rather than other groups. Similarly, the necrotic ratio in the LNA-anti-miR group was higher.Our results supported the hypothesis that miR-182-5p inhibition can reduce the cell viability predominantly due to induces apoptosis and necrosis. The present results can apply in translational medicine for investigation of antisense therapy and drug development in leukemia.

Brucellosis is one of the main causes of economic loss in domestic animals due to abortions and infertility. Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives in other cell types in addition to phagocytes. T cell mediated responses are necessary to eradicate the infection due to Brucella.
In this study the potential of recombinant protein rTF/Bp26/Omp31 as a novel Brucella subunit vaccine, protective efficacy, and immune response was evaluated in BALB/c mice.
After in silico design of rTF/Bp26/Omp31 structure, the gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Finally, purified protein by Ni-NTA was used as immunogenic to immunized mice.
Mice immunized with rTF/Bp26/Omp31 showed a vigorous humoral and cellular mediated immunity; results were compatible with IgG1 and IgG2a levels as well as high amounts of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10 production in immunized mice, compared with control groups (P Statistical analyses indicate similar responses in immunized mice exposed to rTF/Bp26/Omp31, compared with B. abortus RB51 and B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccines. These results showed the potential of rTF/Bp26/Omp31 as a candidate for the development of a subunit vaccine against brucellosis.

Noble metal nanoparticles have a great potential for biological study, especially the use of gold nanoparticles is popular. In this work gold nanoparticles (GNPs), silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and gold-silver hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) synthesized and used as a carrier for electrochemical investigation of redox protein. Optical characterization of these nanoparticles was performed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The optical absorption spectra of HNPs solution shows only one plasmon absorption, it is concluded that mixing of gold and silver leads to a homogeneous formation of alloy nanoparticles. LCR meter study shows the HNPs is best conductance in compare of GNPs and SNPs. Therefore, the electron transfer of the homogenous glucose oxidase (GOx), horse radish peroxides (HRP) and hemoglobin (Hb) was investigates by electrochemical method in presence of HNPs. They demonstrated quasi-reversible cyclic voltammograms with a formal potential of -479, -178 and,168 mV in 50 mM phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 respectively.

The consumption of caffeine supplements has increased among athletes. This supplement has anti-inflammatory effects and can improve athletic performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of this supplement on the inflammatory responses and performance of military students in hot environments.
After completing the consent and health forms, 15 healthy male military students participated in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of caffeine (n=8) and placebo (n=7). They consumed 6 mg/kg of body weight caffeine and maltodextrin as placebo 90 minutes before test. Subjects performed maximal aerobic exercises (20 meter Shuttle Run exhaustive Test) in hot temperatures (38 centigrade) in summer. At the end, the maximal oxygen consumption was calculated by a formula (Number of shuttles with beeps). In order to evaluate TNF-α and IL-1β, 5 cc blood samples were collected from the brachial vein before and after test.
The results showed that caffeine supplements significantly decreased TNF-α (caffeine group: 17.94±5.29, placebo group: 31.38±7.18) and increased VO2max (caffeine group: 41.73±2.86, placebo group: 34.88±1.30). At the same time, no significant differences was seen in IL-1β (caffeine group: 21.52±3.36, placebo group: 23.47±3.16) (P≤0.05).
It can be concluded that the consumption of caffeine supplements 90 minutes before exercise may decrease TNF-α and improve the performance in hot temperatures.

The utility and efficacy of novel materials in tissue regeneration and antimicrobial therapy are contingent upon the employment of either blood derivatives rich in platelets or platelet-poor-plasma (PPP). This effect is largely mediated by the increased or decreased concentration of platelets in the plasma. The current study aimed to analyze and evaluate the impact of platelet-rich (PRP) or PPP on inhibiting the growth of human pathogenic bacteria and compare their effects with those of chloramphenicol and penicillin.
In the current comparative study, PRP–1 was generated using 1-step blood centrifugation method; whereas, for PRP–2 and PPP the 2-step centrifugation protocol was used. The antimicrobial activity of PRP–1, 2, and PPP were tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella sp. and Serratia sp.Well diffusion and serial micro-dilution methods were used for this purpose. Chloramphenicol and penicillin susceptibility were tested using the disk diffusion method.
While whole blood (WB) and PPP had no discernible impact on the growth parameters of any of the bacteria tested in the current study,PRP-1 reduced the growth rate of a few selected strains. In addition, while PRP-2 clearly inhibited the growth of Shigella sp., E. coli, S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and S. epidermidis, it had no impact on the growth of K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa,andSerratia sp
It can be claimed that there is a strong correlation between the concentration of platelets and the antibacterial activity of PRP.

Punica granatum is a non-productive form of a plant and is used for the treatment of diseases in traditional medicine. In this study, we evaluate the antibacterial activity and the total phenol compounds of Punica granatum.
Disk and well diffusion methods and MIC were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydro-alcoholic extract on S. aureus and E. coli compared to standard commercial antibiotic disks. Measurement of phenol compounds were performed by Seevers and Daly colorimetric methods (Folin-ciocalteu indicator).
35 and 29 mm inhibition zones in S. aureus and 22 and 17 mm inhibition zones in E. coli were shown by disk and well diffusion method, respectively. Also, 7.8 mg/ml concentration of extract showed the MIC points for two bacteria. Phenol compound of extract was 233.15±5.1 mg/g of extraction.
Antibacterial effect of Punica granatum compared to antibiotics indicates the strong activity against examined bacteria. Extensive antibacterial study of Punica granatum is suggested.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is an infectious zoonotic pathogen causing human infections. These infections, in some cases, can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome and its life-threatening complications and even death worldwide. The first intimate bacterial adhesion, intimin (I), with its own receptor translocated intimin receptor (Tir) and E. coli secreted protein A, acting as Tir conduit, are highly immunogenic proteins for vaccine development against E. coli O157:H7. A chimeric trivalent recombinant protein was previously found to be a suitable strategy for developing vaccines against E. coli O157:H7. In this study, the recombinant EIT (rEIT) was used to design a protective EHEC nasal nanovaccine. Chitosan and its water-soluble derivative, trimethylated chitosan (TMC), as muco-adhesive biopolymers, are good candidates for preparation of nanovaccines. Using the electrospraying technique, as a novel method, we could obtain particles of rEIT loaded with chitosan and TMC on a nanometer scale. Mice were immunized with intranasal administration or intrapretoneal injection of rEIT. The rEIT-specific immune responses (IgG and IgA) were measured by indirect ELISA. Only nasal administration of chitosan electrospray and TMC formulation produced significant secretion IgA. Intranasal administration of nanovaccine reduced the duration of bacterial fecal shedding on mice challenged with E. coli O157:H7. Since development of mucosal vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases requires efficient antigen delivery therefore, this research could be a new strategy for developing vaccine against E. coli O157:H7.

Nanomedicine delivery systems are known as potent therapeutictools. In addition to possessing an effective agent of turmeric، Curcumin shows antibacterial properties as well. Curcumin is not water-soluble and it can be solved in water via nanotechnology-base methods. Chitosan is a natural and biodegradable substance that is utilized for the Production of Nanoparticles (NPs) carrying drug. In the following investigation، curcumin is loaded in chitosan NPs and ultimately، the resulting nano-drug is studied as an antibacterial agent. In this study، NPs are produced using chitosan and Tripolyphosphate (TPP) salt. Curcumin solution was loaded in chitosan NPs during their production. Next، the skins of BALB/c mice infected with staphylococcus aureus are treated by curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs for 3 days. Afterwards، in order to evaluate the antibacterial property of the nano-drug، these skin suspensions of mice are cultured in bacterial medium. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) reveals the charge of + 7 ± 2 mV and the size of 160 ± 10 nm in curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs. Moreover، Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicates a spiral shape. Therefore، the evaluation of the optical density by spectrophotometry demonstrates that 75 ± 2 % of curcumin are loaded in chitosan NPs. Bacterial culture shows that curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs significantly inhibited staphylococcus aureus growth. This study demonstrates that curcumin-loaded chitosan NPs can be applied as a potent agent in treatment of bacterial skin infections.

Inflammation is a complex process and part of the host immune defense against invading micro-organism or trauma. Over production of some pro-inflammatory mediators can lead to chronic diseases of the inflammatory origin. Medicinal Plants which are used as anti-inflammatory agents, mainly act affecting various stages of the process of inflammation. In general they can inhibit formation of a wide of mediators such as cytokines by immune cells to prevent the inflammatory reaction cascade from starting. The use of most of the medicinal plants in treatment of chronic disease of the inflammatory origin is based on clinical and pharmacological trials. Meanwhile, the use of most of them is based on their longstanding traditional use in folk medicine. In this review, we report some of anti-inflammatory effects of G. lucidum as an ancient Chinese herbal medicine.