maryam afshari

Achieving development is one of the main concerns of developing countries and one of their demands from the international community. One of the organizations dedicated to this objective is the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This organization works toward achieving sustainable growth and prosperity for all countries. The aim of this study is to examine and explain the role and function of the IMF in achieving sustainable development goals. The research uses descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods to answer the question of how the IMF contributes to the realization of sustainable development goals and the scope of its involvement in this regard. The findings of the study indicate that the IMF’s focus on goals such as growth and sustainable welfare places its role and function within the framework of organizations aligned with sustainable development objectives. The IMF’s functions in achieving sustainable development goals are limited to specific areas. Together with the World Bank, the IMF holds a unique position in the global community because it can directly influence the political environment of developing countries.

Research into managing depression and fatigue, two typical symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), is constantly expanding. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the modified Mediterranean (MED) diet or the Traditional Persian (TP) diet in terms of fatigue and depression severity in patients with MS.

In this single-center, single-blind, randomized clinical trial, 90 patients were enrolled. The patients were randomly assigned to either the MED or TP diet intervention and control groups for two months between July 2022 and February 2023, in Shiraz, Iran. The Krupp Questionnaire for Fatigue Severity Scale and the Beck Depression questionnaire were used. The Chi square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, One-way ANOVA, and backward elimination technique were employed. STATA statistical software (version 17) was utilized for data analysis. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean age of 90 participants was 35.64±9.12, and 82.2% were women. The analysis revealed a negative correlation between fatigue severity and MED diet intervention (-4.17 [-8.18-0.16]; P=0.04). However, there was no association between fatigue severity and TP diet intervention (-3.82 [-7.96, 0.32]; P=0.07). The analysis showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between lower depression scores and TP diet intervention (-2.89 [-5.59, -0.19]; P=0.03). However, there was no association between depression scores and MED diet intervention (P=0.22). Lower depression score was also associated with older age and higher socioeconomic status (P=0.002 and P=0.006). It was also shown that longer duration of disease (P=0.05) and higher fatigue severity (P=0.001) were associated with higher depression scores. 

Adhering to the MED diet could reduce fatigue scores in MS patients while having no effect on the depression score. In contrast, adhering to the TP diet recommendation could reduce depression scores without affecting fatigue scores in MS patients.Trial registration number: IRCT20181113041641N1.

In modern educational systems, one of the primary objectives of higher education institutions is the achievement of the highest quality of education. One of the areas affecting the quality of education in medical universities is learning practical and professional skills. Practical skills training in medical universities prepares students for society, exerting a marked impact on public health. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the quality status of practical courses from the experiences of students at the School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

This qualitative study was conducted on the 30 students of the School of Health at Hamedan University of Medical Sciences in the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with students. Participants were selected via the purposive sampling method and after obtaining informed consent, they participated in the study. The interviews continued until the data were saturated. Data analysis was performed using the Diekelmann and colleagues method. To increase the credibility and reliability of the results, Lincoln and Guba’s methods were employed.

 The factors affecting the quality of practical course education from the students’ perspective were identified in six main themes: managerial skills (five categories), educational infrastructure (four categories), educational coordination (eight categories), communication-interaction skills (four categories), interdepartmental interaction (two categories), and faculty empowerment (two categories).

 As evidenced by the obtained results, managerial skills and mastery of the subject by professors, modern educational infrastructure, professor's connection with the industry, and coordination between theoretical and practical courses are the key factors in improving the quality of practical course education. Furthermore, attention to staff behavior and the development of a supportive and coordinated educational environment help increase students’ motivation and satisfaction.

The protection of witnesses, both from the perspective of individual rights and from the perspective of public good and social expediency, has always been the focus of legal schools because witnesses and the informed either in terms of the type of crime, such as testifying in security crimes, or in terms of the status of the criminal, such as testifying against special criminals or the status of the witness, such as infancy, gender, or recent financial need can play an important role in the case of organized crime due to. Therefore, this article aims to support measures for witnesses, the informed, and victims of organized crimes. From this point of view, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject and expressing its problematic aspect, it will investigate the importance of organized crimes and the protection of witnesses and informed. According to the subject documents, presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting data in this research is the library. The findings of this study indicate that one of the most effective and efficient approaches to support witness and the informed is to predict the protective measures in criminal law (substantive and formal) in the form of non-criminal protection and criminal protection measures.

Workload and job satisfaction are among the most influential factors affecting job performance. Therefore, this study aims to assess the cognitive workload and job satisfaction and their impact on the quality of education faculty members provide.

This study was conducted among 34 faculty members through a census. The NASA-TLX tool was used to assess cognitive workload, and a job satisfaction scale was employed to evaluate job satisfaction. Moreover, the training quality score was considered a criterion for assessing the educational performance of the participants. To determine the role of explanatory variables on the level of mental workload, multiple linear regression was used at a 95% confidence level.

The mean cognitive workload of faculty members was 52.94 ± 24.48. Efficiency and time demand scored the highest and lowest among the subscales of workload, respectively. Job satisfaction was 56.85 ± 27.61, with satisfaction with the department head and colleagues ranking highest and satisfaction with salary being the lowest in job satisfaction. The cognitive workload had a non-significant relationship with job satisfaction (P = 0.08, r = 0.56). However, the relationship between teaching quality and both cognitive workload and job satisfaction was not statistically significant.

No significant relationship was observed between cognitive workload, job satisfaction, and teaching quality scores. However, it is recommended that measures be taken to improve the quality of work life for faculty members to enhance the quality of education they provide.

Air pollution is a major global environmental problem that has various adverse effects on health and the environment. Countries have come to the conclusion that the fight against this problem will only be possible through international cooperation. Therefore, taking measures to reform the existing structures based on scientific principles and applying the laws and experiences of other countries in the world to deal with air pollution are among the main priorities. The distinction of this research is to investigate the role of international guarantees and documents and Iranian laws in dealing with air pollution, so this research seeks to bridge the gap between domestic laws and documents in comparison with international laws. The present study is in the group of applied research in terms of objectives and nature, and an analytical-descriptive method has been used in its conduct. First, these documents and laws were studied in the form of a library, then according to the questions and conceptual framework, the documents and laws in the national and international system were analyzed, and finally the documents and laws were implemented. To investigate the hypotheses, dialectics, which is one of the methods of scientific cognition (research), was used. In the environmental sector, the law of the Fifth Five-Year Plan is not sufficient and does not include comprehensive and long-term plans to achieve sustainable and appropriate development. The municipal law approved in 1955 has also not been able to play a significant role in the realization of the guarantee of the human right to clean air due to the lack of executive guarantees and up-to-dateness. The Environmental Protection and Improvement Act of 1974 also needs to be revised and amended due to the objective conditions of the post-revolutionary society and the flaws and inadequacies of the regulations. Although the penalty of fine in the Clean Air Law has increased in terms of amount compared to the previous law, unfortunately, it has less power than these perpetrators in the case of factories and legal entities that have more income. Regarding the performance of the Clean Air Act, it can be stated that out of the 56 articles stipulated in the Clean Air Law and its technical regulations, the implementation of 22 articles has been estimated to be poor, 17 to moderate, and 17 to be good. International instruments also lack a clear guarantee of implementation, and the mechanism provided for in the conventions seems to be very simple and inefficient. The laws and approvals related to air pollution have not been properly implemented, and this issue is more noticeable in the case of the Clean Air Act. The most important reasons for the lack of law enforcement are lack of financial resources, lack of priority to the issue of air pollution, lack of adequate and effective supervision, inconsistency between the executive agencies and island operations, personal interpretation of the law's texts, and finally, the flaws in the text of the law. According to the results of the present study, it can be acknowledged that in Iran, as a developing country, the issue of guaranteeing the right to clean air and its implementation mechanisms has not yet found its real place in the legal system. International instruments also lack a specific guarantee of performance such as reciprocity or specific contractual mechanisms. Due to the negative effects of air pollution on the health of citizens and the country's economy, urgent action to untie the existing knots over the implementation of the Clean Air Act is necessary and there must be a serious will in this regard.

Cryptocurrencies are often portrayed as a great competitor for the current financial system, which promises security, speed, transparency, increasing financial transactions and creating a fairer economy, preserving privacy and eliminating administrative formalities. Assuming that we accept all these things, but the crypto world does not always have positive aspects. Governments, regulatory agencies, central banks and other financial institutions are trying hard to consider the prospect of cryptocurrency decentralization from the point of view of the legal and criminological challenges it has created; But there are still many important challenges such as committing crimes such as: money laundering, terrorism financing, drug trafficking through the use of these cryptocurrencies. The main question of this research is, what role do cryptocurrencies play in creating black business and what mechanisms are there to prevent it? Does this business exist? The results of the research indicate that in order to prevent black business, solutions such as the use of smart contracts, the need to legalize cryptocurrencies, monitoring exchanges and banks, etc. can be used. The research method in this The research is descriptive-analytical.

Due to the importance of the principle of oversight in the context of public law, the protection of collective trust in representatives, and the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, it can be stated that oversight of the behavior of members of parliament is a given necessity. Just as oversight of the behavior of other officials in the system is important, the methods of monitoring the conduct of representatives are crucial and play a key role in the effectiveness of the oversight institution. Therefore, lawmakers should pay special attention to this and fulfill this important responsibility by analyzing and introducing these methods. The paper presented here aims to answer the question of what the methods of oversight over the behavior of members of parliament are in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Iran. In this context, these countries employ techniques such as regular and random declarations of interests, restrictions on representatives regarding receiving benefits outside of parliament, and non-financial oversight methods, such as public complaints about violations of rules related to representatives' conduct and managing representatives' interactions with lobbyists, while also considering the dignity and status of the representatives. In our country, legislative bodies should utilize these methods, taking into account the available legal culture, and ultimately be able to present an appropriate model of oversight.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is identified by a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. In view of the importance of, and demand for, novel behavioural interventions in autism disorder, a comprehensive evaluation of the outcomes of interventions for the ongoing impact of behavioral interventions in ASD is necessary.

A systematic search of the electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Web of Science, and Biomed central were conducted to find evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in ASDs. The search strategy was based on exploring studies published in different global languages from the earliest to 2019 databases. In addition to the databases mentioned above, relevant studies were searched using forward and backward citation tracing.

In the present review, 48 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), and 44 quasi-experimental articles matched the defined evaluation criteria. Eighty-three out of 93 studies were conducted in high-income countries, the results of which raised the challenges associated with acceptability of conducting those studies in low- and middle-income countries. The majority of those studies (93.5%) were classified as having either low or medium quality. From those studies, 32 studies used integrative programs, and 30 studies used social skills development interventions. The majority of the studies were based on integrative programs designed to foster social skills. The results of the study showed that social skills development interventions were effective in changing the desired outcomes. The results showed that, regardless of the study design and the type of intervention used, the possibility of success in interventions were greater in changing the participants' social skills.

There were inconsistent evidence on the effectiveness of interventions in providing changes in targeted outcomes. There is a need for further investigation in behavioral interventions for ASDs. Further research is needed to understand the effectiveness of other interventions and finding quality interventions to achieve more significant results.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role and position of international law in the prevention of natural disasters. Natural disasters are the cognate of the history of human social life and nature. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical in which an attempt will be made to analyze and explain the problem of the research by using available sources and legal texts as well as scientific research articles. Prevention of natural disasters has a direct relationship with human lives. In other words, strengthening and improving the level of prevention and the role and position of international law increases the value of human dignity and life. The safety of human life has a high position and dignity. The divine verses emphasize the principle of dignity and high value of human life, its preservation and privacy, and the safety of individual and social life of people in individual and social spheres. In the Qur'an, God considers man to be the best of creatures in many cases. The right to life and security of life is one of the most obvious and obvious rights of people in society. Because respecting human dignity and respecting his rights is one of the main duties of governments. In the international scene, in the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on December 10, 1948, Article 3 declares: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and personal security. In the sixth article of the Covenant of Civil and Political Rights approved

Research ethics is a branch of professional ethics that deals with the ethical principles guiding the research process from the beginning to the end. Ignoring ethical issues in research sometimes occurs unintentionally and simply due to a lack of awareness regarding professional research ethics. Therefore, this study aimed to identify facilitators and inhibitors of adherence to ethics in research conducted by postgraduate students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. This qualitative study was conducted using an inductive content analysis approach. The target population included postgraduate students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 29 students who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the method proposed by Diekelmann et al. For data validation, Strauss and Corbin’s method was utilized. Factors influencing adherence to research ethics included individual and personality traits (accuracy and ethical conduct of students and professors and having sufficient information about research ethics) and environmental factors (information dissemination and familiarity with research methods, the professors’ interactions with students, confidentiality of information, strictness of professors, having a clear framework from the university, respecting students’ rights, and establishing deterrent regulations). Strengthening facilitators and mitigating inhibitors of adherence to research ethics requires joint efforts from students, professors, and the university. Students need to develop accuracy and awareness, and professors should serve as ethical role models. University officials are required to create and propose clear frameworks for adhering to ethics, to be followed by all individuals involved in research.

Considering the importance of the quality of education in universities on the growth and development programs of the country, this study aimed to explain the opinions of students, professors, and educational managers regarding the factors affecting improving education quality at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

This qualitative study used conventional content analysis to understand the experiences of students, professors, and managers at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with diversity in considering faculty, educational group, level, age, and gender. The interviews in person included in-depth interviews with 20 students, 8 professors, and 3 educational managers. The responses were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman model.

The factors affecting the improvement of education quality from the students’ perspective were determined in four main contexts: the professor’s teaching method in class, modern teaching techniques, appropriate interactions between professor and student, and the availability of educational infrastructures. The effective factors from the educational managers’ perspective were identified in two prominent contexts: the professor’s teaching in class and appropriate interactions between professor and student. The effective factors from the professors’ perspective were identified in four main contexts: professors’ motivation, empowering professors, professors’ and students’ characteristics.

Improving the quality of education depends on appropriate interactions between professors and students, professors’ teaching methods, modern teaching techniques, and educational infrastructures. Also, the motivation and empowerment of professors and the characteristics of professors and students play a significant role in this field. Therefore, to improve the quality of education, educational managers must pay attention to these factors.

The present study aims to identify and analyze the legal threats related to the exploitation of transboundary waters using a descriptive-analytical method. The core research question is: “What are the obligations of upstream states concerning the water rights of downstream states, with a case study on the Helmand River?” Based on this research, the obligations of upstream states regarding transboundary rivers include the joint and equitable use of waterways, the sovereign right of a state over its water resources, consideration of the interests of downstream states in sequential water resources, the obligation to prevent significant harm to downstream states, the illegality of altering the course of a waterway, and the principle of limiting the unrestricted use of waters. In this context, Afghanistan’s upstream position on the Helmand River has led to the disregard of Iran’s downstream rights and increased exploitation. Actions such as constructing diversion canals, building dams and embankments, inaccurately reporting the quantity and volume of stored water in Afghanistan, and failing to cooperate appropriately and timely in joint meetings of the Helmand River Water Commission in accordance with the 1973 legal regime are among the measures taken by the Afghan government regarding the distribution of Helmand River water. It must be noted that the continuation of disputes between Afghanistan and Iran over the use of Helmand River water will, in the long run, disrupt the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the eastern region.

In contemporary international law, due to the advancement of technology and the emergence of new technologies and the development of the environment, especially by governments, protecting the environment as a common heritage of humanity is important and vital. Based on this, wetlands have a special importance for the world community in terms of biodiversity and economic, social and cultural effects, of which Urmia Wetland is a clear example. To protect these ecosystems, international law has established significant regulations within the framework of general and special rules. As a large international wetland, Urmia Lake is included in the Ramsar Convention, a special document governing the protection of wetlands. By following the general rules in accordance with this convention, countries are required to use wetlands wisely and protect them. But in recent years, due to unreasonable exploitation of the Urmia wetland, including the diversion of water by many dams, the road and bridge built on the Urmia lake named Shahid Kalantari, which was completed in November 2017, may cause environmental issues due to the low water level. and intensify the lack of development of modern agriculture, so that the possibility of survival of this crisis by threatening the right to enjoy a healthy environment leads to an environmental disaster and entails Iran's international responsibility. Therefore, it is vital for the country to take appropriate measures for the survival of Lake Urmia by using the environmental capacities of international law and citizenship rights with a focus on sustainable development, especially the 50th

Considering the global spread of production and consumption of transgenic products and due to the importance of taking required measures and having necessary regulations for safely use of these products and to avoid potential dangers to the environment and their health, it is very critical for each country to codify laws and regulations on biosafety. Thus, it is essential to make, approve and implement proper laws and regulations at the national level. The present study reviewed biosafety laws and regulations in Iran and their shortcomings as well as biosafety laws of 10 countries from Europe, Asia, America and Oceania. Except for World Trade Organization and Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol, Iran has acceded to all related protocols and regulations. Moreover, Biosafety National Law, Paragraph (b) of Executive Regulations of Article (7) of the Biosafety Law and executive instructions of Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health and Medical Education and Department of Environment have been ratified in Iran. The studies show that the text of Biosafety National Law has some shortcomings and as a result, executive regulations and instructions of competent executive organizations have many problems. Therefore, in this study, Iran’s Biosafety National Law and related regulations were reviewed and compared with the text of Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and also biosafety laws in 10 countries from four different continents with different viewpoints (from Asia: China, Japan, India; from Europe: European Union, Germany and Spain; from America: Brazil, Argentina, Canada and America; from Oceania: Australia). The countries are or are not parties to the Cartagena Protocol and are active in production, release and consumption of transgenic products. In doing so, the study has tried to define strengths and weaknesses of Biosafety National Law and related instructions and develop a proper framework for it.

Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death in pregnant women. One of the investment areas for maternal and neonatal health is targeted interventions to increase maternal safety to prevent traffic accidents. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and categorizing different types of safety interventions to reduce traffic accidents in pregnant women.

The study was a systematic review. Interventional articles from Persian databases including Magiran, Iran Medex, and SID, and English scientific information databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Sciencedirect, Embase, Science of Web, and Scopus were searched. All identified articles were collected by one person using Endnote software. Then, the full text of the articles was reviewed by two researchers and the articles that met the entry criteria were identified. Other articles were added to the previous collection of articles using forward citation and backward citation reviews. The EPHPP tool was used to assess the quality of the studies.

The initial search resulted in finding 5329 article abstracts. Eventually, two interventional studies were identified for evaluation in this study. The intervention approach used in one study was educational/behavioral and in the other was engineering/technology. Both studies reported that they had made significant changes in the desired outcomes, which was fastening the seat belt in pregnant women. One study was of poor quality in quality assessment and the other was of medium quality.

Safety interventions to reduce traffic accidents in pregnant women have been very little worked on worldwide. It seems that there is still much room for studies in the field of safety interventions to reduce traffic accidents among pregnant women.

Falling is a significant cause of occupational injuries and fatalities among farmers, and falling from trees is one of the most common causes of injury resulting in a high number of visits to health centers. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the factors associated with falling from walnut trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to falling from walnut trees from the perspective of farmers and farmworkers. This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 farmers and farmworkers who had experienced falling from walnut trees as recorded in the National Accidents Record Program from September to October 2017 in Tuyserkan county, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Moreover, data rigor was ensured through participant and external checks. All interviews were recorded and analyzed using content analysis methods. Data analysis led to the extraction of six themes, including psychological factors, physical factors, behavioral and habitual factors, economic factors, factors related to walnut trees, and atmospheric agents, along with 18 subthemes for behavioral, human, and environmental factors. The findings of this study suggest that with appropriate interventions and training, farmers and farmworkers can be guided and assisted so as to prevent the occurrence of falling from walnut trees. In addition to educational interventions, health promotion measures such as providing safety equipment and insurance coverage can be essential in reducing injuries.

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT developed by OpenAI, has shown the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency in emergency department (ED) triage. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance and safety of ChatGPT in prioritizing patients based on urgency in ED settings.

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase. Studies evaluating ChatGPT's diagnostic performance in ED triage were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the QUADAS-2 tool. Pooled accuracy estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic.

Fourteen studies with a total of 1,412 patients or scenarios were included. ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrated a pooled accuracy of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.64-0.98) with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 93%). ChatGPT 3.5 showed a pooled accuracy of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.43-0.81) with significant heterogeneity (I² = 84%). Funnel plots indicated potential publication bias, particularly for ChatGPT 3.5. Quality assessments revealed varying levels of risk of bias and applicability concerns.

ChatGPT, especially version 4.0, shows promise in improving ED triage accuracy. However, significant variability and potential biases highlight the need for further evaluation and enhancement. 

The concept of citizen and citizenship rights is sometimes considered so general that it gives the impression that all citizens have the same needs or that they have the same ability to demand their desires. However, due to their special characteristics, children cannot defend their rights and benefit and the issues related to their urban life should be prioritized in the society's work.

This present research tries to explain the most important rights of children in cities by studying the different areas affecting children's rights in cities, by means of examining the data through descriptive-analytical method.

Children are citizens who are still unfamiliar with many social issues around them and they are at the beginning of searching and discovering their living environment. The necessity of recognizing children's rights in the field of urban rights is important because they, Because they, as one of the most important pillars of society, are exposed to the most harm and threats and considering the nascent recognition of children's rights in cities at the global level, especially in Iran and international organizations efforts such as UNICEF to further promote these rights, managers and city policymakers are expected to take appropriate measures in this area.

Although needed theoretical steps have been taken by Iran's urban institutions in this area; in practice there is a long way to reach the desired condition of children.

Marriage at a young age, especially when a person has not yet reached the necessary psychological and social maturity, can cause serious harm to the individual, family, and even society.

The aim of determining the factors affecting early marriage and its health consequences in women under 18 in Migrant City.

The research design was mixed method, including a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study and then a qualitative study that was conducted on migrant women under 18. The sampling method was a census. In the cross-sectional study, 133 women and in the qualitative study, 36 women were studied. The data collection tool in the cross-sectional study was a researcher-made questionnaire and in the qualitative study was interview. In the cross-sectional study, the Chi-square test and in the qualitative study, content analysis was used.

The results showed that the marriage age of most women was 13 to 14 years old. It has been reported that the age of women's first menstruation was 12 years old (28.6%). There was a statistically significant relationship between mother's occupation, father's occupation, parents' monthly income and the age of first menstruation with the age of marriage. A qualitative study about the problems of early marriage included four main themes: physical problems, mental-psychological problems, developmental and developmental problems, and social problems following early marriage.

The results of this research provide a more detailed insight into the phenomenon of child marriage and can be used for interventions related to early marriage, especially in the growing immigrant population.

In this article, it is tried to focus on the case of Lake Urmia, the policies of the Republic of Iran in relation to environmental issues in general and the said lake in particular. In this context, by presenting a report on the emergence of a series of serious crises in the Urmia lake ecosystem in recent years, the question is raised that the government of J.A. What legal approach has Iran adopted regarding such consequences? For this purpose, in this article, in addition to the international documents - the Ramsar Convention - which the Iranian government has committed to, the documents of the J.A. of Iran are studied as environmental strategic laws. In this research, it is assumed that Lake Urmia, which has a wide range of plant, animal and human life around it, needs a macro-policy in the legislative, executive and judicial spheres, which should be in the form of an action plan with a deadline in the order The work of all related institutions should be coordinated. Because despite this necessity, the results of the research indicate the lack of understanding of the importance of the issue, mismanagement, lack of work and lack of cooperation between the relevant institutions on the one hand, as well as the lack of compliance with legal obligations, both in relation to national laws and documents and International documents in the field of saving the lake. This article is based on documents and library resources and qualitative method of analytical and descriptive type.

Children's rights are considered as special examples of human rights, so ignoring this issue leads to violation of human rights from the international aspect and also has irreparable consequences inside the country. Eliminating child labor is not possible except with the union of relevant institutions, the guarantee of effective and continuous legal implementation along with the unification of legal rules.

This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose, and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically method to examine the challenges of child labor in Iran with a view on international law.

The lack of coordination of the responsible institutions and insufficient budget, along with the economic recession caused by Covid-19 and its effects, are among the most important reasons for child labor not being solved in the country. Ambiguity and contradictions in domestic laws by joining international treaties have made this problem more complicated.The approval of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescent Rights in 2019 in Iran has been a positive step for coordination with international laws, but in this law, without changing the age of the child in the previous definitions, people under the 18 are protected in specified cases. Therefore, in cases outside the scope of this law, children do not receive the necessary support. Continued reform of laws is necessary for comprehensive protection.

Considering the unknown long-term effects of genetically modified products and the complexities of proving guilt and the relationship between the consumption of these products and their effects on humans and the environment, it is necessary to formulate a special legal system based on the approval of a law specific to these organisms. In this article, using library sources and analytical-comparative method, first of all, the concepts and generalities related to genetically modified products and the difference between the guarantee of executions in the legal system of Iran and the European Union are discussed, the existing challenges and finally the solutions to solve them. These challenges have also been explained Iran's biosafety law, unlike the European Union regulations, does not clarify the compensation system and the method of compensation, and for this reason, it cannot be expected that consumer rights will be properly protected. The biosafety law regarding the rights of consumers of transgenic products has shortcomings and loopholes, which due to the rapid developments in the field of biotechnology, especially the production of more transgenic products and their commercialization, doubles the necessity of its amendment.

Due to the lack of information about the causes of academic failure of university students, as well as the lack of knowledge of effective interventions to prevent and reduce this problem, this qualitative study aims to explain the causes and effective interventions in academic failure from the perspective of conditional students at Ham adan University of Medical Sciences.

This research was a qualitative study using descriptive phenomenology approach. The study population was conditional students who were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews with people were conducted in - person and in -depth according to their wishes. The time of each interview was 45 to 60 minutes. The information obtained from the interview was analyzed using the 7 -step method of Kleiser. To increase the trust and scientific credibility of the results, Lincoln and Goba methods were used.

Data analysis led to the extraction of 6 classes as effective causes of academic failure, which included academic problems, physical and mental problems, looking to the future, financial problems, using technology, and family and social problems. Data analysis led to 4 -story extraction as an effective intervention on academic failure, including academic intervention, reduction of physical and mental problems, family and social problems, and other interventions.

It is useful to use interventions in the process of reducing academic dropout in students. Interventions such as proper nutrition, reducing the use of virtual space, the presence of a consultant and helping students in time management and planning, multi -stage evaluation according to the courses can be effective.

The right to health is one of the fundamental human rights and it means the rights of individuals to achieve the highest standard of physical and mental health and includes all fields of medicine, public health, proper food, housing, healthy work environment, healthy environment, etc. In order to provide healthy living conditions for citizens, governments are required to take measures in various fields, including the adoption of internal laws and regulations and joining international conventions. In the United Nations Charter, the issue of health and public health has been addressed and it has created requirements for governments to provide health and health in the society.

The statute of the World Health Organization deals with this issue and provides a definition of health. After that, this right has been recognized in several international and regional documents, both specific and general, as well as several declarations. Among the international documents that have emphasized the issue of health and health is the Declaration of the Third Millennium Development, which the world leaders at their largest meeting in 2000 committed to do their best to provide a healthy life for all human beings in the century. Use the future.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the current research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

One of the important fields of research in the health system is its inclusion in urban planning and urban planning, which is known as the field of urban health.

Urban health includes social factors related to individual health, environmental health, healthy settlements, road health, healthy lifestyles, security, violence, healthy food, suitable recreational facilities and people's sense of belonging to society, justice and optimal allocation and health facilities, medical and Resources in cities, monitoring of urban land use, proper management and fundamental changes in health, economy and the way of life of citizens are among the main goals in urban health.