masoud khodaveisi

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a common cardiovascular disease. One of the main concerns of health system staff is the non-compliance of these patients in adherence to treatment after discharge from the hospital. Designing and implementing a program to follow up patients after discharge can positively affect their rehabilitation and treatment adherence. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of discharge planning on adherence to treatment in patients with ischemic heart disease. This quasi-experimental study was performed with the participation of 70 ischemic heart disease patients hospitalized in Hamadan Cardiovascular Hospital in 2018. Participants were selected by simple random sampling and divided into experimental (n = 35) and control (n = 35) groups using permutation blocks. In the first 24 hours of admission, a researcher-made questionnaire of adherence to treatment was completed by all participants to assess the educational needs. The discharge planning consisted of two stages: before discharge and after discharge from the hospital with telephone follow-up for 2 months. Then adherence to treatment was re-assessed after discharge. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) by chi-square, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test and paired t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups in adherence to treatment (p> 0.05); however, after the discharge planning, adherence to treatment significantly increased in all areas in the experimental group (P <0.001).Implications for Practice: Implementation of discharge planning improves and promotes adherence to treatment in IHD patients.

Adherence to the treatment regimen reduces complications of surgery after heart valve replacement. Educating the patient can improve treatment adherence. This study thus aimed to evaluate the effect of education based on the health belief model (HBM) on treatment adherence in patients with heart valve replacement surgery.

In this quasi-experimental research, a total of 90 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery were studied. The subjects were selected randomly and then divided into an intervention and a control group using the permutation blocks method. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, an HBM- based questionnaire, and a treatment adherence questionnaire during two stages before and one month after the education. Three 60-minute sessions on HBM- based education were held based on a need assessment for the intervention group. The collected data were analyzed using the chi-square test, paired t test, independent t test, and linear regression in SPSS software version 16.0.

Most of the patients in the two groups were male, married, and employed, had reading and writing literacy and lived in an urban area. Both groups were similar in terms of demographic data except for marital status, disease history, and familial disease history. The mean scores of knowledge, HBM constructs (e.g., perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, and cues to action), and treatment adherence were greater in the control group than in the intervention group pre-intervention. However, the mean scores of all variables improved in the intervention group, and there were significant differences in the knowledge, all HBM constructs (except for perceived susceptibility and perceived self-efficacy), and medical adherence between the two groups post-intervention (P < 0.05).

Considering the positive effect of HBM-based educational intervention on the patients’ treatment adherence, HBM-based education could be suggested for patients with heart valve replacement surgery.

Paying attention to the mother-child relationship is of great importance. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the impact of mothers’ effective communication training on the duration of the mother-child relationships in infants.

In this quasi-experimental study 250 mothers (125 in each group) with infants under one year of age participated by using stratified sampling method. Data were collected by a questionnaire before and 1.5 months after training. For the intervention group, the training program was presented in three sessions of 30 minutes per week. Data were using Independent t-test, Paired t-test, Chi-square, and regression analysis.

The time of hugging, playing, effective eye contact, and skin contact of most of the infants before the intervention was similar (P > 0.05); however, after the intervention, the number of hours of hugging, playing, effective eye contact, and skin contact of the infant was significantly increased in the intervention group in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05).

This study shows that mothers’ communication training affects the duration of the mother-child relationship. It is recommended mothers be taught on the effective methods of communication in health centers.

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death and disability. Therefore, the prevention and management of this health condition are vitally important. The present study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on Pender's health promotion model on health-promoting behaviors in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty.

This is a randomized control trial study, in which a total of 96 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty in Farshchian Heart Center in Hamadan in 2020 were allocated into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group, in addition to the routine training in the control group, received 3 training sessions based on the Pender model. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) was completed in both groups. Descriptive and analytical statistical tests and SPSS software version 16 were used to analyze the data.

The result showed that in both intervention and control groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the domains of health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management after the intervention (p<.001). Furthermore, in the control group, no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05). But this difference was shown to be statistically significant in all domains in the intervention group (p<.001).

Based upon the results of the present study, the patient education based on Pender's health promotion model has a positive effect on health-promoting behaviors in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, as this educational approach can be appropriate for improving the state of health in these patients.

Considering the increasing importance of professional ethics in nurses, it seems necessary to know its related factors such as communication skills; Therefore, this study aimed to determine the correlation between communication skills and professional ethics of nurses in Farshchian Heart Hospital in Hamadan, Iran in 2021.

In this correlational descriptive study, 170 nurses working in Farshchian Heart Hospital in Hamedan were selected by convenience sampling. The data collection tool was three questionnaires: demographic information, Barton J.E. communication skills (1990), and Kaduzier's professional ethics (2002). The data were collected by the self-report method. Data were analyzed using Descriptive and analytical statistics (Pearson, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression statistical tests) in SPSS version 16.

Most participants were married women with a bachelor's degree and mean age of 35.57±6.55. The mean scores were as follows: communication skills 59.86±7.84, verbal 21.37±3.21, listening 16.94±3.89, feedback 21.54±3.08, and professional ethics 64.03±8.27. Pearson's correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between communication skills and professional ethics (P=0.02), feedback skills and professional ethics (P<0.005), and justice and fairness subscale and general communication skills (P=0.02). Using the multiple linear regression model, the variable of professional ethics could be predicted by verbal skills (0.95) and feedback skills (1.99) (P<0.0005 R2 adjusted r=0.97)

The present study showed a statistically significant positive relationship between communication skills and professional ethics. Considering the relationship between communication skills and professional ethics, it is suggested to pay attention to the empowerment of nurses in this area.

Breast cancer is a multidimensional crisis for women and their spouses that affects every aspect of their life. Coping with this disease requires investigating and resolving the challenges faced by all those affected by it. The present study was conducted to clarify these challenges on the basis of lived experiences of the spouses of women with breast cancer.

The present qualitative research performed an interpretive phenomenological analysis in Iran.Purposive sampling was employed to select twenty spouses of women with breast cancer. The data collected through unstructured face-to-face interviews were analyzed using van Manen’s method. To ensure the rigor of the study, Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were evaluated in the qualitative process.

Lived experiences of the spouses of the women with breast cancer in coping with challenges included the four themes of emotional confusion, shouldering the burden of care, psychophysical suffering caused by the disease and life without cohesion.

Spouses of the women with breast cancer in the Iranian community faced several challenges and issues. The socioeconomic support provided by supporting organizations and medical personnel appear to help moderate these challenges and improve coping in this group.

Patients with myocardial infarction need to receive care and self-care ability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of post-discharge education and follow-up on self-care behaviors of patients with myocardial infarction.

In this quasi-experimental study, 116 patients with myocardial infarction were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the two groups of control (n = 58) and intervention (n = 58). In the intervention group, a face-to-face training session was held first. Then telephone follow-up with training immediately after discharge, twice a week in the first month and once a week in the second month with the intervention group. The standard questionnaire of self-care behaviors in patients with myocardial infarction was used to collect information. SPSS software version 23 and descriptive statistics and Fisherchr('39')s independent and accurate t-tests were used to analyze the data.

The mean score of self-care in the intervention group in one month and two months after training compared to discharge time was 35.29 and 44.10 units, respectively. The results of LSD post hoc test showed that these differences were statistically significant (p <0.001). Using chi-square test, a statistically significant difference was observed between the frequency distribution of patients in the control and intervention groups in one month and two months after the intervention in terms of self-care.

Due to its availability, the use of telephone follow-up can be used as a method to follow the training provided to patients.

Standard precautions are a basic strategy to prevent occupational exposure in prehospital emergency staff. The Health Belief Model (HBM)‑based education can be used to promote and educate health behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the HBM‑based education on infection control standard precautions in prehospital emergency technicians.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 84 prehospital emergency staff of Hamadan who were randomly assigned to two groups: Experimental (n: 42) and control (n: 42) using a cluster method. The data were collected by a researcher‑developed questionnaire. Before education, the questionnaires were completed by both groups, and then three educational sessions were held for the experimental group within one month. Two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire and the data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software.

Before education, there was no significant difference in the mean scores on HBM constructs and performance between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) after educational intervention showed there was a significant difference in the mean scores of all constructs and performance between the two groups (p < 0.05).

HBM‑based educational intervention could affect the scores of the model’s constructs and improve the use of standard precautions in emergency medical technicians. In‑service training is recommended to be developed for the staff based on HBM.

 Care and treatment adherence are important factors for given good liver transplantation outcomes.

 Design and validate an instrument to appraise adherence to care and treatment in liver transplantation recipients.

 A mixed-methods sequential exploratory study was conducted in two phases from 2017 to 2019, in the Liver Transplantation Clinic Tehran, Iran. In the qualitative phase, the concept of care and treatment adherence in liver transplantation recipients extracted by a conventional content analysis was performed on semi-structural interviews that were conducted on 18 liver transplantation recipients that were recruited through purposive sampling technique. Also, two physicians, one nurse coordinator of the liver transplantation team, and two family members were interviewed. The scale was developed based on operational definitions extracted from the qualitative phase. The validity was assessed by face, content, construct validity, and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability was also evaluated by calculating test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out with 286 filled the questionnaire.

 Four factors were extracted in factor analysis. These factors explained 45.622% of the variance. The final version of the scale consisted of 20 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient reported as 0.889 for the total scale and the intraclass correlation coefficient was reported as 0.912. The confirmatory factor analysis led to a fitting model. Chi-square indices were reported as CMIN/DF = 2.34, NFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.96, and RAMSEA = 0.067.

 With a four factors structure, validity and reliability of adherence to care and treatment scale are acceptable; therefore, it can be used for appraisal care and treatment adherence in liver transplant recipients.

Assessing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes of patients with COVID-19 and em-ploying effective strategies for their improvement are essential. This study is designed in this regard.

This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 20, 2020 and January 20, 2021 in the emergency de-partments of two hospitals in Hamadan and Kermanshah, Iran. Participants were 487 patients with confirmedCOVID-19 and cardiac arrest (CA) who had undergone CPR during the study period. Data were collected us-ing the available CPR documentation forms developed based on the Utstein Style and analyses were performedusing Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests and the logistic regression analysis.

Par-ticipants’ mean age was 69.31±14.73 years and most of them were male (61.8%) and suffered from at least oneunderlying disease (58.1%). The rate of total and in-hospital CA was 9.67% and 9.39%, respectively. The mostprevalent first documented rhythm was asystole (67.9%) and the highest responsivity to CPR was for shockablerhythms. The rate of the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 9% and the rate of survival to hospitaldischarge was 2%. The significant predictors of CPR success were age (p = 0.035), epinephrine administrationtime interval (p = 0.00), CPR duration (p = 0.00), and First documented rhythm (p = 0.009).

The rateof in-hospital CA among studied COVID-19 cases was 9.39% with 9% ROSC and 2% survival to hospital dischargerates after CPR. Primary CPR success among patients with COVID-19 was poor, particularly among those withasystole and bradycardia. It seems that old age and improper doses of epinephrine can reduce CPR success.

  The issue of informing cancer patients about their diagnosis has attracted a lot of attention in the field of clinical oncology and medical ethics. Informing cancer patients about their diagnosis is a difficult task for medical staff. Cancer disclosure depends on the religion and culture of the community, so we decided to conduct a study on cancer patients and their close relativeschr understanding of cancer disclosure.

This is a qualitative and content analysis method. In this study, 10 cancer patients and their close relatives were selected through a targeted sampling method and semi-structured interviews were conducted for 45 to 60 minutes. The data was analyzed using MaxQD10 software.

From data analysis, 4 categories were created for the patient and family. The main categories are: support of the treatment team, psychological suffering, helplessness and concealment.

The findings of this study show that cancer patients and their families suffer from painlessness and mental disorders when they hear the news of cancer, which need the support of the treatment team to improve this situation, so it is recommended that the treatment team take action. Do the necessary to facilitate the treatment of cancer patients and their families to improve the quality of services provided.

Emergency medical services (EMS) are provided in the difficult and unpredictable conditions of prehospital settings. Therefore, EMS students need to receive quality education to acquire considerable knowledge and skills. This qualitative study aimed to explore the educational challenges in medical emergency students. This qualitative study was carried out in 2019 using qualitative content analysis. Participants were fourteen undergraduate EMS students purposively recruited from Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and continued up to data saturation. Data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach explained by Graneheim and Lundman. The four main categories of the challenges of EMS education were shortcomings of the clinical education environment, lack of qualified EMS instructors, deficit of the curriculum, and theory-practice gap. During their university education, EMS students face different challenges. For effective training, more coordination is needed among the emergency medical board, faculty membersand EMS managers. It is also recommended that the curriculum should be revised.

The prevalence of Diabetes type 2 has been increased significantly during recent years. So, prevention is necessary from adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HBM- based education on preventive behaviors of Diabetes type 2 in male adolescences.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 208 secondary school students of Hamadan city (104 students in an experimental group and the rest in a control group) in 2018, who were selected using the stratified-proportional sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Afterward, educational intervention was implemented in the experimental group based on HBM in four 45-60 minute sessions. After one month, the data were recollected from the two groups and analyzed using Chi-square Tests, t-tests and linear regression by SPSS software version 16.

The mean age of the students was 13.22 ± 1.40 in the intervention group, and 13.55 ± 0.63 in the control group (p>0.05). Comparing the scores of awareness, HBM constructs, and student’s preventive practices revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups at the beginning of the study (P>0.05). However, after the intervention, significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of awareness, the HBM constructs, and student’s preventive practices (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy was the most important independent predictor of type-2 diabetes-preventative behavior (P<0.05).

HBM-based education was effective in promoting the type-2 diabetes prevention behaviors in students. Therefore, it can be used to train secondary school students.

One of the challenges for diabetics is following a treatment regimen. Educating the patient at home increases the ability to take care of themselves. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of home care program on the therapeutic adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 80 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the Diabetes Research Center of Hamadan in 2019 who were selected by convenience sampling method. Samples were divided into intervention and control groups using permuted block method (40 people in each group). Educational intervention was performed in home care during two face-to-face sessions and two telephones follow-up. Before and two months after intervention, the questionnaire was completed by both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and Fisherchr('39')s exact test, Chi-square, paired t-tests and one-way analysis of covariance were used.

The mean score of therapeutic adherence was higher in control group than in intervention group, before home care (p<0.001); while after intervention, the mean score of therapeutic adherence significantly increased in intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Implementation of home care program in patients with type 2 diabetes improves the therapeutic adherence of these patients.

One of the methods of training in nursing is telenursing. The most common use of telenursing is for home care. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of telephone follow-up after discharge on symptoms, complications, and readmission in the patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Hamadan.

This quasi-experimental study was performed in 2019 on 70 patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Farshchian Heart Hospital in Hamadan, Iran. Patients were divided into two groups of 35 and they were labeled as intervention and control groups based on random blocking. Patients in the intervention group received telephone calls weekly for up to 4 weeks. The follow-ups included postoperative symptoms and complication checking through questionnaires; additionally, necessary training instructions were given. Research tools included a demographic information checklist, readmission, and a cardiac symptom survey. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software, and descriptive statistical tests, paired t-test, and Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant decrease in symptoms and complications in the experimental group at the end of the fourth week (p <0.001). Also, there was no significant difference in symptoms and complications in the experimental and control groups after one month, despite the decrease in the mean score in the experimental group (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative readmission between the two groups, but the findings of the study showed that patients in the control group were hospitalized longer to improve the complications.

Post-discharge telephone follow-up is effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative symptoms and complications of the coronary artery bypass grafting and it is recommended to use telephone follow-up as one of the training methods to provide services to patients.

 Sleep quality is one of the main human factors related to urban road traffic crashes. This study aimed at determining the relationship between sleep quality and road traffic crashes in urban drivers.

 This correlational study was conducted in Hamadan, a city located in the western part of Iran. The study samples consisted of 309 Hamadan drivers (i.e., 103 with road traffic crashes (RTCs) and 206 without RTCs), who were referred to police centers to change or renew their driving licenses. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The questionnaire was filled out in a self-administered manner. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS-16 software and applying logistic regression, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test.

 The comparison of sleep quality scores between two groups, using the adjusted logistic regression test, showed a statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.019). This means that the sleep quality of drivers without RTCs was 1.8 times better than drivers with RTCS (OR=1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 - 3.07).

 There was a significant association between poor sleep quality and the occurrence of RTCS in urban drivers. As a result, it is recommended paying more attention to the sleep quality of urban drivers to prevent and control RTCs.

Adherence to treatment is essential in heart disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional awareness of hypertensive patients and their dietary intake in heart disease. This is a descriptive-analytical study that was performed on hypertensive patients referred to Farshchian Cardiovascular Clinic in Iran, using the available random sampling method. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire and three questionnaires of nutritional awareness, illness perception, and dietary follow-up of patients with hypertension. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and descriptive statistics. The mean score of knowledge was 4.73±1.55. Fifty-eight percent of patients were unaware of high-fat diet, 56% of them did not eat red meat and 63% of them did not eat sweets. The mean score of perception was 29.58±3.94 of which 38% of the patients were uncontrollable and 43% strongly opposed their illnesses which could lead to premature death and 56% were against dietary restriction. There is a need for interventions to improve the knowledge and attitude of patients with heart disease.

Non-adherence to medical care programs in transplant recipients is considered one of the life-threatening factors in transplant recipients, which can prevent achieving the desired levels of health care. To determine perceptions of liver transplant recipients about the barriers to their adherence to medical care programs. This study was conducted based on a qualitative content analysis method using semi-structured interviews with 23 liver transplant recipients, their families, and the transplant teams. A purposive sampling method was used in liver transplant clinics affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, from May to November 2017. Three main categories including factors related to therapeutic problems (educational problems and medication challenges), personal factors (self-management disability), as well as social problems (cultural conditions and passive family) were identified as the barriers to adherence to medical care programs. Paying attention to barriers to adherence to medical care and planning for moderating them in a collaborative effort between transplant recipients and health care providers could increase the likelihood of survival and quality of life in these patients.

Identifying the status of clinical education helps to improve the achievement of educational goals. This study aimed to compare the achievement of clinical skills in the final year nursing students. In this descriptive analytical study, 157 nursing students in the seventh and eighth semesters were selected through a census method, who were compared with each other. Data were collected using a researcher‑developed questionnaire that included 111 clinical skills in 7 dimensions of primary nursing care, vital signs control, oxygenation and airway management, medication administration, laboratory samples collection, infection control, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills. Students scored each skill on a scale ranging from 0 to 5. The acceptable skills level in this study was the third level, which observes skills performed by the instructor or the nurse. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, descriptive statistics, and multiple linear regression. In the seventh semester students, except for the vital signs skills, other skills were at lower than expected levels. In the eighth semester students, except for the laboratory samples collection and infection control skills which were at a lower than expected level, other skills were reported at expected levels. Multiple linear regression showed that the eight semester students had more total score than the seventh semester students (t = 3.19, p = 0.002). The provision of sufficient opportunity to develop clinical skills in the eight semester was observed in this study; therefore, it is recommended that the internship course be increased in the dimensions in which students can independently perform clinical skills.

Objectives: In the recent years, the elderly pollution has increased; therefore, the availability of centers that meet their physical and emotional needs has become extremely important. Standardization is one of the approaches to improve the quality of these centers. The purpose of this study was to compare the status of structural standards in nursing homes with international standards. Methods & Materials: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, three nursing homes in Markazi Province were studied in 2017. To investigate the status of structural standards, a researcher-made checklist was used, which consisted of the staff standards, physical environment standards, and equipment standards. The validity of this checklist was confirmed using expert panel and its reliability was confirmed by parallel forms reliability. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 23. Results: Overall, the centers were in moderate situation in terms of structural standards with average score of 83.29% (mean: 674 [out of 810]). The scores of Imam Javad Nursing home, Ebrahimabad Nursing home, and Meisam Nursing home were 88.40%, 88.64%, and 72.84% (mean: 716, 718, and 590), respectively. Conclusion: Considering that the structural condition of nursing homes in Markazi Province is lower than international standards, nursing home officials are recommended to improve the quality of their centers to achieve the levels of international standards, especially structural standards

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women which compromises person’s spiritual health. Given the importance of spiritual health and its effect on self-efficacy, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and mental health in women with breast cancer.
This Cross-Sectional correlative study was conducted on 196 women with breast cancer referred to hematology and intensive care unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, medical center and Mahdiei MRI clinic in Hamadan during 2016-2017. The study subjects were selected by simple convenience sampling method. The measurement tools were Demographic questionnaire, the Sherer self-efficacy scale and Palutziam and Ellison spiritual health which was completed by patients. Data was analyzed by SPSS18 using statistical methods including Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression.
The score of majority of women in spiritual well-being (43/87%) and efficacy (41/83%) were in a moderate level. The mean number of spiritual health was 55.92±2.48 and the mean number self-efficacy was 44.33±3.08, respectively and both of them were average. . There was positive significant correlation between self-efficacy and spiritual health (P With regards to relationship between self-efficacy and spiritual health, it seems that in order to enhance the self-efficacy in patients with other chronic diseases such as cancer attention to spiritual health is recommended.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic disease. Limitation in the patient’s independence eventually has a negative impact on their quality of life.
The aim of this study was to assess the association between the severity of disease and patients’ quality of life in Hamadan city, western Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 72 patients with MS were selected using simple sampling in Hamadan, during year 2015. Patients were divided to three groups based on their score of expanded disability status scale (EDSS). expanded disability status scale was classified at three levels of 0 to 3.5, 4.0 to 6.5, and 7.0 to 9.5. Data were collected using the multiple sclerosis quality of life-54 instrument (MSQOL-54). Data was analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the SPSS 18 software.
Quality of life in three groups of MS patients had a significant difference (P Patients with MS and low EDSS had higher quality of life than other EDSS levels. It is recommended for education and empowerment to be provided to people with middle and high scores in EDSS.

Prevalence of hepatitis B has been significantly increased among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the recent years.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of health belief model (HBM)-based training on the preventive behaviors of hepatitis B in addicts.
Patients and In this quasi-experimental study, 84 eligible substance users were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were gathered using 3 questionnaires: demographics, HBM’s components, and the preventive behavior of hepatitis B. A HBM-based intervention was conducted on the experimental group. The data were analyzed by paired and independent t-tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and Chi-square test using the SPSS/16 software.
A significant difference was observed between the means of all HBM’s components and preventive behaviors of hepatitis B of the 2 groups except perceived severity after the intervention (P Training based on HBM could have effects on the preventive behaviors of hepatitis “B”. Training based on HMB is recommended as a low-cost and effective method.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system, which has debilitative effects on the quality of life of the patients due to its various physical complications. The present study aimed to assess the effects of using Orem’s self-care model on the physical dimensions of quality of life in MS patients. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 74 patients with MS referring to the MS Association in Hamedan, Iran in 2014. The patients were selected via convenience sampling and randomly allocated to two groups of intervention and control. Data were collected using MSPHQOL-54 in the study groups. In addition, a training program was implemented for 2-4 sessions based on the extracted needs of the patients in the intervention group. After two months of the self-care program in the intervention group, MSPHQOL-54 was completed again by the two groups. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square, paired t-test, and independent t-test. Mean quality of life in all the physical dimensions was 57.2±20.5 in the intervention group before the training program, which significantly increased to 67.5±15.3 (P=0.001). However, no such difference was observed in the control group. According to the results, Orem’s self-care model could improve the physical dimensions of quality of life in MS patients. Therefore, it is recommended that this model be applied to enhance the physical dimensions of quality of life in these patients.

Health promotion is one of the best ways to maintain health. Correction of health promoting behaviors is essential for students. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of peer education on nursing student's health promoting behaviors.
In this quasi-experimental study, 80 nursing and midwifery students were selected by available sampling method. Data gathering tool was Pender Health Promotion Questionnaire. Before education, health promoting behaviors were examined. Then, the first and second semester students were educated in a 4-hour 1.5-hour session, with peer education. Two months after education, post-test was done. Data were analyzed by SPSS/16 software.
There were no significant differences between the two peer groups in terms of the mean score of health promotion behaviors and their related dimensions (P> 0.05) before education. However, after education, the mean score of health promotion behaviors and their dimensions in the peer group with MSc student had a statistically significant increase compared to the peer group with bachelor's degree students (P The effectiveness of health promoting behaviors education which the leader of peer group is a MSc student was better than that peer group whose leader is under graduated students.