mehdi abdollahi

Due to weakness of understanding, and on the other hand, pride, lust and arrogance, man sees only this appearance of worldly life, and as a result of dealing with the manifestations and preoccupation with the abundance of this world, he remains oblivious to the world of the kingdom and what is prepared for him in those worlds. And he will bury those abilities and talents of God with him forever. In this regard, the aim of the present research was the monotheistic course of man in the thought of Allameh Tehrani, which was done with library and documentary methods. The findings showed that the late Allameh Tehrani believed that the type of human being, old and premature, will die. Kal fruit is unusable; It has no taste and no characteristic, and it cannot be eaten." That is, a person who has the ability to become the embodiment of the good names and attributes of the Lord and rely on the divine caliphate, deprives himself of rational understanding with sensual pleasures and locks himself in the ruins of this world. The only way to reach the knowledge and taste of the sweet nectar of the meeting of the Lord is the death and smallness of the mountain of selfishness, and the resounding of the monotheistic chant, "I am God, the Lord of the Worlds" in the form of a seeker's heart, and until such time as there is a particle of the remains of existence and selfishness,

Here the advantages of employing a biorefinery approach in conjunction with optimization techniques were utilized to attain high overall process efficiency. Initially, an alkaline pH-shift process assisted by ultrasonic and its subsequent optimization were employed to maximize the extraction yield and whiteness index of muscle proteins isolated from lanternfish (B. pterotum). The optimal strategy was determined as follows: 6 mL g-1, pH1 (solubilization) 11.5, 310 W, and pH2 (precipitation) 5.8 with desirability of 0.84. Collagen hydrolysate was obtained from the connective tissue-containing sediment residue emerging during pH-shift process. The optimal isolated protein (OIP) was utilized to produce heat-set gels in combination with collagen hydrolysate. Breaking force and deformation of the OIP gel were measured at 123 (g) and 10.12 (mm) respectively. Collagen hydrolysate made breaking force (up to 2% w/w) and deformation (up to 10% w/w) improved and had positive effects on color characteristics (especially whiteness index) as well as water holding capacity. Hence, it can be concluded that the integration of a novel extraction technique such as ultrasonic with pH-shift process followed by optimization, as well as concurrent utilization of muscle and connective tissue proteins through a biorefinery approach; provides a significant advancement towards scaling up the extraction process.

In this research, the comparison of the effect of adding nanoparticles (clay, chitosan, TiO2 and bacterial nanocellulose) separately on the physical, mechanical and optical properties of the film prepared from the lantern fish protein was investigated. To prepare nanocomposite films, nanoparticles were added separately at 1 and 3% levels to the protein film solution extracted from the lantern fish. The results showed that with the addition of nanoparticles in the polymer substrate, the tensile strength of all films showed a significant increase. Elongation at breaking point in films containing nanoparticles of clay, TiO2 and bacterial cellulose increased significantly and the water vapor permeability improved in films containing nanoparticles (clay, cellulose and TiO2). Also, the moisture content of the films increased with the addition of nanoparticles and the solubility values showed a significant increase in the rest of the films containing nanoparticles, except for cellulose nanoparticles. The opacity of the films also increased with the addition of nanoparticles.

In this study, the effects of zirconia and titania particles on the abrasion behavior and hardness of Ni-P and Ni-P-ZrO2 coatings on ST37 substrate by electroless technique were investigated. For this purpose, Ni-P-ZrO2 composite coatings were precipitated at five different concentrations of 1 to 5 g/l of reinforcing particle, and then, after examining the best specimen in terms of hardness, the effect of TiO2 particles in five concentrations of 1 to 5 g/l was studied as a booster alongside ZrO2 particles. The coatings were heat-treated for 1 hour at 400 °C. Resistance to wear and friction coefficient of coatings were evaluated by pin on disk test. The surface and cross-section of coatings, as well as the abrasion lines, were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an EDS test. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) test was also used to examine the coprecipitation of the reinforcing particles and phase transformations in the coatings. The results showed that the heat treatment resulted in increased hardness. Also, increasing the concentration of ZrO2 particles in the bath from 1 g/l to 3 g/l resulted in improved hardness of the coating and the use of TiO2 up to 2 g/l along with ZrO2 resulted in improved Ni-P-ZrO2 coating hardness, so that increasing TiO2 concentration to 2 g/l resulted in an increase in the hardness from 702 HV0.1 in the Ni-P-ZrO2 (3 g/l) sample to 813 HV0.1 in the Ni-P-ZrO2 (3 g/l) -TiO2 (2 g/l) sample.

In this research, aluminum matrix reinforced with continuous carbon and glass fibres composite were produced using A356 aluminum alloy as the matrix, and T300 carbon fiber and E-glass as the reinforcement during the squeeze casting process. Carbon fibers were first coated with a layer of nickel-phosphorus using the electroless method. Then, aluminum alloy 356 pipe and composite pipes with 30 weight percent of carbon fibers and 30,40,50 and 60 weight percent of glass fibers were cast at 75 MPa and 500 °C. After casting, the microstructure, and mechanical properties of composite samples were investigated. Nickel-phosphorus coating on carbon fibers has a significant effect on the wettability of carbon fibers with aluminum melt and thus the penetration of aluminum melt into carbon fibers. The hardness of composite pipes reached approximately 2 times that of alloy pipe and the density decreased to 9.5% with increasing weight percent of fibers. The highest bending strength was obtained at 340.82 MPa, which is related to the reinforced composite pipe with40 weight percent of glass fibers. Tensile strength was measured by the nol ring test, in which a composite tube with 30 weight percent of carbon fiber had the highest tensile strength with a 76% increase over the alloy pipe. The predominant mechanism in the failure of carbon fiber-reinforced composite pipe was fiber pull-out and in the failure of glass-fiber-reinforced composite pipes, the fibers were cut.

Bioactive compounds are substances found in small amounts in food. In addition to their influence on human development, these compounds also play a crucial role in reducing diseases in human. Polysaccharides are a group of bioactive compounds that come from a variety of sources. Polysaccharides are macromolecules that are usually composed of more than ten monosaccharides. The constituent monosaccharides are arranged linearly or branched together through glycoside bonds, depending on the length of the chain and the number of constituent monosaccharides. They also have different molecular weight. Polysaccharides, like other essential macromolecules such as proteins and poly-nucleotides in the body, are essential for the flaxseed body's daily activities and play an influential role in cell-cell communication, cell adhesion, and the identification of molecules in the immune system. A group of polysaccharides derived from marine sources are sulfated polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are a broad branch of the resulting polysaccharides. In industrial quantities, sulfated polysaccharides are produced from pig skin and pig bone, and there are some restrictions on the use of these products in some countries. The limitations on the use of these products made from pig waste are the risks of transmitting influenza, as well as the prohibition of pork in some Islāmic countries. In this regard, by-products from seafood processing, which account for about 20 to 50 percent of the initial weight of raw material, are one of the sources that researchers are considering to extract these compounds. 

After preparation of the by-product, it was covered with ice in a ratio of 1 to 3 and transferred to the laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University. The sample was then washed and then ground. Finally, it was packed in plastic bags and kept in the freezer at -18 ° C until the day of experiment. Then, the enzymatic hydrolysis method and precipitation by ethanol were used to get sulfated polysaccharides. Chemical analyses were performed to determine carbohydrates, sulfates, proteins, and uronic acid content. The FTIR spectrum of extracted sulfate polysaccharide was determined using an FTIR spectrophotometer in the range of 400-4000 cm-1. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of obtained sulfate polysaccharide was assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS free radical scavenging activity, and ferrozine tests. Emulsifying and foaming properties were also evaluated as functional properties. 

In the present study, sulfated polysaccharide was extracted from Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin by pepsin enzyme and its FTIR spectrum, carbohydrate, sulfate, uronic acid and protein were analyzed. The results of the chemical analysis of the extracted polysaccharide showed that the extraction efficiency was 3.23± 0.02%, as well as the percentage of carbohydrate and protein of the obtained polysaccharide was 57.03± 2 2.56, 7.78± 0.43% respectively. Also, the amount of sulfate and uronic acid were 6.54± 0.77 and 3.86± 0.43, respectively. The results of infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of a broad peak in the range between 3350 and 3450 cm-1 for the –OH group and the S=O sulfate flexural band in the range of 1245 cm-1. An increasing and significant trend was observed in different concentrations used for the DPPH test (p <0.05) which had the highest neutralizing power (38.85%) at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The highest percentage of ABTS radical chelating was observed at a concentration of 4 mg/mm of distilled water with 71.70% (p <0.05). The chelating results of the extracted polysaccharide against ferrous ions showed that the highest chelating percentage was 98.43% (p <0.05). The foaming capacity, stability properties of the foam, and the emulsifying ability of the studied sample showed a trend of increasing the concentration coefficient of the sample (p <0.05), and the concentration of 10% used sulfated polysaccharide had the highest foaming percentage (72/22%) and foam stability (62.22%) (p <0.05). The emulsifying property of extracted sulfate polysaccharide against soybean oil was higher in all concentrations used than sunflower oil (p <0.05), and the highest value of that was related to the concentration of 10% with 86.57% and 92.59% against sunflower oil and soybean oil (p <0.05). The obtained results demonstrated that the fish skin extracted polysaccharide can serve as a natural antioxidant and functional agent in the food industry

Reactive composites are a new group of composite materials consisting of two or more metal materials that can not ignite or explode in the environment but can release a lot of energy due to shock and severe impact loads. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the ratio of constituent particles on the microstructure and thermal and mechanical properties of the Al-Ni composite. For this purpose, the Al-Ni compound with 2:1, 1:1 and 3:1 molar ratios was milled and mixed. Then the samples were cold pressed and sintered at 400 ˚C under argon atmosphere for one hour. The microstructure of samples was analyzed by microstructure field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and XRD. For the investigation of thermal and mechanical properties, DTA and ignition tests and compression and Hopkinson tests were used respectively. In the ignition test, due to the AlNi product, the highest value of heat released was related to a sample with 1:1 Al:Ni molar ratio. In the compression and Hopkinson tests, the highest values of compressive strength were 208.7 and 309.7 Mpa respectively, which belong to a 1:1 Al:Ni molar ratio. Also, the results showed that the compressive strength increased by changing the strain rate from 0.01 s-1 (in the pressure test) to 1000 s-1 (in the Hopkinson test).

This study investigated the effect of adding boron carbide microparticles (B4C) and titanium diboride nanoparticles (TiB2) on the microstructure, tensile strength, and hardness of A356 aluminum composite. In so doing, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 vol.% B4C reinforcements and 2.5 vol.% TiB2 reinforcement were added to the field by stir casting at 1000 °C using in situ process. The TiB2 nanoparticles were processed in situ by cryolite precursors (Na3AlF6), titanium oxide (TiO2), and potassium tetrafluoroborate (KBF4) in aluminum melt, and B4C microparticles were added directly into the melt. X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the microstructure and failure mechanism of the samples. Also, hardness and tensile tests were carried out to test mechanical properties. The results showed that addition of B4C first decreased and then increased the ultimate tensile strength compared to the sample without reinforcement. Moreover, the highest value of tensile strength was for the sample containing 2.5 vol.% of B4C and 2.5 vol.% TiB2, which showed a 235% improvement compared to the sample without an amplifier. However, the tensile strength of the sample containing 2.5 vol.% of B4C was reduced by 35% compared to the sample without reinforcement. The results of the hardness test showed a drop in properties of the samples containing 2.5% of B4C reinforcement. the highest value of tensile strength was for the sample containing 2.5 vol.% of B4C and 2.5 vol.% TiB2, which showed a 33% improvement compared to the sample without reinforcement.

A novel edible film was developed using Lallemantia peltata (L.) seed gum (LSG), and its water sensitivity, physico-mechanical, barriers, microstructural and thermal properties as a function of glycerol concentration (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% w/w) were studied. Different models were also used to investigate the water sorption of the LSG films. Unplasticized LSG films were brittle and difficult to handle which were effectively modified by glycerol addition. Water sensitivity, oxygen permeability, and elongation of LSG films were increased with increasing glycerol concentration. Also, increasing of glycerol concentration resulted in reduction of tensile strength, glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) of the films. Electron scanning micrographs revealed a smooth surfaceand compact cross-section microstructure in LSG films.The films showed sigmoid shape type II water sorption isotherms, representing typical features of most of biopolymers. Accordingly, the results suggest that LSG films containing desired glycerol concentration could potentially be used as edible films in food packaging.

The aim of this study was to produce protein isolates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to investigate its nutritional, structural, functional and sensory properties. Fish protein isolates were produced by pH change method using alkaline and acidic pHs (2.5, 3.5, 11 and 11.5). The extracted proteins were evaluated for nutritional value, and functional properties, sensory properties, color, and structural changes of proteins. The extracted proteins showed relatively high nutritional value in the amount of essential amino acids. The solubility, gelling and foaming capacity of the proteins depended significantly on its extraction pH. So that the percentage of solubility and foaming capacity of proteins extracted under alkaline conditions showed a higher rate than acidic conditions while the least gelation concentration was related to pH 11.5. Examination and comparison of color (L, a, b and whiteness) and sensory properties of isolated proteins showed that proteins at acidic pH had a brighter and whiter color and better sensory properties than those from alkaline pH. The change in pH caused extensive protein degradation as shown by FTIR and SEM. The above results showed that the protein isolated from rainbow trout waste has good functional and nutritional properties in alkaline conditions, while the sensory properties and color of acidic conditions showed better results

In this research, the effects of various molar amounts of Tl2O3 addition (x= 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0) on microstructure and electrical properties of high-voltage SnO2 varistors were investigated. According to XRD and FE-SEM results, the presence of Tl2O3 was detected as secondary phase in samples which their x values are higher than 0.25. By Tl2O3 addition from 0 to 1%, the grain size decreased from 4 µm to 2.3 µm which it is resulted from a grain growth suppression induced by secondary phase based on Zener mechanism. The best non-Ohmic properties with the nonlinear coefficient of 15.1 and the leakage current density of 95 µA/cm2 were observed in samples doped with 0.5% Tl2O3. Furthermore, the breakdown electric field of this sample was 532 V/mm. Further addition of Tl2O3 had no considerable effect on nonlinearity of samples, but it increased the breakdown electric field of samples through the reduction in grain size.

It is very important to control the process of production of floor tiles to achieve the proper properties. In this study, the effect of sintering temperature on densification behavior and mechanical properties of the floor tile was investigated. For this purpose, specimens prepared with the conventional dry pressing method and sintering was performed in the range of 900 to 1200 °C for 2 hours. According to X-ray analysis, quartz and mullite phases were identified as the main phases in the floor tile bodies. Maximum density, linear shrinkage and compressive strength were obtained for the specimen sintered at 1150 ºC, and this sample had the lowest porosity (0.5%) and water absorption (0.3%). The results showed a sharp decrease in the density and compressive strength of samples sintered at 1200 °C. The existence of porosity and cracks in the microstructure of this sample could be attributed to the oversintering phenomenon. According to the results of this study, a linear relationship between the compressive strength and density of samples can be established, which indicates a strong dependence of compressive strength on the density. The high abrasion resistance of the sample sintered at 1200 °C could be due to its glassy surface.

As the most valuable natural resources, protection and management of groundwater is vital. One of the best ways to protect groundwater resources is monitoring groundwater quality spatial variationsand then managing the water resources exploitations and the land uses. In this research, the spatial distribution of groundwater quality variables and the optimize water well network with acceptable precious in Shahrkord Aquifer is evaluated. According to the cross validation and the values of error evaluation criteria, the universal kriging model with linear trend, the ordinary kriging model with exponential semiovariogram, the Log ordinary kriging model with exponensionalsemiovariogram, the universal kriging model with linear trend with exponential semiovariogram, the log ordinary kriging model with panta spherical semiovariogram and the ordinary kriging model with exponential semiovariogram, has been selected for EC, Ca2+, Cl- and Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42- and Na+ and NO3- respectively. The quality-zoning maps of the Shahrkord Aquifer have been prepared. The results from the zoning quality map indicate that the groundwater quality reduced in central parts of the aquifer. In addition, in this research, to obtain an optimum monitoring well network was applied omittingmethod. Out of 35 observation wells, identified and removed six wells from the network. Using adding well method identified 11 wells as optimal points and added to the network.

In this study, gelatin from common carp scales (Cyprinus carpio) was produced using alkaline, acidic and thermal methods. Then, the physical factors, barrier properties and its appearance characteristics were optimized by changing effective factors in the initial gelatin extraction process. In order to optimize the film, the response surface methodology included a central composite design for extraction process, a series of effective factors in extraction including sodium hydroxide concentration, alkaline pre-treatment, hydrochloric acid concentration and extraction temperature as independent variables were investigated. The dependent variables including tensile properties, water solubility and water vapor permeability were investigated. The results of screening based on mechanical strength and solubility resulted in the selection of 4 factors of 9 factors. In the screening stage, four variables including two factor of the pH of extraction and the duration of the alkaline treatment that had the greatest effect on the tensile strength, and two factor including concentrations of acid treatments and the extraction temperature that had the most effect on the solubility of the films were selected for the the main experiments with gelatin extraction. Other variables that did not have a significant impact on the mechanical properties and film solubility were in their most common form. The main experiments of gelatin extraction included 30 treatments. Solubility showed significant changes (p <0.05). The lowest solubility was 25.08% for treatment No. 9 with alkaline treatment for 195 minutes, acid treatment with 0.3 molar concentration and extraction at 63 ° C. The lowest permeability was for treatment No. 15 with alkaline treatment for 140 minutes, acidic treatment with a concentration of 0.18 molar and extraction at 76 ° C (p <0.05). Finally, it was determined that by changing some of the extraction factors, the properties of gelatin film obtained from common carp scales could be optimized.

In order to improve the physical and mechanical properties,reduce permeability to water vapor, antimicrobial properties and increase hydrophobicity, Salvia officinalis essential oils was combined with the chitosan-tragacanth-clay film. The combination of nanocomposite with three levels of S. officinalis essential oil (1, 1.5 and 2%) in order to choose the best coverage for using in the maintenance of rainbow trout were studied. The best properties of film (Mechanical and antibacterial properties and water absorption)were showed in1.5 % S. officinalis essential oil in combination with nanocomposite. Samples coated with this bionanocomposite, showed the lowest amount of total bacterial loadand phsycrotrophic bacteria when compared to the control during 16 days storage period (p<0.05). According to the results, the combination of chitosan-tragacanth-clay withS.officinalisessential oil, can improve the physical and mechanical properties of chitosan in the film, moreover it can improve its ability to seafood preservation like trout.

Hypothesis: Discovering new chemical modifications for polymers is an interesting way to change the properties and final applications of the polymers. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVA) are useful in practical investigations of functional polymers because they can be modified through their hydroxyl groups. In this st وینیل udy, PVA and EVA were modified to incorporate different reactive functional groups using esterification reaction. Then, substitution reaction was used to incorporate benzimidazole groups into the modified EVA. Azolated EVA can be utilized in other applications such as fuel cell as a proton exchange membrane. Functional modification of PVA was carried out by acryloyl chloride and maleic anhydride in 1-methyl-2-pyrolydone (NMP, room temperature) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 100°C), respectively. Similarly, EVA was modified with chloroacetyl chloride and α-bromoisobutyryl bromide via esterification reaction in NMP at room temperature. Next, benzimidazole group was incorporated into the α-bromoisobutyrylated EVA through substitution nucleation reaction with sodium-2-mercaptobenzimidazole in THF at 80°C. Findings: Chemical structures of polymers were investigated by FTIR and
1H NMR. Functionalization of PVA with acryloyl chloride and maleic anhydride was calculated to be 9. 31 and 46. 28 mol% and that of EVA with chloroacetyl chloride and α-bromoisobutyryl bromide was obtained to be 71. 50 and 63. 46 mol%. The high yield obtained in all of the different proposed routes makes them feasible for activation of EVA copolymers. Moreover, to predict the solubility behavior of functionalized polymers, the Hansen solubility parameters of original and modified polymers were calculated via Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen's (HVK) and Hoy's group contribution methods. Calculations showed that, among studied solvents, dimethylacetamide is the best solvent for acryloylated PVA, carboxyvinylated PVA and EVA copolymer, while acetone is the best one for copolymers modified with chloroacetyl chloride and α-bromoisobutyryl bromide and azolated copolymer, which was in good agreement with the experimental results.  

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder during pregnancy. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of GDM positive screening tests with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) in pregnant women without risk factors in Esfarayn, Iran. This descriptive study was conducted on 997 pregnant women, who were referred to the health Center 2 in Esfarayen city in 2014-2015. The sampling method was convenient. It should be noticed that all of pregnant women did not have risk factor of GDM. 997 pregnant women prenatal care had a fasting glucose test among them, 4 patients had abnormal FBS, While 40 of them after GCT had blood glucose greater than 140 mg and, 20 cases in 1 and 2-hour GCT at the same time had high blood glucose. Result of our study showed that glucose challenge test for GDM screening is worthwhile, FBS, alone is not useful to screen for GDM

This study was developed to evaluate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on properties of bilayer agar- Ka-carrageenan film. Bilayer nanocomposite films were prepared with addition of ZnO nanoparticles at different concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 % w/w on kappa carrageenan and eventually addition this mixture on polymer was produced from agar using the casting method. The Properties of nanocomposites including color, water solubility, moisture content, mechanical properties, transparency, and water vapor permeability were investigated. The results showed that the addition of ZnO nanoparticles increased opacity of the films in different concentrations and the highest opacity was observed in the film with 1.5 % of the nanoparticles. The water solubility of the films decreased significantly from 84.96% in the bilayer film to 32.45% in the nanocomposite containing 0.5 % ZnO. Also, addition of 0.5% ZnO increased the tensile strength and elongation at break of the film significantly. Water vapor permeability of the bilayer films decreased significantly from 0.61 to 0.34 (10-10 g/ms Pa) with addition of 0.5 % ZnO.

In this research, the combination of two levels of tragacanth gum (15 and 30%) on chitosan film 2 % were studied and produced film characteristics checked out. The results are proved the best properties in tragacanth 30% in combination with chitosan. Moisture and solubility was not significantly increased by adding tragacanth to chitosan (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between water vapor permeability of chitosan (control) and composite (p-1 s-1 p-1. Tensile strength of chitosan did not change significantly with the addition of tragacanth (p>0.05) but the lowest tensile strength showed in the composite 15%. Elongation percentage was reduced by addition of tragacanth. Add tragacanth to chitosan did not cause significant changes in its transparency (p>0.05) but the degree of transparency was reduced, so that the lowest transparency was observed in the composite 30%. The results of the present study demonstrated that the addition of tragacanth into the chitosan improve the physical and mechanical properties of this polymer in the film and increase its efficiency for fish packaging.

Decresead nurses’ job satisfaction is resulted to poorly their performances and hospital acheivement to aims will be unsucessfully.
Aim: The aim was relationship between nurses’ quality performance and their job satisfaction in Birjand hospitals in (2012).
A descriptive-analytic study was conducted on (100) nurses who were worked in hospitals in Birjand city in (2012). For data gathering were used two questionairs that they provided by researcher. For assessing nurses’ performance (31) head nurses were completed this questionair that it had seven domins; responsibility, continuity in learning, application of knowledge and skills, professional ethics, quality of care, self-control and professional participation. Its reliability was (0.86) by test and re- test. Also, nurses’ job satisfactionwas aquestionair with (35) questions in eight domains; satisfaction in job conditions, job security, salary and benefits, reationship with colleagues, supervision, management policies, job situations and work/ life relation. Its reliability was (0.88) by Alpha Cronbach. Data were analyzed using Pearson & Spearman correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA by SPSS19.
The fidings showed that nurses (75%) had moderate satisfaction to job. And (60%) of them were good in quality performances from head nurses’ viewpoints. Correlation coefficient indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction and nurses ‘quality performance (P = 0.03). There was a positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction with nurses’ quality performances and its components; responsibility, continuity in learning, application of knowledge and skills, professional ethics and quality of care.
It is recommended to nurse managers notice and evaluate others domains in nurses’ quality performance such as professional participation, management and leadership, and their self-control and give feedback to them effectively.

On the basis of moral realism, moral values are independent of human mind and also have a factual reality which humans attempt to discover them. This approach has faced critical challenges in contemporary philosophy, that’s why most of moral philosophers have put it aside.
This paper offers a version of moral realism on the basis of philosophical analysis of free human behaviors. In Islamic philosophy, human is an intentional agent, i.e. bodily behaviors are always done to achieve to some goal. In these behaviors - which moral actions are included in them either – the goal has a fundamental role in behavior since the primary desire of agent is to achieve to a specific goal, but since achieving to the aforementioned goal won’t be realized without doing an action, the desire of that goal will be the final cause of realization of the action.
The conclusion is that since action is done as a preliminary to the goal, therefore value of each action will be determined by the following goal.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pH-shift process in protein recovery from whole and gutted common kilka and characteristics of the produced gel compared with muscle surimi obtained with the conventional method. Although both acidic and alkaline methods reduced total pigment (TP) in isolates obtained from the whole and gutted fish, the alkaline version was more effective and the lowest amount of TP was observed in the isolate from gutted fish using alkaline version. The last sample also contained the lowest amount of TCA soluble peptide which was significantly lower than the others. Also, gel produced from the isolate recovered form gutted kilka with the alkaline version had significantly higher water holding capacity and gel hardness but it was weaker than the sample obtained with conventional method. The results were supported with higher relative amount of actomyosin and actin in the structure of the gels produced from the gutted fish isolate and surimi from fish muscle, as reflected in SDS-PAGE. Nevertheless, the whiteness of the samples recovered with pH-shift process was quite lower than the muscle surimi which reveals the necessity of more research in this area.

In this study an agar/gelatin bilayer film was produced from agar and gelatin monolayers using the casting method in two phases. Then, the characteristics of this bilayer film, including water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility, water absorption, mechanical and optical properties were compared with those of monolayer films. The results showed that WVP of the bilayer film (3.25×10-10 g/msPa) was significantly lower than the agar (3.90 × 10-10 g/msPa), and gelatin (4/32×10-10 g/msPa). Absorption of UV light by bilayer film was significantly higher than the single-layer agar and gelatin films. Although the tensile strength of the bilayer film (10.8 MPa) was higher than the single-layer gelatin (2.86 MPa), it was lower than the single layer of agar film (30.49 MPa) (P

Processing efficiency of rainbow trout, amounts of by-products and their nutritional value as well as some correlations between whole fish weight and products yield were evaluated. Results showed that efficiency decreased up to 87.56 ± 3.43% for gutted fish and it reached up to 56.69 ± 3.26% and 45.36 ± 2.37% for skined on and skinless fillets, respectively. The highest amounts of by-product were related to head and viscera which were 15.52 ± 2.00% and 12.62 ± 2.61% of body weight, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between fish weight and head weight percentage (P

Milk is regarded as a unique source of food for all ages. When milk is exposed to various contaminants, including lead and cadmium, it is considered a risk to humans. The presence of some metal pollutants, especially Cd and Pb, facilitates their entry into the food chain and thus increases the possibility of their toxic effects on humans and animals. Therefore, we decided to check lead and cadmium levels in incoming raw milk in milk production factories in Arak city, Iran. In this study, 48 samples of milk were obtained from 28 industrial and 20 traditional farms. After the digestion process, at first, the metals were extracted with complexing agents, APDC, and MIBK solvent. Then atomic absorption method with graphite furnace was applied. The results were analyzed by analytical tests such as Npar, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and t-test using SPSS software and it was specified that the means of lead and cadmium were equal to 16.0456 and 20.09 ppb in raw milk. P-values equal to 0.009 and 0.002 ppb were considered significant for lead and cadmium, respectively. The standard levels for lead and cadmium in milk were 1000 and 100 ppb, respectively. In all milk samples, lead and cadmium pollution were less than the standard limit. The amounts of toxic metals (lead and cadmium) in raw milk produced in traditional and industrial farms in all seasons were lower than the standard limits. Also, the mean amounts of lead and cadmium in all milk samples were less than the standard limits for milk.