masoumeh ahmadi

Endodontic treatment errors (EEs) can lead to complications and require additional follow-up care. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of root canal treatment errors among dental students, identifying error types based on radiographic criteria, tooth type, location, and technical errors.

A cross-sectional study analyzed data from 201 patients who underwent root canal treatment at Ilam University of Medical Sciences between 2021 and 2022. Inclusion criteria were confirmed root disease diagnosis, adherence to standard treatment protocol, availability of radiographs, and complete patient files. The protocol included rubber dam isolation, radiographic length determination, manual file canal preparation, irrigation, obturation with the lateral compression method, and temporary restoration. Two endodontists evaluated filling length, density, convergence, and technical errors such as floor perforation, broken instruments, transportation, ledge formation, and access cavity gouging.

 The study included 89 male (44.3%) and 112 female (55.7%) dental students with a mean age of 25.36 years. Among the 201 patients (28.9% male, 71.1% female; mean age 35.24 years), 71.6% had fillings of appropriate length, 12.14% short, and 15.9% long. Appropriate density was observed in 67.6%, and convergence in 86.1%. Technical errors included ledge formation (8.5%), floor perforation (1%), access cavity gouging (1.5%), and broken instruments (0.5%). A significant relationship was found between density and tooth type (p < 0.002) and convergence and tooth type (p < 0.009).

 Proper filling, convergence, and density were more frequent in anterior teeth. Maxillary teeth had higher rates of proper filling compared to mandibular teeth. The overall rate of treatment errors was low, likely due to professor supervision.

The architecture student encounters extensive emotional challenges in design studios, which is due to complex interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships and the emotional aspects of training. The way to respond to these requirements involving people's emotional intelligence – their ability to understandprocess and use emotional information in the process of cognition and thinking –is influential in their learning. By explaining the importance of emotional intelligence, this study focuses on the design studio in order to improve learning. After identifying emotional requirements of students, it considers responding to these requirements depending on the application of emotional intelligence in two interconnected dimensions, and synergising 'regulation of emotional experiences' of students and 'developing their emotional skills' by design tutors. Since nurturing emotional skills aimed at improving learning requires a coherence of emotional education with design training, the utilisation of the potential capacities of design training and the internalisation of emotional teachings has been recognised.Also suggested is the development of these skills in a synergistic cycle by promoting learning in the design studio and through the application of indirect emotional training (based on reflection and practice) in the context of design training, and using methods such as narrative, communication, cooperation and emotional design. The results are presentable to design tutors in the form of recommendations to meet the emotional needs of students and strengthen their emotional skills.They show that the fulfilment of students' emotional requirements in the design studio depends on both the tutor's and the student's emotional intelligence, and that it takes the tutor's emotional intelligence and their attitude towards the importance of emotional issues in the design studio,to provide students with the opportunity to utilise their emotional skills.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) and the rate of hospitalization among pediatric patients. Patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department were categorized based on PAT criteria during the study period, and retrospective data analysis was conducted. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of patients with PAT findings who required hospital admission; however, the secondary outcome measure focused on the association between PAT findings and admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and the comparison between hospitalization rates with disrupted PAT versus blood testing as the initial diagnostic step.

In this study, 622 patients were enrolled, and among them, 246 patients (39.5%) had normal findings in the peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) test. The researchers conducted both univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the relationship between PAT results and hospitalization. They also examined the association between hospitalization and abnormal findings in more than one component of PAT, presentation at the emergency department, performance of blood tests showing abnormalities in more than one component, and appearance while accounting for potential confounding factors. By adjusting for these confounders, the researchers aimed to assess the independent impact of PAT on hospitalization risk and identify any significant associations.

The study revealed a strong association between impaired PAT findings and hospitalization, both in univariate and multivariate analyses. Abnormal findings in >1 component of PAT, appearance in the emergency department, and abnormal findings in >1 component of blood tests were the most significant factors related to hospitalization, even after adjusting for confounders. Conversely, normal PAT findings showed no association with either the primary or secondary outcomes. Furthermore, hospitalization rates differed significantly between patients with impaired PAT and those with normal PAT.

Impaired PAT findings, when utilized by pediatricians, are associated with increased hospitalization rates, even during the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, it is crucial to emphasize physician training in utilizing PAT effectively as the initial step in evaluating pediatric patients in the emergency room, potentially reducing the need for additional costly testing and enabling physicians to make more confident decisions.

Land use/cover change is one of the main factors in environmental changes. The changes directly affect the value of ecosystem services. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of land use/land cover change in the Kashkan area on its ecosystem services. This research was carried out in three stages, including the analysis of land cover changes, prediction of changes, and carbon storage and sequestration. Landsat satellite images of TM, ETM+, and OLI sensors were used to prepare land cover maps in three periods of 1370, 1385, and 1400. In the TerrSet software environment, LCM modeler was used to predict land cover change in 1430 and ESM modeler was used for carbon storage and sequestration. Carbon storage data were extracted from IPCC emissions. Validity was evaluated using an error matrix. The results show that forest ecosystems have had the most land cover changes and the most hot spots of carbon loss are in forests. In 1370, about 44.35% of the area, equivalent to 4113.8 square kilometers, was made up of forest ecosystems, while in 1400, it decreased to 26%, equivalent to 2411.7 square kilometers. According to the future study scenario in 1430, about 1205.8 square kilometers of the area will be forest ecosystems, and between 1400 and 1430, about 158,000 mg of carbon will be released. The results can be used by environmental planners and managers to improve and protect the natural covers, especially forests, to protect ecosystem services and their continuity.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 3-7% of children.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of deductive-social feedback and attention instructions on the performance of targeting skills in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

This research is a semi-experimental type. Its statistical population was formed by male students suffering from attention/ hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan city with an age range of 7-10 years in 2020. 48 right-handed students were randomly selected as a statistical sample based on the results of the Connors children's behavior rating scale and randomly divided into four groups of 12 people. In order to collect data Personal Information Questionnaire, Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, Ulrich's Gross Motor Development Test, Anderson's Over Shoulder Throw Scale (1999) and Luciana et al. (2012) Over Shoulder Throw Targeting Task were used. Data were analysis with using one-way ANOVA test and Bonferroni's post-hoc test using SPSS-18 software.

The results showed that the studied groups had significant differences in the qualitative and quantitative development of hand targeting skills (P<0.05). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the positive analogical-social feedback group had better and significant external attention than the other groups (P<0.05), the other groups did not differ significantly in the retention stage (P>0.05).

The results showed that the comparative-social positive-external attention group performed better, so it is suggested to use this method in teaching and learning goal-setting skills.

Amélie Nothomb’s novel Bluebeard, a sort of “literary rewriting” and a “hypertext” of Perrault’s Bluebeard, in a new Nothomb style, is one of the fields of study that reflect the social and geographical effects on literary production. The main objective of this research will be to analyze, in an interdisciplinary perspective while assuming a new methodological construction, the sociological dimensions that fall under the biography of Amélie Nothomb, from Bourdieu’s point of view and with the aim of highlighting a certain «habitus» in Nothomb: a female personality strongly built by an ability to adapt to social constraints. This is also well reflected in this work through the female main character. We also distinguish the geographical elements involved in the new creation of Bluebeard, and their relationship to the “powerful woman” “habitus” of the writer. This exploratory analytical research follows certain approaches concerning «literary geography», such as those of Gaston Bachelard and Michel Collot, and is also based on the sociological reflections of Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens. As a result, this paper highlights the importance of these factors within the stylistic process in Bluebeard, which is a sort of “feminine rewriting” in which Nothomb creates a new inspiration of a geographical space within which she gives her own view of history and social context.

The aim of the study was to produce a Polyvinyl chloride-based membrane containing a polymer imprinted with a valproic acid molecule which was directly coated on a graphite electrode to determine the amount of valproic acid in aqueous samples. With the dispersion of molecularly imprinted polymer particles in dioctyl phthalate plasticizer as a solvent mediator, this potentiometric sensor was designed and after that it was embedded in a polyvinyl chloride matrix. The designed electrode showed a near-Nernstian slope of 54.1 ± 1 mV decade-1 in the concentration range of 10-6-10-2 M and a detection limit of 10-6 M with a response time of about 40 seconds for valproic acid and can be used for 2 months without divergence changing the potential. The fabricated electrode, in the pH range among 3.5-8.5, indicates the good sensitivity to valproic acid relative to the other ions. Finally, this electrode can be used as an indicator electrode in determining the concentration of valproic acid in valproic acid tablets.

Physical activity includes a wide range of health benefits that can protect people from diseases and provide and strengthen their mental and physical health. Therefore, in the present study, situational coping strategies, psychological well-being and life satisfaction in athletic and normal students will be compared.

The leading research method was descriptive causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study was all undergraduate students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. From this population, by sampling multi-stage clusters (university, faculty, department and finally the classroom, respectively), 200 people were selected. (100 athletes and 100 normal people) and the Situational Coping Strategies Questionnaire (SCSBQ-28), the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (RSPWB-18) and the One-Question Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS-1) were administered to them. The method of analysis was multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results showed that athletes use uncompromising strategies significantly less than normal people (MD= -1.478, P= 0.023). Also, psychological well-being (MD= 7.667, P< 0.001) and life satisfaction (MD= 0.956, P= 0.007) of athletes are significantly higher and with a very desirable level than normal people.

Cultural and sports managers can encourage individuals and organizations to perform and budget to increase these activities by considering the psychological benefits of sports activities. Psychotherapists and counselors should also consider sports activities as behavioral techniques to promote well-being and satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to compare the motivation of progress, psychological resilience and tolerance of failure in professional players, amateur players and non-players of video games. The method of this research was causal-comparative and descriptive. The statistical population of the study included all the students of Ardabil in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades. From this community, 90 people were selected using a possible multi-stage cluster sampling method; 30 professional players, 30 amateur players, and 30 non-players. The required data of the study were collected using Harrington's failure Tolerance Questionnaire, Connor and Davidson's Resilience Scale, and Herman's Motivation Progress Questionnaire. The analysis of the data illustrated that there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of the variables of psychological resilience (P<0.01) and failure tolerance (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference in terms of the variable progress motivation (P<0.05). Therefore, in regard to the resilience component, professional players were more resilient than amateur players and in turn professional and amateur players significantly more than non-players. In addition, regarding the failure tolerance component, professional players were more tolerant than amateur players and amateur players more than non-players. In this regard, professional players were significantly more tolerant in comparison to non-players.

“Kinetic Typography”, or what is also known as the “technique of oration using kinetic text”, is a branch of Visual Communications wherein, by integrating text and motion, it communicates the personal, emotional, and semantic characteris tics of the text, and in the end, manipulates the attention of the viewer with a specific intent. The emergence of Kinetic Typography in the early twentieth century as a powerful tool in visual communications set the s tage for scientific and experimental s tudies about the effectiveness of this communication medium on information transfer processes. The result of these s tudies, along with the technological challenges of the new age, lead to the emergence of a discourse which deems focusing merely on readability and attractiveness of various characters insufficient, and seeks to unders tand the qualities and potentials of Kinetic Typography as a communication medium in information processing and also in its ability to conjugate and express a message. Aiming to achieve a s tructured model, this s tudy focuses on Kinetic Typography in the visual learning sys tem with a Semiological approach, and gathers and analyzes data using a descriptive-analytic method, utilizing library and internet resources. By categorizing the characteris tics of Kinetic Typography in different forms and media, and also by analyzing methods of creating visual content in visual learning, this s tudy focuses on the ques tion: “By what characteris tics does Kinetic Typography improve visual memory in visual learning?”. In answering this ques tion, through s tudying exis ting Iranian and international scholarly literature on “Kinesis, expression, and creation of meaning based on visual thought and cognition”, the s tudy comes to the conclusion that Kinetic Typography can be effective in better unders tanding and relating to subject matters by the merit of its bringing spatial, temporal, and kinetic potentials, as well as expressive signs based on meaningful cognitive models, to the creation of kinetic learning materials. Kinetic Font, which is an attribute of novel outlooks towards text, makes possible a unique interaction experience with more effective and efficient potential for communication, more expressiveness, and attractiveness, compared with traditional approaches to text. Motion technology and its potentials create an attractive playing field to show the Semiological changes of Typography. It also creates a suitable vessel for the creation and presentation of kinetic Typography’s abilities in this novel media atmosphere which will, in the end, lead to the effective exchange of information and knowledge. Additionally, with (1) the presence of reader in the role of viewer, (2) involvement of the audience in the context and formal relations of the text via variety in Kinetic Typography’s behavior, and (3) with the improvement of the process of reading and comprehension and aiding the interpretation of a new layer of text as a way for transporting the audience from one thought to another in an axis of time, it increases the text’s comprehension time.

The mystical literature is full of symbols, archetypes and schemes (symbol motors). The French philosopher and writer, Gilbert Durand believes that image is prior to reason, and, basically, all reasoning is based on imagination. In mystical literature, imagination and reason together create true images on the transcendental level. This is the "active imagination" generated in “Mundus imaginalis”. Through an analytical look at the images in Abhar-al-Asheshqin, the work of Roozbehan Baqli Shirazi, we have acquired a new cognition of his imaginative world; and via Gilbert Durand‘s “modeling of imagination", we have decoded the images received in the mystic mind of Roozbehan. For example, we have shown how the schemes of ascending, through symbols such as a “Bird” or a “Ladder”, soften the images of fear of mortality. Also the "positional schemes" of imagination have replaced themselves with "downward schemes" or "rhythmic schemes". So in Roozbehan’s imagination, the fear of death is either hidden within a romantic fate, or death is essentially devoid of fear. This is accomplished by passing from diurnal imagination, with a positive evaluation, toward nocturne imagination, or again, from a bipolar structure of imagination to a hybrid one.

Forest machinery traffic on forests causes significant changes in increasing the bulk density, reducing porosity, ventilation and reducing water infiltration rate which resulted in an increasing surface runoff. According to the results of previous studies on the effect of mulch on reducing runoff in laboratory conditions, The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the amount of runoff produced in untreated skid trail, undisturbed forest (control area), and the skid trail plots covered by sawdust, under natural conditions in Namkhaneh District, Kheyrud Forest to find useful strategies to reduce the effects of forest utilization in order to maintain the function of forest water protection and reduce runoff. In this study, the runoff plots (6 m2) were triplicate established and runoff collected by pipes in the outlet plots were measured based on natural rainfall conditions. The results revealed that applying sawdust mulch to the skid trail decreased runoff compared to the untreated skid trail, and the runoff amount in undisturbed forest, untreated skid trail and sawdust mulch treatments were 0.40, 1.44 and 0.71 mm, respectively. The highest and the lowest amount of runoff were found for untreated skid trail and undisturbed forest treatments, respectively. Also, by application of sawdust mulch, the amount of runoff produced reduced by 48.4%, while the amount of runoff before the use of mulch in skid trail was 72.2% higher than the intact forest. Also, the runoff produced in skid trail control treatment was 51.1% higher compared to sawdust treatment.

Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. Sp. Hordei) is one of the most destructive foliar diseases in barley that cause yield reduction worldwide. DNA molecular markers can be used to study the genetic diversity and better understanding of genetic predisposition to disease resistance to powdery mildew in barley at early growth stage. Selection of resistance and tolerance need to identify molecular markers associated with disease. In present study, genetic and phenotypic variations and also molecular markers linked to tolerance to powdery mildew in 34 of cultivated and wild barley genotypes were investigated. Using 16 ISSR ma rkers in total amplified 125 alleles that 124 (99.27%) of that were identified as polymorphic alleles. Number of amplified alleles ranged from 5 to 10 with an average 7.93 was different for each primer. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) were varied from 0.17 (15) to 0.44 (LBMB-B) and also Molecular Index (MI) varied from 0.84 (primer No. 809) to 3.85 (UBC836). Resistance and susceptible genotypes show the highest genetic distance, however, resistance and tolerant genotypes show the lowest genetic distance. Multiple regression analysis (stepwise) between trait resistances amplified 125 alleles identified six fragments 1000 bp (primer No. 826), 700 bp (LBMB), 1500 bp (ISSR10), 300 bp (primer No. 826), 1000 bp (UBC840) and 1000 bp (primer No. 12), respectively. Results indicated that ISSR markers are suitable for screening of barley germplasm tolerant to powdery mildew disease.

The aim of this study was to assess the radiographic technical quality of root canal therapy performed by fifth year students of Dental School of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences from 2015 to 2016.
Methods and Materials: Four hundred and seventy records of root canal therapies were evaluated. Records with graphies taken as initial, master apical file (MAF), master apical cone (MAC) and final radiographs were included in the study and records of patient younger than 16 years and older than 68 years were excluded from further investigations. Lastly, 432 teeth were selected. Obturation length, canal tapering, quality and density of filling material were the variables investigated in the present study. Two independent investigators examined the radiographies using a magnifying lens (×2) and x-ray viewer. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.
The technical quality of root filling performed by undergraduate dental students was classified as acceptable in 10.4% of cases. Moreover, 70.8% of teeth had adequate filling, 17.1% were underfilled and 12% were overfilled. The three groups were significantly different in terms of working length and taper quality. One hundred ninety four (44.9%) records had adequate taper and 109 (25%) records had adequate density. There was a significant association between teeth location and the length of obturation so that the probability of a successful treatment was higher in maxillary teeth. Furthermore, the rate of a proper length of obturation was higher among incisors than that of premolars and molars.
The technical quality of root canal therapy performed by dental students in Hamadan University of medical sciences is not as acceptable as it should be. One of the most important factors in this regard is a high student/professor ratio.

Etant polysémiques, les textes sacrés exigent une conscience élevée de leur réalité existentielle. Selon Heidegger différents modes de lexistence ont un impact sur l'état de la conscience et le niveau de la compréhension. Henry Corbin affirme que lapproche de Tawil correspond à un degré de la manifestation de lexistence: la présence pure qui répond à une compréhension parfaite de la réalité. Ce genre de compréhension implique la logique du contradictoire, théorisée par Lupasco: lon voit comment l’actualisation d’un aspect de la réalité, potentialise l’autre aspect de cette même réalité et fait émerger des deux sens opposés, un troisième, »Tiers inclus«, tout à fait nouveau et différent. Le Tawil par cette actualisation particulière dévoile le sens caché du texte. Dautre part, via limagination transcendantale et les images-corps, le Tawil accède à une manifestation de la réalité dans l'âme sous lavènement de la Face divine. En harmonie avec lUn absolu, ce monde imaginal fournit alors une vision imagée du sens et assure linterprétation herméneutique verticale et profonde du texte sacré: son Tawil.

Since pre-hospital care is the first line of trauma care, its right and accurate implementation can reduce problems such as long-term disabilities and mortality due to trauma. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate knowledge and clinical competence of bachelor of medical emergencies students in facing trauma.
The present study is a cross-sectional one. All the students of medical emergencies in Alborz University of Medical Sciences were included using convenience sampling. To gather data a demographic questionnaire, “clinical competence checklist” including 9 skills, and an oral test were used. Face and content validity, and reliability of the tool were evaluated and approved by 10 experts. In addition, reliability coefficient was calculated to be 0.82 for all the skills. Data gathering was done by taking oral and OSCE tests and observation of skill performance and filling the checklists. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 and using univariate t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The findings of the study showed that 6.5% of the students had poor knowledge, 82.6% had fair, and 10.9% had good knowledge regarding trauma. In addition, 89.1% of the studied student had good clinical competences, and 10.9% had fair competence regarding trauma. In comparing the competence with an ideal state, there was a significant gap in all sub scales. There was a significant correlation between clinical competence level and work experience (p The results of this study showed that most bachelor of medical emergencies students in Alborz University of Medical Sciences had acceptable knowledge and competence regarding taking care of trauma patients in a pre-hospital setting. However, considering the significant gap between the acquired points and ideal state, continuous training in this regard seems necessary.

Chainsaw is an important machine for tree felling limbing and bucking in Hyrcanian forest and the major problems related to using forest machines was sound intensity. The aim of this study was to measure the sound level in occupational exposure of workers, determine the exposure time of workers and comparison of the variables among the workers. This study was carried out in Namkhaneh District in Kheyrud forest. In this study, Sound intensity chainsaw was measured every 10 seconds in under cut stage and every 15 seconds in back cut stage. Results show that the workers were faced with the sounds upper the 85 dB and time duration of exposure with noise of chain saw in tree felling was upper than the allowable limitation and standard. Comparison of two worker, considering working time duration and the corresponding sound level, with allowable values of time duration and sound level, shown between under cut and back cut stages time durations are Significant difference, such that generally in Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) trees, in under cut stage inexperienced worker in %71 and experienced worker in %32 of working time duration and in back cut stage, experienced worker %10 and inexperienced worker in %54 of working time duration are faced with the sound level and time duration upper the allowable limitation, which these differences are corresponded to the working method and the worker experience.

This study was conducted to investigate the side effects of closed reduction method as a treatment modality of unilateral condylar fractures of the mandible in patients referred to Shahid Beheshti University Hospital (Babol, Iran) over than one decade (2002 to 2012).
To accomplish this study, patient’s data were collected referring to their files in Shahid Beheshti University Hospital. Cases with unilateral condylar fractures of the mandible aged older than 12 who treated by closed reduction technique; were selected. Finally, 24 out of 78 selected patients entered to this study. Considering the variants such as age, gender, maximum mouth opening (MMO), mandibular deviation from midline on MMO and patient’s satisfaction of mastication were captured.
About 24 patients, 18 males (75%) and 6 females (25%) aged from 13 to 52 and the mean age of 24.7, were included in this study. The MMO of 23 cases (95.83%) were in normal range (7 35 mm); 23 patients (95.83%) were satisfied with their quality of mastication. 17 cases (70.83%) out of all patients had no deviation during mouth opening.
According to low complication rate of closed reduction of mandibular condylar fractures deduced in this study, it may be acceptable as a conservative treatment modality.

this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the quality of work life and the productivity of principal managers in girls’ high schools of the regions 13 and 14 that was conducted in Tehran. The aim of this study is applied and descriptive-correlational research methodology. The study population included 84 high school administrators, and the full census method was used. For data collection, Walton quality of work life questionnaire (1973) and Hersey and Goldsmith productivity questionnaire (1981) was used, and using Cronbach’s alpha method, the reliability coefficient has been calculated %89 and %92. In analysis of the hypotheses of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation test was used, and the study results has been shown using SPSS software, that shows there is a relation between the quality of work life and all its components (fair wages and benefits, health and workplace safety, overall atmosphere of work life, social integration, rule of law in the workplace, developing human capabilities, providing growth opportunities and job security, social dependence of work life), and the high productivity of managers. These two components; fair wages and benefits, relationship and social dependence of work life, had the lowest correlation with high school administrators productivity

First introduced by Kenneth White, Geopoetic is a literary and aesthetic approach that examines the poetical aspects of the spaces described or drawn in texts or pictures. It attempts to restore a deep affiliation between the Earth and either literature or art. In other words, as a semiological positive process, the geopoetic approach leads to a knowledge of how to interact with the Earth and the universe.In this paper, we have used this novel literary-artistic approach to capture concepts, aesthetic codes, and spatio-cultural signs in Christian Bobin’s work concerning “the horizon of the soul”. We have extracted and analyzed these items wherever they are related to the interactions between the self and the universe.

This study concentrates on biostratigraphy Asmari Formation on Derak section that is located at Shiraz city with 333.5 meter thickness. Asmari Formation in this section comprises of limestone with marlyinterbedded.Asmari Formation trasitionally overlies the Jahrum Formation and underlies the Razak Formation. 3 lithologic units identified within the Asmari Formation in this section. In the Micropaleontological study, Asmari Formation at Derak section led to identify 31 genera and 38 species benthic foraminifera. Therfore, in this study the base of biostratigraphy is on benthic foraminifera. In biostratigraphy study, Wynd s report (1965) and Adams and Bourgeois (1967) report are such as pattern. The first appearance of Archaiasasmaricus and Meandropsinaanahensisand Peneroplisthomasi show the boundary between Oligocene (chattian)-Miocene (Aquetanian). Biozone no. 1 is comparable to biozone no. 2 Adams and Bourgeois(1967) and biozone no. 59 Wynd(1965) and middelASmari in Thomas (1949) report.Biozone no. 2 identified with appearance of Nummulitesfichteli,N.intermediusalso in this zone there is Archaiasoperculiniformis. Biozone no.2 is synonymous with biozone no. 3 Adams and Bourgeois (1967) and biozone no. 57, 58 Wynd (1965). Finally,the biozone no. 2 show Oligocene and synonymeous with lower Asmari of Thomas (1949).

Since the beginning of the 21st century, injury has been the most serious public health problem that children face with. The aim of this study was epidemiologic evaluation of unintentional injury in north of Iran.

In a prospective cross-sectional study between September 2005–July 2006 we studied data of 347 trauma patients aged 14 years and younger, including sex, age, trauma mechanism, transportation facility, anatomical sites of injury, severity of head injury according to GCS (Severe: 3-8, Moderate: 9-12, Mild: 13-15), injury severity score (ISS), and length of hospital stay (LOHS). SPSS 13 and independent t-test were used to analyze of data.

Out of 3605 trauma patients, 353 were 14 years old or younger with a mean age (SD) of 7.6 (4.0); Male to female ratio about 2:1. Most of them (42.9%) were 1-5 years old. In patients younger than 1 year, falling was the most common (52.2%) mechanism of trauma while in other groups, traffic accidents were the leading cause of injury. About half of the patients were transported to hospital by their families or other people. About 77% of them suffered from head injury. Mean (SD) ISS was 4.3 (6.6), about 12% had severe injury and it was more than 25 in about 3%. Mean (SD) LOHS was 5.1 (8.9) days.

Occurrence of falling and traffic accidents in children is remarkably high. Mainly traffic accidents are preventable. We suggest paying more attention to safety education in all levels of community.

Children with reflux who fail prophylaxis management or reflux which do not resolve spontaneously are candidates for sugery. Delay in surgery increases the development of new renal scars. Finding a modal factor for prediction of reflux resolution likelihood can decrease complications of treatments. Regarding that sacral bone anomalies have a direct influence on the final function of urinary and bowel systems, this study is done to investigate the relationship between sacral ratio and reflux. This is a case-control study. The case group included 76 children less than 9 years old refered to Vali-e-Asr and Amir Kabir hospital clinics with urinary tract infection and according to voiding cystouretrograply (VCUG) results, children with III, IV and V grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) entered the study. The control group included 76 children with previous urinary tract infection and normal VCUG. Sacral ratio in the two groups was measured and was compared by student t, Chi square and Mann Whitney tests. The case group included 24 males and 52 females with average age of 2.7 years old and the control group included 23 males and 53 females with the average age of 3 years. The percent of sacral ratio abnormality were 40% and 23.7% in the case and control groups respectively, which was significantly different (p=0.001). The difference between the mean sacral ratio in case group with the value of 80% and the control group with the value of 84% was not different. The ratio distribution pattern in the two groups was not different. The percent of sacral ratio abnormality in children with vesicoureteral reflux were more than children without reflux.