فهرست مطالب maryam afshari

Marriage at a young age, especially when a person has not yet reached the necessary psychological and social maturity, can cause serious harm to the individual, family, and even society.

The aim of determining the factors affecting early marriage and its health consequences in women under 18 in Migrant City.

The research design was mixed method, including a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study and then a qualitative study that was conducted on migrant women under 18. The sampling method was a census. In the cross-sectional study, 133 women and in the qualitative study, 36 women were studied. The data collection tool in the cross-sectional study was a researcher-made questionnaire and in the qualitative study was interview. In the cross-sectional study, the Chi-square test and in the qualitative study, content analysis was used.

The results showed that the marriage age of most women was 13 to 14 years old. It has been reported that the age of women's first menstruation was 12 years old (28.6%). There was a statistically significant relationship between mother's occupation, father's occupation, parents' monthly income and the age of first menstruation with the age of marriage. A qualitative study about the problems of early marriage included four main themes: physical problems, mental-psychological problems, developmental and developmental problems, and social problems following early marriage.

The results of this research provide a more detailed insight into the phenomenon of child marriage and can be used for interventions related to early marriage, especially in the growing immigrant population.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role and position of international law in the prevention of natural disasters. Natural disasters are the cognate of the history of human social life and nature. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical in which an attempt will be made to analyze and explain the problem of the research by using available sources and legal texts as well as scientific research articles. Prevention of natural disasters has a direct relationship with human lives. In other words, strengthening and improving the level of prevention and the role and position of international law increases the value of human dignity and life. The safety of human life has a high position and dignity. The divine verses emphasize the principle of dignity and high value of human life, its preservation and privacy, and the safety of individual and social life of people in individual and social spheres. In the Qur'an, God considers man to be the best of creatures in many cases. The right to life and security of life is one of the most obvious and obvious rights of people in society. Because respecting human dignity and respecting his rights is one of the main duties of governments. In the international scene, in the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on December 10, 1948, Article 3 declares: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and personal security. In the sixth article of the Covenant of Civil and Political Rights approved

Considering the importance of the quality of education in universities on the growth and development programs of the country, this study aimed to explain the opinions of students, professors, and educational managers regarding the factors affecting improving education quality at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

This qualitative study used conventional content analysis to understand the experiences of students, professors, and managers at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with diversity in considering faculty, educational group, level, age, and gender. The interviews in person included in-depth interviews with 20 students, 8 professors, and 3 educational managers. The responses were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman model.

The factors affecting the improvement of education quality from the students’ perspective were determined in four main contexts: the professor’s teaching method in class, modern teaching techniques, appropriate interactions between professor and student, and the availability of educational infrastructures. The effective factors from the educational managers’ perspective were identified in two prominent contexts: the professor’s teaching in class and appropriate interactions between professor and student. The effective factors from the professors’ perspective were identified in four main contexts: professors’ motivation, empowering professors, professors’ and students’ characteristics.

Improving the quality of education depends on appropriate interactions between professors and students, professors’ teaching methods, modern teaching techniques, and educational infrastructures. Also, the motivation and empowerment of professors and the characteristics of professors and students play a significant role in this field. Therefore, to improve the quality of education, educational managers must pay attention to these factors.

In contemporary international law, due to the advancement of technology and the emergence of new technologies and the development of the environment, especially by governments, protecting the environment as a common heritage of humanity is important and vital. Based on this, wetlands have a special importance for the world community in terms of biodiversity and economic, social and cultural effects, of which Urmia Wetland is a clear example. To protect these ecosystems, international law has established significant regulations within the framework of general and special rules. As a large international wetland, Urmia Lake is included in the Ramsar Convention, a special document governing the protection of wetlands. By following the general rules in accordance with this convention, countries are required to use wetlands wisely and protect them. But in recent years, due to unreasonable exploitation of the Urmia wetland, including the diversion of water by many dams, the road and bridge built on the Urmia lake named Shahid Kalantari, which was completed in November 2017, may cause environmental issues due to the low water level. and intensify the lack of development of modern agriculture, so that the possibility of survival of this crisis by threatening the right to enjoy a healthy environment leads to an environmental disaster and entails Iran's international responsibility. Therefore, it is vital for the country to take appropriate measures for the survival of Lake Urmia by using the environmental capacities of international law and citizenship rights with a focus on sustainable development, especially the 50th

Considering the global spread of production and consumption of transgenic products and due to the importance of taking required measures and having necessary regulations for safely use of these products and to avoid potential dangers to the environment and their health, it is very critical for each country to codify laws and regulations on biosafety. Thus, it is essential to make, approve and implement proper laws and regulations at the national level. The present study reviewed biosafety laws and regulations in Iran and their shortcomings as well as biosafety laws of 10 countries from Europe, Asia, America and Oceania. Except for World Trade Organization and Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol, Iran has acceded to all related protocols and regulations. Moreover, Biosafety National Law, Paragraph (b) of Executive Regulations of Article (7) of the Biosafety Law and executive instructions of Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health and Medical Education and Department of Environment have been ratified in Iran. The studies show that the text of Biosafety National Law has some shortcomings and as a result, executive regulations and instructions of competent executive organizations have many problems. Therefore, in this study, Iran’s Biosafety National Law and related regulations were reviewed and compared with the text of Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and also biosafety laws in 10 countries from four different continents with different viewpoints (from Asia: China, Japan, India; from Europe: European Union, Germany and Spain; from America: Brazil, Argentina, Canada and America; from Oceania: Australia). The countries are or are not parties to the Cartagena Protocol and are active in production, release and consumption of transgenic products. In doing so, the study has tried to define strengths and weaknesses of Biosafety National Law and related instructions and develop a proper framework for it.

Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death in pregnant women. One of the investment areas for maternal and neonatal health is targeted interventions to increase maternal safety to prevent traffic accidents. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and categorizing different types of safety interventions to reduce traffic accidents in pregnant women.

The study was a systematic review. Interventional articles from Persian databases including Magiran, Iran Medex, and SID, and English scientific information databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Sciencedirect, Embase, Science of Web, and Scopus were searched. All identified articles were collected by one person using Endnote software. Then, the full text of the articles was reviewed by two researchers and the articles that met the entry criteria were identified. Other articles were added to the previous collection of articles using forward citation and backward citation reviews. The EPHPP tool was used to assess the quality of the studies.

The initial search resulted in finding 5329 article abstracts. Eventually, two interventional studies were identified for evaluation in this study. The intervention approach used in one study was educational/behavioral and in the other was engineering/technology. Both studies reported that they had made significant changes in the desired outcomes, which was fastening the seat belt in pregnant women. One study was of poor quality in quality assessment and the other was of medium quality.

Safety interventions to reduce traffic accidents in pregnant women have been very little worked on worldwide. It seems that there is still much room for studies in the field of safety interventions to reduce traffic accidents among pregnant women.

Falling is a significant cause of occupational injuries and fatalities among farmers, and falling from trees is one of the most common causes of injury resulting in a high number of visits to health centers. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the factors associated with falling from walnut trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to falling from walnut trees from the perspective of farmers and farmworkers. This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 farmers and farmworkers who had experienced falling from walnut trees as recorded in the National Accidents Record Program from September to October 2017 in Tuyserkan county, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Moreover, data rigor was ensured through participant and external checks. All interviews were recorded and analyzed using content analysis methods. Data analysis led to the extraction of six themes, including psychological factors, physical factors, behavioral and habitual factors, economic factors, factors related to walnut trees, and atmospheric agents, along with 18 subthemes for behavioral, human, and environmental factors. The findings of this study suggest that with appropriate interventions and training, farmers and farmworkers can be guided and assisted so as to prevent the occurrence of falling from walnut trees. In addition to educational interventions, health promotion measures such as providing safety equipment and insurance coverage can be essential in reducing injuries.

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT developed by OpenAI, has shown the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in emergency department (ED) triage. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance and safety of ChatGPT in prioritizing patients based on urgency in ED settings.

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase. Studies evaluating ChatGPT's diagnostic performance in ED triage were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the QUADAS-2 tool. Pooled accuracy estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic.

Fourteen studies with a total of 1,412 patients or scenarios were included. ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrated a pooled accuracy of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.64-0.98) with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 93%). ChatGPT 3.5 showed a pooled accuracy of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.43-0.81) with significant heterogeneity (I² = 84%). Funnel plots indicated potential publication bias, particularly for ChatGPT 3.5. Quality assessments revealed varying levels of risk of bias and applicability concerns.

ChatGPT, especially version 4.0, shows promise in improving ED triage accuracy. However, significant variability and potential biases highlight the need for further evaluation and enhancement. 

The concept of citizen and citizenship rights is sometimes considered so general that it gives the impression that all citizens have the same needs or that they have the same ability to demand their desires. However, due to their special characteristics, children cannot defend their rights and benefit and the issues related to their urban life should be prioritized in the society's work.

This present research tries to explain the most important rights of children in cities by studying the different areas affecting children's rights in cities, by means of examining the data through descriptive-analytical method.

Children are citizens who are still unfamiliar with many social issues around them and they are at the beginning of searching and discovering their living environment. The necessity of recognizing children's rights in the field of urban rights is important because they, Because they, as one of the most important pillars of society, are exposed to the most harm and threats and considering the nascent recognition of children's rights in cities at the global level, especially in Iran and international organizations efforts such as UNICEF to further promote these rights, managers and city policymakers are expected to take appropriate measures in this area.

Although needed theoretical steps have been taken by Iran's urban institutions in this area; in practice there is a long way to reach the desired condition of children.

In this article, it is tried to focus on the case of Lake Urmia, the policies of the Republic of Iran in relation to environmental issues in general and the said lake in particular. In this context, by presenting a report on the emergence of a series of serious crises in the Urmia lake ecosystem in recent years, the question is raised that the government of J.A. What legal approach has Iran adopted regarding such consequences? For this purpose, in this article, in addition to the international documents - the Ramsar Convention - which the Iranian government has committed to, the documents of the J.A. of Iran are studied as environmental strategic laws. In this research, it is assumed that Lake Urmia, which has a wide range of plant, animal and human life around it, needs a macro-policy in the legislative, executive and judicial spheres, which should be in the form of an action plan with a deadline in the order The work of all related institutions should be coordinated. Because despite this necessity, the results of the research indicate the lack of understanding of the importance of the issue, mismanagement, lack of work and lack of cooperation between the relevant institutions on the one hand, as well as the lack of compliance with legal obligations, both in relation to national laws and documents and International documents in the field of saving the lake. This article is based on documents and library resources and qualitative method of analytical and descriptive type.

Children's rights are considered as special examples of human rights, so ignoring this issue leads to violation of human rights from the international aspect and also has irreparable consequences inside the country. Eliminating child labor is not possible except with the union of relevant institutions, the guarantee of effective and continuous legal implementation along with the unification of legal rules.

This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose, and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically method to examine the challenges of child labor in Iran with a view on international law.

The lack of coordination of the responsible institutions and insufficient budget, along with the economic recession caused by Covid-19 and its effects, are among the most important reasons for child labor not being solved in the country. Ambiguity and contradictions in domestic laws by joining international treaties have made this problem more complicated.The approval of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescent Rights in 2019 in Iran has been a positive step for coordination with international laws, but in this law, without changing the age of the child in the previous definitions, people under the 18 are protected in specified cases. Therefore, in cases outside the scope of this law, children do not receive the necessary support. Continued reform of laws is necessary for comprehensive protection.

Considering the unknown long-term effects of genetically modified products and the complexities of proving guilt and the relationship between the consumption of these products and their effects on humans and the environment, it is necessary to formulate a special legal system based on the approval of a law specific to these organisms. In this article, using library sources and analytical-comparative method, first of all, the concepts and generalities related to genetically modified products and the difference between the guarantee of executions in the legal system of Iran and the European Union are discussed, the existing challenges and finally the solutions to solve them. These challenges have also been explained Iran's biosafety law, unlike the European Union regulations, does not clarify the compensation system and the method of compensation, and for this reason, it cannot be expected that consumer rights will be properly protected. The biosafety law regarding the rights of consumers of transgenic products has shortcomings and loopholes, which due to the rapid developments in the field of biotechnology, especially the production of more transgenic products and their commercialization, doubles the necessity of its amendment.

Due to the lack of information about the causes of academic failure of university students, as well as the lack of knowledge of effective interventions to prevent and reduce this problem, this qualitative study aims to explain the causes and effective interventions in academic failure from the perspective of conditional students at Ham adan University of Medical Sciences.

This research was a qualitative study using descriptive phenomenology approach. The study population was conditional students who were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews with people were conducted in - person and in -depth according to their wishes. The time of each interview was 45 to 60 minutes. The information obtained from the interview was analyzed using the 7 -step method of Kleiser. To increase the trust and scientific credibility of the results, Lincoln and Goba methods were used.

Data analysis led to the extraction of 6 classes as effective causes of academic failure, which included academic problems, physical and mental problems, looking to the future, financial problems, using technology, and family and social problems. Data analysis led to 4 -story extraction as an effective intervention on academic failure, including academic intervention, reduction of physical and mental problems, family and social problems, and other interventions.

It is useful to use interventions in the process of reducing academic dropout in students. Interventions such as proper nutrition, reducing the use of virtual space, the presence of a consultant and helping students in time management and planning, multi -stage evaluation according to the courses can be effective.

The right to health is one of the fundamental human rights and it means the rights of individuals to achieve the highest standard of physical and mental health and includes all fields of medicine, public health, proper food, housing, healthy work environment, healthy environment, etc. In order to provide healthy living conditions for citizens, governments are required to take measures in various fields, including the adoption of internal laws and regulations and joining international conventions. In the United Nations Charter, the issue of health and public health has been addressed and it has created requirements for governments to provide health and health in the society.

The statute of the World Health Organization deals with this issue and provides a definition of health. After that, this right has been recognized in several international and regional documents, both specific and general, as well as several declarations. Among the international documents that have emphasized the issue of health and health is the Declaration of the Third Millennium Development, which the world leaders at their largest meeting in 2000 committed to do their best to provide a healthy life for all human beings in the century. Use the future.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the current research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

One of the important fields of research in the health system is its inclusion in urban planning and urban planning, which is known as the field of urban health.

Urban health includes social factors related to individual health, environmental health, healthy settlements, road health, healthy lifestyles, security, violence, healthy food, suitable recreational facilities and people's sense of belonging to society, justice and optimal allocation and health facilities, medical and Resources in cities, monitoring of urban land use, proper management and fundamental changes in health, economy and the way of life of citizens are among the main goals in urban health.

In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system. The purpose of the article is to interpret the current situation regarding the right of citizenship, according to access to clean air, and the corresponding laws in Iran. To achieve this goal, European countries and corresponding laws have been chosen as benchmarks. Finally, providing solutions in the form of reasons for not defining the corresponding human rights laws and implementing them in the field of clean air will be the ultimate goal of the article.

The current research is of the type of applied research, especially, the inferential approach and the analysis of the existing conditions by the author were the main paths in the final impressions.

In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the human right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system, specifically, elements such as the need for large investments, long-term and researched planning, and access to modern technologies for industrial use. The main challenges in defining and implementing citizens' rights are in the issue of access to clean air. In contrast, the European Union has always been a pioneer in creating a specific legal system in the field of dealing with air pollution.

According to internal and external reports and standards, the level of air pollution in Iran violates the rights to life and health, children's rights, and the right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment. In Iran, there is no sufficient legal system to restore citizen's rights in the issue of clean air, or if there is, they are not fully implemented

The outbreak of COVID-19 has confronted universities with countless challenges in educating students. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the ethical criteria in e-learning during the outbreak of COVID-19 from the perspective of students, professors and educational administrators at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a qualitative one with qualitative content analysis approach. The study was conducted with the participation of 30 students, faculty and educational administrators who were selected through purposive sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Elo and Kyngas approaches were used to analyze the data. To increase the scientific reliability and validity of the results Lincoln and Guba methods were applied.

The participants included 16 students in different educational levels, 10 faculty members and 4 educational directors. After providing in-depth interviews and analyzing them in the first stage, a total of 193 initial codes were extracted. The primary codes were merged and the complete summary steps were placed in the relevant classes. In reviewing the ethical criteria in virtual education, a total of three main categories of learners 'ethical criteria, professors' ethical criteria and the organization's ethical criteria and 27 sub-categories were reported.

Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 disease, e-learning has expanded as a new educational method. Therefore, by developing the necessary infrastructure, producing and sharing software, interactive educational tools, and using the experiences of other organizations and other countries, the impact of this type of training can be increased.

One of the ways to finance the developing countries or the third world is to attract foreign capital. This research aims to investigate the legal solutions to guarantee international investment with emphasis on the conditions of stability and commitment. This research is a descriptive-analytical type of research and has been done with the method of scanning library resources. In the following, in response to the research question, is the commitment condition accepted as a legal solution to guarantee the stability of private contracts in the international community to guarantee foreign investment? It should be stated that foreign investment contracts between governments and foreign persons are essentially private contracts. According to the investors and their respective governments, the supervision of domestic laws on these contracts leaves the government's hand free to interfere in them; Therefore, accepting the conditions of stability and commitment as a questionable and relative legal principle can be a guarantor of investment, and the basis of the government's international responsibility is not the contract, but the government's commitment in an international treaty to support investment.

Purpose context: 

Nowadays, the position of environmental protection is considered as an important and desirable matter. This issue becomes important to the extent that legal indicators are considered for it. The explanation and discussion of civil responsibility and the recognition of rightness and wrongness and the selection of each of its topics, including the theory of fault or risk, as well as citing jurisprudential theories such as harm, are among the important matters investigated in this structure. The purpose of this research is to examine environmental issues within the framework of civil responsibility and the procedure of instruments and responsibility as well as the existing legal regime. This research seeks to present and analyze the theoretical foundations of the necessity of civil responsibility evolution due to environmental destruction using the sources and foundations available in the theories of civil responsibility with a view to the existing legal regime.

The present research was written based on library studies, descriptive and analytical method, and based on review findings.

The weakness of civil liability rights guarantees and the inadequacy of administrative measures strengthen the aforementioned necessity, however, the application of civil liability rights to protect the environment requires consideration of requirements that cannot be considered without paying attention to them. The rights were hopeful.

In this research, an attempt has been made to show why civil responsibility in the field of environmental damage needs to evolve, especially based on jurisprudence and legal doctrines. The most important achievement of this research is to recognize those theories of civil responsibility for environmental protection from the point of view of jurisprudence and law, which are compatible with the fundamental philosophy of maximum environmental protection.

Economic development, as one of the most important factors affecting the progress of a country, has played an undeniable role in the material well-being of the society, as well as achieving a suitable position in the international arena. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the main obstacles to attracting foreign investment and ways to solve them in order to increase investment in Iran. This research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way and with the method of scanning library resources. In the following, in response to this research question, what are the obstacles to attract more foreign investment in Iran and the solutions to solve it? It should be stated that according to the conducted interviews, the obstacles and opportunities of foreign investment, in order of priority, include opportunities such as: many potentials and many investment opportunities, young and active and educated population, the country's need for material capital and foreign management, high rate of return on investment In the money and capital markets of the country and the huge plans being implemented in the industrial sectors, the obstacles include the lack of a written plan and national determination to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), the existence of legal and political obstacles, the inability to introduce investment potentials and opportunities, and the risks surrounding investment. They are foreign.

With the closure of schools as a result of the social distancing plan, the negative emotions that individuals experience became complicated. Therefore, the present study provided a deep understanding of the concerns and stresses of parents, students, and teachers about the process of social distance planning and reopening of schools during COVID-19 pandemic.

This directed qualitative content analysis was conducted in 2020. The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews with teachers (n=28), students (n=20), and their parents (n=32) in Tuiserkan County. Sampling was performed by purposeful sampling method with the maximum variation. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data, collected by content analysis method.

In general, 90% of participants were stressed and concerned about the social distancing plan and the reopening of schools during Covid-19 pandemic. During data analysis, 74 primary codes, 13 sub-themes and 4 themes were obtained. The themes included predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), reinforcing factors, enabling factors, and quality of life.

Identifying and explaining the concerns and stress of parents, students and teachers about the process of social distance planning and reopening of schools during infectious diseases such as COVID-19 pandemic will help policy-makers and administrators for planning and interventions related to this.

With the closure of schools as a result of the social distancing plan, the negative emotions that individuals experience became complicated. Therefore, the present study provided a deep understanding of the concerns and stresses of parents, students, and teachers about the process of social distance planning and reopening of schools during COVID-19 pandemic.

This directed qualitative content analysis was conducted in 2020. The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews with teachers (n=28), students (n=20), and their parents (n=32) in Tuiserkan County. Sampling was performed by purposeful sampling method with the maximum variation. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data, collected by content analysis method.

In general, 90% of participants were stressed and concerned about the social distancing plan and the reopening of schools during Covid-19 pandemic. During data analysis, 74 primary codes, 13 sub-themes and 4 themes were obtained. The themes included predisposing factors (knowledge and attitude), reinforcing factors, enabling factors, and quality of life.

Identifying and explaining the concerns and stress of parents, students and teachers about the process of social distance planning and reopening of schools during infectious diseases such as COVID-19 pandemic will help policy-makers and administrators for planning and interventions related to this.

Due to the closed nature of the Persian Gulf, the transit of oil tankers and excessive utilization of the global standard, the environmental situation of the gulf has been endangered. It is necessary to promulgate the sea-based culture and marine economy and include their policies in the legislations of all eight countries of the Persian Gulf in order to achieve the sustainable development regarding their versatile aspects and implementation.The main question here is how the performance of the engaging states in the Persian Gulf contributes in maintaining sustainability of the maritime environment in the Persian Gulf, emphasizing on indicators of sustainable development. In this article, the performance of the Persian Gulf countries in relation to the sustainable development of the marine environment has been studied analytically and through a library research. Following the review of these indicators, the global standard of sustainable development components is measured in three areas of social, economic and environmental sectors compared to objectives 12, 14, 15 and 17 of Agenda 2030. According to the results,achieving sustainable development of the marine environment of the Persian Gulf is only possible by active participation of all the eight countries playing their optimal roles in cooperation with each other.

Sustainable development is one of the basic concepts that have become increasingly important in recent decades. Sustainable development meets the needs of the current generation without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs is considered sustainable development. Sustainable development is closely related to the right to development and means the right to cultural, social, economic and political development of citizens. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine approach regarding the development of the Revolutionary Guards and its position in Iran and the United Arab Emirates.

This article is Analytical descriptive and uses the library method.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, Originality of texts, honesty and trusteeship has been complied with.

The concept of progress has been reflected in human rights standards as a right and in the form of sustainable development. The right has emphasized on sustainable development, on co-development with regard to the environment, and on categories such as human dignity and just progress and has also been emphasized from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. From the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, sustainable development is possible according to the principle and rule of no harm, the need for balance and maintaining balance in nature, justice and equality in development and the principle of human responsibility.

Sustainable development has been addressed in Iranian law in the five-year development plans, but it has faced shortcomings. In the UAE, however, sustainable development has been accompanied by seriousness and ambitious plans, as it is one of the leading countries in the use of renewable energy and crane reduction.

The valuable place of the environment in human societies has always been considered around the world because human survival is measured by its protection. Thus, we need a solution to deal with the negative consequences in order to protect the marine environment of the Persian Gulf and to implement the goals of sustainable development in this region, which is one of the most polluted and vulnerable marine areas. Because the increasing dominance of these factors has created irreparable environmental catastrophes in the Persian Gulf ecosystem that all coastal countries are responsible for preventing them. Accordingly, the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals have set out a codified set of tasks for countries, to be fulfilled by 2030. Moreover, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals, it offers solutions to solve the earth’s environmental problems in the field of poverty, clean water, clean energy and state-of-the-art technologies. Certainly, achieving the goals of sustainable development and increasing the quality of life of human beings in accordance with current and future needs is possible by achieving the tools of economic growth along with social quality and transforming to sustainable production methods and consumption patterns by establishing environmental balance.

This article studied analytically and through library research while examining the negative consequences and obstacles to progress, also refers to the approach of positive consequences and offers solutions to overcome obstacles.

The results of this article show that necessary and unavoidable to study the consequences and to establish a procedure to achieve the proposed indigenous indicators and adapt of sustainable development goals in the Persian Gulf regions level;  because achieving positive results in this matter is achievable through providing balance between economy, society and marine environment.

According to the analysis performed, considered as a fundamental solution for future research to eliminate marine environmental pollution, the protection of the marine environment of the Persian Gulf has been made possible by supporting and conducting the goals of sustainable development of the 2030 instrument and implementing it in the region so as to pave the way for attainment of sustainable development in marine regions by eliminating the barriers and negative consequences that impede sustainable development. Eventually, for the implementation of the 2030 instrument in the regions and countries of the Persian Gulf, governments are obliged to adopt the goals of sustainable development with regard to the appropriate environmental conditions. Hence, one of the basic objectives of the present paper is to explain and design indigenous indicators proposed for sustainable development across the regional areas of the Persian Gulf.

Fall is one of the main reasons for serious injuries in workplaces. Protective measures are not frequently used by farmers and farm workers. In Iran, there are no adequate data in recognizing the various effective factors of falls from height in the agricultural sector. Thus, we used the PRECEDE model to recognize causes and factors which can affect the acceptance of the protective measures for the prevention of fall from the walnut tree.

From July until November 2018, a cross‑sectional research was conducted in Tuyserkan County in the west of Iran among 222 farm workers and farmers from 12 villages. A questionnaire was developed to measure demographic features, history of injuries, and constructs recommended in the PRECEDE model. Data were gathered by face‑to‑face interviews.

Predisposing factors (β =0.348, t = 5.116), enabling factors (β =0.131, t = 3.672), and reinforcing factors (β =0.164, t = 2.128) had a positive impact on protective measures, with an explained variance of 35.3%. In this study, the goodness‑of‑fit value was obtained as 0.455, indicating an excellent overall fit of the model to the data.

The results of this research recognized the causes of protective measures among farmers and farm workers. Our findings suggest that the PRECEDE model could help as a guide for developing a more effective intervention for the prevention of fall from the walnut tree.

Lighting and lighting have a special place in the lives of citizens because part of the activity of people takes place in the dark of night. By carefully examining the situation of Iranian cities, especially worn-out and historical textures, it becomes clear that such textures are due to the fact that they were created many years and sometimes decades ago, and then with the passage of time and the growth and expansion of surrounding urban spaces. And their connection to each other has become a dense and continuous texture, leading to problems such as imbalance at the level of different regions. Lack of proper lighting leads to risks such as accidents and falling of weak people (children and the elderly) not seeing the faces of people and exploiting profiteers and causing harassment and delinquency.

In this research, using causal and qualitative methods, first, the lighting condition of Jolfa neighborhood was investigated and the points that cause crime due to insufficient lighting and inadequate lighting were identified.

In this study, the worn texture of Julfa neighborhood of Isfahan in the south of Zayandehrood River was studied. Although in terms of lighting in recent years, the relevant organizations have made efforts to improve the lighting of this neighborhood, but with a brief look around the historical context of Julfa and due to the presence of Hakim Nezami streets, East and West, Khaghani, Tohid and Mehrdad and around Materials are seen as dark spots that set the stage for social harm. In this study, solutions to solve the lighting problem to create visual relaxation were presented.