matineh ebadi

The pathological use of computer games has become one of the most important concerns of mental health professionals in recent years.

This study aimed to propose a structural model for online gaming addiction, based on social rejection and cognitive ability, with emotional avoidance serving a mediating role.

In this descriptive correlational study, the research population comprised all second-grade students from secondary schools in Ardabil, Iran, during the 2022-2023 academic year. A sample of 226 students was selected using a convenience sampling method. Data was gathered using various questionnaires, including the Online Game Addiction Questionnaire by Wang and Chang (2002), the Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire by Nejati et al. (2012), the Social Peer Rejection Measure by Lev-Wiesel et al. (2013), and Kennedy’s Emotional Avoidance Strategy Inventory (2015). The collected data was then analyzed using structural equation modeling in SPSS Version 20 and AMOS Version 22.

The results revealed significant direct path coefficients for social rejection (β=0.18, P=0.004) and cognitive ability to emotional avoidance (β=0.62, P<0.001), as well as social rejection (β=0.50, P<0.001), cognitive ability (β=0.25, P=0.009), and emotional avoidance to online game addiction (β=0.39, P<0.001). The results also indicated that emotional avoidance played a mediating role in this model (P<0.005).

The findings showed that social rejection and cognitive ability affected addiction to online games through the mediation of emotional avoidance. Therefore, it is recommended to hold workshops with the aim of reducing and preventing addiction to online games.

Overweight and obesity have become aserious concern for public health;
 Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a model of food craving based on family communication patterns mediated by Behavioral Emotion Regulation in overweight students in Mashhad.
This research was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study was all women with migraine headache and all healthy women in Kermanshah province. 30 migraine headache patients referred to psychiatric and neurological clinics in Kermanshah province were selected by convenience sampling method. 30 healthy subjects were selected based on their (age, level of education and status Socioeconomics) were chosen and questionnaires anxiety associated with pain, pain self-efficacy and coping strategies responded. The collected data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
The results showed that the conformity orientation (β = 0.25) and behavioral emotion regulation (β = 0.29) have a direct and positive effect on food craving; Also, according to the amount of VAF statistics, it can be seen that 26/2% of the effect of dialogue orientation and 34/8% of the effect of conformity orientation on food craving can be explained through behavioral emotion regulation.
Therefore, family and emotional issues can have a significant contribution to reducing the food cravings of overweight students.

The high attractiveness of online games, along with the significant prevalence of addiction to them has made these games receive attention from experts. Therefore, the present study was done to fit a causal model of addiction to online games based on the A, B, C, and D brain quadrants dominance in students with the mediating role of behavioral regulation of emotion.

The research method was descriptive and structural equations. The statistical population of the research included 291 students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during the academic year 2021-2022. These students were selected by the available sampling method and participated in the research through an online questionnaire.

The direct effect of the lateral cerebral superiority variable A (P < 0.01 and T = -2.81), lateral cerebral superiority variable B (P < 0.01 and T = -4.84), lateral cerebral superiority variable C (P < 0.01 and T = -2.30) and positive behavioral emotion regulation (P < 0.01 and T = -5.34) exerted negative effects on addiction to online games and the direct effect of lateral brain superiority variable D (01/ P>0 and T=5.78) and negative behavioral emotion regulation (P<0.01 and T=7.19) were positive and significant. Therefore, the causal model of the relationship between the addiction to online games, brain lateralization, and behavioral regulation of emotion was confirmed based on various fit indices. According to the amount obtained for the VAF statistic, 19.9% of the effect of lateral superiority B, 31.7 % of the effect of lateral superiority C, and 18.1% of the effect of lateral superiority D on addiction to online games through negative behavioral regulation of emotion, and 34.6% of the effect of lateral superiority C and 20.5% of the effect of lateral superiority D on addiction to online games through positive behavioral emotion regulation can be explained.

Due to the high prevalence of using smartphones, it will be extremely important to evaluate the condition of the dominant cerebral cortex and the behavioral emotion regulation on online games addiction.

obesity in adolescents has become a serious public health concern that will lead to many risk factors; therefore, this study was performed to study a causal model of food cravings based on cognitive self-awareness mediated by positive behavioral emotion regulation in obese students in Mashhad.

The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study was all middle and high school male students in Mashhad during the academic year 2021-2022 and 320 subjects were selected by cluster sampling. The Food Cravings Questionnaire of Cepeda-Benito et al., the Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire of Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, and the Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Garnefski and kraaj were used to collect data. The collected data were also analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and structural equations by Lisrel 8.8 software.

The results showed that the causal model of the relationship between cognitive self-awareness, behavioral emotion regulation, and food cravings in students with obesity was confirmed based on various fit indices (P<0.05), Overall, cognitive self-awareness positive behavioral emotion regulation predicted 53% of the variance food cravings in obese students.

Therefore, according to the results, it is suggested that the Education and Welfare Organization implement cognitive skills and emotion regulation training by counselors and psychologists in planning and life skills classes for students.

 

The health of pregnant women is of particular importance. Therefore, the present research was conducted to causal modeling of prenatal health behaviors based on social capital and cognitive-attentional syndrome with the mediation of mental fatigue perception in pregnant women.

 

The research method was descriptive and based on structural equations. The study population included all pregnant women referred to health centers in Tehran in the fall of 2022. Two hundred and ten participants were selected by the convenience sampling method and participated in the study. The data were collected using Lobel et al.'s Pregnancy Health Behavior Scale (1995), Wells' Cognitive-Attention Syndrome Scale (2009), Enix and Bullen's Social Capital Questionnaire (2000), and Smets' Mental Fatigue Questionnaire (1996). The inclusion criteria included willingness to participate in the study, the age range of 18-45 years, having 6th grade or higher, not having any previous psychiatric history and especially mood disorders, and having a history of problematic childbirth and abortion. Exclusion criteria included any distortion of the questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 and Amos 18 software. The analysis of data was conducted using correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the causal model of the relationship between social capital, attentional cognitive syndrome, perception of mental fatigue, and pregnancy health behaviors was confirmed based on various fit indices.  In addition, social capital and cognitive syndrome indirectly affected pregnancy health behaviors in pregnant women through the perception of mental fatigue

Social capital and cognitive problems play important roles in health care in pregnant women, and targeting these two components in psychological treatments can effectively reduce health problems.

Painting therapy has been widely used and although it has yielded positive results in clinical practice, it has rarely been researched. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of painting therapy based on mindfulness on emotional expression in female students with test anxiety disorder.

The present study was a quasi-experimental research and the statistical population of the research was all female students in the middle school in the 9th district of Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022, among which 30 girls (15 girls in both the control group and the experimental group) were selected using convenience sampling method and random assignment. The experimental group was trained in painting therapy based on mindfulness (10 sessions of 60 minutes). The control group did not receive any training. In this study, the Test Anxiety Inventory of Abolghasemi et al., the Emotional Expression Questionnaire of King and Emmons, and the Mindfulness-Based Painting Therapy Protocol of Seyedesmaili Ghomi et al. were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and multivariate analysis of covariance were applied to analyze the data.

The results showed that painting therapy based on mindfulness was effective in modulating emotional expression in the post-test phase (p<0.001). The eta square showed that 0.681 of the variance of positive emotion expression, 0.632 of the variance of intimacy , and 0.695 of the variance of negative emotion expression were caused by the experimental conditions.

Based on the findings of the present research, it is recommended to use painting therapy based on mindfulness as a psychological intervention to improve the mental and physical conditions of children with test anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of academic emotions (positive and negative) and psychological well-being in the relationship between perfectionism and academic stress in undergraduate students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The present study was conducted purposively and the method of data collection was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study included all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili College who were studying in the academic year 2019-2020. 370 subjects were selected as sample size by multistage clustering method. Academic Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), Perfectionism Questionnaire (PANPS), Academic Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ) and Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (RPWBQ) were used. The results showed that positive perfectionism has a negative relationship with academic stress and negative perfectionism was positively related to academic stress, positive academic emotions were negatively related to academic stress, and negative academic emotions were positively related to academic stress. There was a negative relationship between psychological well-being and academic stress. Due to the indirect statistical theorem (T-subel) and VAF index, the mediation of negative and positive academic emotions and psychological well-being was found between positive and negative perfectionism variables with significant academic stress. According to the results, it is suggested that due to the important and significant role of academic emotions as a mediating variable, the positive and negative academic emotions of students should be identified, and by strengthening positive emotions and reducing negative emotions and improving well-being, the foundation for reducing academic stress in students should be established.

Internet addiction disorder is a psychological disorder that affects individual and social lives and causes some disorders. The aim of this study was to compare sleep quality, social dysfunction, and cognitive empowerment in students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with or without internet addiction disorder.

The present study was a descriptive-comparative causal study. The statistical population of this study was all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the first semester of the academic year of 2018-19. Internet addiction and 50 non-Internet addiction students were selected. Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire (with a cut-off score of 70 and above), the Goldenberg General Health Questionnaire for social dysfunction, the Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire, and the Rescue Cognitive Competence Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.

The results showed that the scores of non-Internet-addicted students in the variables of sleep quality (p = 0.001) and cognitive empowerment (p = 0.02) were significantly higher than students with Internet addiction disorder. The results also showed that the variable scores of social dysfunction disorder were significantly higher in students with Internet addiction disorder than non-Internet-addicted students (p = 0.001).

According to the results, it is recommended to provide the necessary training courses in universities for proper and effective use of the Internet, and to acquaint the young generation with behavioral, moral and social dangers.

Infertility is one of the most common problems in the world that can expose affected people to various psychological disorders. Therefore, the present study was performed to develop structural equations for marital relationship distress based on facial emotion recognition: the mediating role of relational aggression in infertile women.

The research method was descriptive and structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all infertile women who were referred to infertility centers and obstetrics and gynecology medical centers in Tehran in the summer of 2021. 300 subjects were selected via a convenient sampling method and participated in the research through online questionnaires. Data were collected using the Marital Self-Report Questionnaire of Taxon Wisman et al. (2009), the Facial Emotion Recognition Test of Ekman and Friesen (1976), and the Covert Relational Aggression Questionnaire of Nelson-Carroll (2006). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that the causal model of the relationship between facial emotion recognition, relational aggression, and marital relationship distress in infertile women was confirmed based on different fit indices. Facial emotion recognition and relational aggression have a direct effect on marital distress. Moreover, facial emotion recognition through relational aggression has an indirect effect on marital distress in infertile women.

Facial emotion recognition and relational aggression play an important role in marital distress in infertile women, and targeting these two components in psychological therapies can be effective in reducing marital distress.

The present study was conducted to develop structural equations of social adjustment of students with specific learning disorders based on alexithymia and metacognitive beliefs and mediated by perceived social support.

In this descriptive and correlational study, 210 subjects were selected as a purposeful sample from all male and female students aged 10 to 14 years with specific learning disorders in Tabriz in 2019- 2020. Bell Social Adjustment Inventory, Wells Metacognitions Beliefs Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and Zimet et al, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and structural equations by Lisrel 8.8 software.

The results showed that alexithymia and metacognitive beliefs have a negative and significant effect and perceived social support has a positive and significant effect on social adjustment. Alexithymia and metacognitive beliefs, in addition to having a direct effect, also indirectly affect the social adjustment of students with specific learning disorders through the mediation of perceived social support, according to the value of VAF statistics, it was observed that 31.5% of the effect of alexithymia on social adjustment, 20.9% of the effect of metacognitive beliefs on social adjustment can be explained through perceived social support.

According to the consequences of learning disability and its widespread effects on the process of individual and social life, it is suggested that programs be implemented to promote appropriate emotions and metacognitive beliefs and to expand social support among students with learning disabilities.

The aim of this study was to compare psychological distress (stress, depression, anxiety), mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy among gifted and normal students. The research design was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included all first-year high school students in Ardabil in the academic year of 2019-2020. 200 students (100 gifted students - 100 normal students) were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using Levinda Psychological Distress Questionnaire (DASS-21), Brown and Ryan Mindfulness Questionnaire (MASS), and the Jenkins and Morgan Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (ASEQ) and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the variables of psychological distress, mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy (P<0.01). Mindfulness and academic self-efficacy of gifted students were significantly higher than normal students and psychological distress of gifted students was significantly lower than normal students (P <0.01). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be stated that the variable of intelligence has an important role in mindfulness, academic self-efficacy, and psychological distress.

Dark traits are associated with marital distress, but the mechanisms of this relationship have not been clarified yet. The current study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of rejection sensitivity in the association between dark traits and marital distress. 

The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. All of the couples of Rasht city in the summer of 2019 were constituted the statistical population of this study. Two hundred people from this statistical population were selected randomly via multistage random sampling and participated in this study. The instruments of Marital Taxon Self-Report Measure, the Short Version of Dark Triad Personality Traits, and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire-adults version were used for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and path analysis using SPSS23 and LISREL8.8.

The results showed that the dark traits (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and rejection sensitivity) have a positive and significant effect on marital distress. The results of the fitness indexes of the model also showed that rejection sensitivity can be mediated the relations between dark traits and marital distress.

The results of this study indicate that dark traits can be a risk factor for marital distress. Furthermore, they can affect marital distress indirectly via mediating rejection sensitivity. Therefore it is necessary to hold workshops to get acquainted with these personality traits. So people can make rational decisions before starting a relationship.

The aim of this study was to test a causal model of domestic violence based on mind reading through the eyes and childhood psychological maltreatment mediated by the quality of marital relationship in traumatized women. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married women traumatized by domestic violence in Ardabil in 2021. The number of subjects was 300 who were selected via convenient sampling method and participated in the study online. The research method was descriptive and correlational. To collect data, Haj-Yahia Domestic Violence Against Women Questionnaire (2002), "Reading the Mind in the Eyes'' Test of Baron and Cohen (2005), Childhood Psychological Abuse Scale of Coates and Messman-Moore (2014), and the Marital Quality Scale of Basbi et al. (1995) were used. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the variables of mind reading through the eyes, childhood psychological maltreatment had a direct effect on domestic violence in traumatized women; And these variables through the quality of marital relationship had an indirect effect on domestic violence in traumatized women. The domestic violence in traumatized women causal model goodness of fit was also confirmed using various indicators.

The comorbidity of substance use, mood disorders, and anxiety has been proven in various studies, leading to many clinical implications.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in depression and anxiety in individuals with substance use disorder.

This quasi-experimental study utilized a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all people with substance abuse in Urmia in 2019, including 220 subjects. The sample consisted of 50 individuals with substance use disorders selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in eight sessions, each lasting 90 min, based on the ACT protocol by Hayes et al. (2004), while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were obtained using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Pretest and posttest were performed in both groups. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS23 software.

The results showed that after controlling for the pretest effects, a significant difference was observed between the mean posttest scores of the two groups in both depression and anxiety (P < 0.05).

Acceptance and commitment therapy is an appropriate strategy to effectively improve depression and anxiety in people with substance use disorder.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of positive meta-emotion and Machiavellianism in predicting distress of marital relationships in married people in Rasht. The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The whole couples of Rasht city in the summer of 2019 were constituted the statistical population of this study. Two hundred people from this statistical population were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling and participated in this study. The instruments of Marital Taxon Self-Report Measure of Whisman and et al (MTSRM) (2009), Meta-Emotion Scale of Mitmansgruber and et al (MES) and short version of dark triad personality traits) SDTPM( of Jonason & Webster were used for gathering data. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis by spss23 software. The results showed that positive meta-emotion has a negative relationship with the distress of marital relationships and Machiavellianism has a positive and significant relationship with the distress of marital relationships. Also, total positive meta-emotion and Machiavellianism explain 60.8% of the variance in distress of marital relationships. The results of this study show that the lack of awareness of couples about their personality and emotional characteristics can be a risk factor for marital distress, so holding workshops for couples can reduce the severity of marital distress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of coronary anxiety, cognitive distortion, and psychological hardiness with students' mental health during the coronary epidemic. The method of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all high school students in the city of Astara in the academic year 2020-2021 in the context of the Corona epidemic. 150 students participated in the study by available sampling method and through Shad virtual program. The standard questionnaires of General Health Goldberg and Hiller (1987), (GHQ), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale Alipour et al. (1398), (CDAS), Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale Hammachi et al. (2004), (PHI) and Psychological Hardiness Inventory Kobasa(1982), (ICDS) psychological hardiness were used to measure the research variables. The collected data were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple regression and Spss 23 software. The results showed that students' mental health had a negative and significant relationship with coronary anxiety and cognitive distortion and a positive and significant relationship with psychological hardiness (P <0.01); Coronary anxiety, psychological hardiness, and cognitive distortion were able to explain 54% of the variance in students' mental health (P <0.01). According to the obtained results, psychologists and school officials can play an important role in controlling their mental health in the context of the corona epidemic by considering the cognitive and personality characteristics of students.

Due to the great importance of health and various aspects of the duties and responsibilities of individuals in the nursing and teaching professions that can potentially be stressful for them. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare perceived stress, work-family conflict and job burnout in teachers and nurses in Bandar Abbas.

The present study was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of the present study was all nurses and teachers in Bandar Abbas in the first half of 1398 in which 70 nurses and 70 teachers were selected by simple random sampling. Cohen et al.chr('39')s (1983) Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Carlson et al.chr('39')s Family Conflict Questionnaire (2000) and Maslash Burnout Questionnaire (1981) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups of nurses and teachers in the variables of perceived stress (F = 9.85 and P <0.01), work-family conflict (F = 14.77 and P <0.01) and burnout. There was a job (F = 24.22 and P <0.01). The results also indicate that the mean scores of the nurses in the variables of perceived stress, work-family conflict and burnout are higher than the teachers.

In general, the rotational and variable nursing system caused that they face more problems in family functioning and work stress than teachers; Also, job burnout among nurses was higher than teachers due to lack of job security and bright future.

Dissatisfaction, incompatibility, and couple relationship distress have made health of the individual and family difficult and will lead to irreparable consequences at the community level; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate fitting of the causal model based on the couple relationship distress according to negative meta-emotion with the mediating role of rejection sensitivity in married people. The method of present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all married people in Rasht city in the summer of 2019. Two hundred people from this statistical population were selected via multistage random sampling and participated in this research. The instruments of Marital Taxon Self-Report Measure (MTSRM), Meta-Emotion Scale (MES), and The Rejection Sensitivity RS-adult Questionnaire (A-RSQ) were used for gathering data. The results showed that negative meta-emotion and rejection sensitivity had a positive and significant relationship with the couple relationship distress. The results also showed that rejection sensitivity can mediate the relationship between negative meta-emotion and the couple relationship distress. The results indicate the importance of negative meta-emotion and rejection sensitivity in predicting the couple relationship distress. Thus, the findings of this study, in addition to expanding the research literature, highlight the necessity to pay attention to emotional and interpersonal characteristics in couplechr('39')s relationship promotion programs in order to reduce marital distress for psychologists.

Since high levels of stress have many negative consequences on students' academic future, so the present study was conducted with the aim of predicting academic stress based on creative thinking, emotional intelligence and mindfulness among gifted students. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male and female high school students in gifted schools in Ardabil in the academic year 2019-2020 that 170 people (100 boys and 70 girls) were selected by cluster sampling. In this study in order to collect data from instruments, academic stress Zajacova, Lynch, & Espenshade, (2009), Welch and McDowell Creative Thinking (2002), emotional intelligence (EIS) (1998) and mindfulness (KIMS) (2004). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and simultaneous regression analysis. The results showed a significant negative correlation between the variables of creative thinking, emotional intelligence and mindfulness with academic stress of gifted students. The results also showed that creative thinking, emotional intelligence and mindfulness predict a total of 64% of the variance of academic stress in gifted students (p <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that by increasing creative thinking, mindfulness and emotional intelligence in gifted students, the severity of academic stress can be reduced.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the causal modeling of affective divorce based on the dark personality traits with the mediating role of sexual self-esteem among women in Ardabil. The statistical population of this study was all women in Ardabil who lived in this city in the autumn of 2019. One hundred and fifty women were selected randomly via clustering sampling method and participated in the study. The research method of present study was a descriptive- correlation. Gottman's Emotional Divorce Scale, Johnson & Webster's Dark Personality Assessment Questionnaire and Zeanah and Schwarz's Sexual Self-Esteem Questionnaire were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that the dark personality traits of machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism have a positive and significant effect and sexual self-esteem has a negative and significant effect on emotional divorce. In addition to the direct effect, dark personality traits also indirectly affect emotional divorce through the mediation of sexual self-esteem. According to the VAF statistics, it was observed that 36.5% of the effect of Machiavellianism on emotional divorce, 31.7% of the effect of narcissism on emotional divorce and 34.5% of the effect of psychopathy on emotional divorce can be explained through sexual self-esteem. The results of the present study highlight the importance of purposeful interventions aimed at changing or modifying dark personality traits and strengthening sexual self-esteem to prevent or reduce emotional divorce.

 Healthcare workers involved in the fight against corona are at high risk for depression and anxiety; therefore, this study aimed to predict Corona anxiety in nurses based on perceived social support and a sense of coherence.

The research method was descriptive and correlational. The present study’s statistical population consisted of all nurses working in hospitals and clinics in Rasht, employed in 2020, and 200 people participated in the survey online and through virtual networks. Data collection tools included the Corona anxiety Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Sense of Coherence Inventory-(SOC)13 Scale. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and simultaneous regression analysis using SPSS V. 23 software.

Corona anxiety in nurses had a negative and significant relationship with perceived social support (β=-0.581; P<0.03) and sense of coherence(β=-0.672; P<0.001). Perceived social support and a sense of coherence of 42% of variance predicted Corona anxiety scores in nurses (P<0.01).

Therefore, perceived social support and a sense of coherence play an essential role in nurses’ Corona anxiety. Therefore, educating nurses to increase the understanding of cohesion to empower and implement understandable support programs is recommended.

Having marital conflict during a stressful pregnancy has significant effects that can be made resistant to psychological stress by expanding the psychological well-being of pregnant women, so this study aimed to investigate the effect of marital conflict on prenatal concerns with the mediating role of psychological well-being.  The method of the present study was descriptive - correlational. The statistical population of the study was all pregnant women aged 18-40 years in Mashhad who referred to office gynecology, hospitals, and health centers in the first half of 2019-2020. The statistical sample consisted of 150 pregnant women who selected and investigated via a convenient sampling method and according to Morgan's table. To collect the data, the Revised Marital Conflicts Standard Questionnaire- 54-questions (2009), Prenatal Concerns Questionnaire (Alderdice and Lynn, 2011), and Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (Ryff, 2002) were used. The collected data analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SPSS  and Lisrel software. The results showed that according to the values ​​of the path coefficient and T, the marital conflict has a direct and significant effect on prenatal concerns (T = 7.48 and T = 0.68). In other words, the higher the level of marital conflict, the higher the concerns (P <0.01); moreover, the finding of this research showed that conflict with psychological well-being has the opposite effect (T= 7.82 and T= -0.69).  That is, the higher the conflict, the lower the level of psychological well-being. According to the results of the study, it can be said that marital conflict, in addition to being a risk factor for prenatal concerns, can indirectly affect the level of prenatal concerns through psychological well-being.

Drug use is one of the most controversial issues affecting adolescents and the youth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to predict the tendency to drug abuse based on academic alienation, negative academic emotions, and general self-efficacy in male students.

This study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the present study was all male senior high school students in Rasht in the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 200 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. In this study, the Addiction Tendency Questionnaire (Weed et al., 1992), the Educational Alienation Questionnaire (Dillon & Grout, 1976), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwartzer and Jerusalem, 1979), and the Achievement Emotion Questionnaire (Pekrun et al., 2005) were used.

Tendency to drug abuse had positive and significant relationships with academic alienation and negative academic emotions, and negative and significant relationship with general self-efficacy in students. Academic alienation, negative academic emotions, and general self-efficacy predicted 62% of the variance of tendency to drug abuse in students.

It can be stated that by measuring the three variables mentioned in this study, school principals can be aware of studentschr('39') tendencies to use drugs and implement the necessary management and prevention programs.

Due to the prevalence of coronavirus among people, especially the affected countries, which has caused anxiety, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causal modeling of Corona anxiety in students based on optimism and resilience with the mediating role of perceived social support.

The research method was descriptive and structural equations. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili who were studying in the academic year of 2009-2010, when 300 people participated in the research online and through virtual networks. Data collection tools included Corona Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al., 2020), Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1992), Resilience Scale (Conner & Davidson, 2003) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using Spss23 and Lisrel 8.8 software.

Based on the results, the causal model confirmed the relationship between optimism, resilience, perceived social support and Corona anxiety in students based on different fitness indices. Optimism, resilience and perceived social support have a direct effect on the Corona anxiety in students; also, Optimism and resilience has an indirect effect on the Corona anxiety in students through perceived social support (P <0.05).

Therefore, optimism, resilience and perceived social support play an important role in the Corona anxiety in students and targeting these three components by psychological therapies can be effective in reducing the Corona anxiety in students.

Due to the prevalence of coronavirus among people, especially the affected countries, which has caused anxiety, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causal modeling of Corona anxiety in students based on optimism and resilience with the mediating role of perceived social support. The research method was descriptive and structural equations. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili who were studying in the academic year of 2009-2010, when 300 people participated in the research online and through virtual networks. Data collection tools included Corona Anxiety Scale (Alipour et al., 2020), Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1992), Resilience Scale (Conner & Davidson, 2003) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling using Spss23 and Lisrel 8.8 software. Based on the results, the causal model confirmed the relationship between optimism, resilience, perceived social support and Corona anxiety in students based on different fitness indices. Optimism, resilience and perceived social support have a direct effect on the Corona anxiety in students; also, Optimism and resilience has an indirect effect on the Corona anxiety in students through perceived social support (P <0.05). Therefore, optimism, resilience and perceived social support play an important role in the Corona anxiety in students and targeting these three components by psychological therapies can be effective in reducing the Corona anxiety in students.