mehdi dahmardeh

Today, soil pollution is one of the important environmental issues that must be taken into consideration. Industrial activities cause pollution and accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. The rate of absorption of pollutants, especially heavy metals, by different plants is different.  If resistant plants can be found that are able to reduce some of the pollution in water or soil, they can be used to remove pollution from polluted sources. Heavy metals are considered as an important environmental problem due to their toxicity, cumulative effects, long persistence time in the environment, carcinogenicity and non-degradability. Chemical phytoremediation is a method in which different chelating agents are used to increase the absorption of metals by the plant. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ability of morale as a weed with a wide geographical spread in the country, to absorb cadmium metal pollution. This research was carried out in the agricultural year of 2018-2019 in the greenhouse of agricultural Research Institute of Zabul University, located in Zahak city, with a geographic location of 61˚ 41' east longitude and 30˚ and 54' north latitude and an altitude of 483 meters above sea level. The research was carried out as a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments include EDTA and PIOA chelate at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg of soil) as the first and second factors, respectively, and cadmium at three levels (0, 15 and 30 mg/kg of soil) from the source of cadmium nitrate as the third factor. This research aims to investigate the phytoremediation ability of Morale in the presence of EDTA and PIOA chelating agents in a selected soil from the drainage area of zabol in the form of a pot test on a soil contaminated with cadmium, in the greenhouse of the agricultural research institute was done of the zabol university. In each pot, 4 morale seedlings prepared from the treasury of Zabol University Agricultural Research Institute were planted at a depth of 10 cm. Analysis of data was done using SAS software version 9.1. The mean comparison of the treatments was analyzed using Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. The application of chelating agent increased chlorophyll a in all treatments affected by cadmium, so that the highest amount of chlorophyll a (878.33 mg/g) was in the treatment of 1.5 mg/kg EDTA and soil without cadmium, which ratio It showed an increase of about 3.75% compared to the control (without chelating agent and without cadmium). The highest amount of cadmium in aerial parts (8.57 mg/kg) corresponds to the treatment containing 1.5 mg/kg of EDTA chelated and soil with 30 mg/kg of cadmium and the lowest amount of cadmium in aerial parts (0.427 mg/kg) was related to the control treatment (without chelating agent and without cadmium). The application of chelating agent increased root cadmium in all treatments under the influence of cadmium, in a way that showed an increase of about 94.42% compared to the control (without chelating agent and without cadmium). In sum, the results of this research show that the Morale plant is a plant resistant to soil pollution and can tolerate the levels of pollution to a certain extent. Refinement and separation of cadmium metal from the soil was done better by the plant. Due to the high tendency of EDTA to bind to metals, when EDTA is used in high concentrations. It has a potential effect on the release of metals from the solid phase by forming soluble complexes, and the formation of EDTA complexes with metals in the soil solution may advance the balance of precipitation and absorption towards the dissolution of metals.

Due to the expansion of monoculture systems and the indiscriminate application of chemical fertilizers for mass production, this process reduces biodiversity and environmental pollution. On the other hand, due to the important role of vetch and barley in feeding livestock and the lack of fodder due to the monoculture system in the rainfed areas, the yield of fodder has decreased due to the lack of moisture and the inactivity of soil microorganisms. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigating the application of biofertilizer Azotobarvar-1 and superabsorbent material in mixed cultivation of vetch and barley as a strategy to increase fodder yield. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the yield of dry fodder and the competitive indicators of vetch and barley mixed crop in rainfed conditions under the influence of Azotobarvar-1 fertilizer and superabsorbent material during the cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. It was carried out factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor, mixed cultivation in 5 levels including: V1= 100% vetch, V2= 100% barley, V3= 75% vetch + 25% barley, V4= 50% vetch + 50% barley and V5= 25% vetch + 75% barley by replacement method and the second factor of coexistence of Azotobarvar-1 and superabsorbent material at 4 levels including: F1= Azotobarvar-1, F2= Superabsorbent, F3= Azotobarvar-1 + Superabsorbent and F4= control treatments. In order to farm preparing, first plowing was done with a reversible plow in the fall, then two vertical discs were placed on the ground to level and prepare the seed bed. Cultivation lines were created by plowing in the experimental field. Each plot was 4 meters long and 1.5 meters wide. Each plot has 6 planting lines with 25cm and 1m for row to row and plot to plot respectively. Distance between blocks was 3m. Azotobarvar-1 biofertilizer (seeded and foliar application) was applied by 100g.ha-1 and superabsorbent substance at the rate of 200g.ha-1. The results showed that in mixed cultivation, the highest total dry fodder yield was 3799 kg.ha-1 from the combination of 50% vetch + 50% barley, the highest ratio of total land equality (2.913), the highest total relative yield (1.457) and the highest relative coefficient of total density (7.577) from the combination of 50% vetch + 50% barley × Azotobarvar-1 material + superabsorbent was observed in the second year. On the other hand, in the first year, the highest ratio of total competition (4.297) was founded in combination of 25% vetch + 75% barley × Azotobarvar-1 + superabsorbent treatment and the greatest actual decrease total yield (4.990) was recorded in 75% vetch + 25% barley × The superabsorbent treatment. In this experiment, the increase in fodder production was affected by the contribution of the leguminous component (vetch) and management factors (biofertilizer Azotobarvar-1 and superabsorbent material) in mixed cultivation, so that the combination of the mixed cropping system with the two mentioned factors can able to improve the forage yield. Quantitative and competitive indicators were stabilized in line with agricultural goals. On the other hand, Azotobarvar -1 biofertilizer with the lowest amount and volume (100 gr.ha-1) and the lowest cost for farmers is economical and can be a suitable alternative to nitrogen chemical fertilizer and the application of superabsorbent material can be applied in drylands to storage of rainwater be useful.

Modification to withstand drought stress has always faced its own bottlenecks, therefore, in the first stage, cultivating drought-resistant plants such as quinoa is the best way to prevent of reduce in crop yields. Quinoa with a scientific name (Chenopodium quinoa) is a dicotyledonous plant and belongs the subfamily (chenopodiaceae). There is saponin in all parts of quinoa, including leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and seeds coat (Bhargava and Srivastava, 2013). Also is used as an antibiotic, fungal disinfectant and in the pharmaceutical industry (Dini et al, 2001).Potassium have an important role in quality, plant tolerance to various environmental stresses, elements displacement, equilibrium, biochemical and physiological processes including photosynthesis, protein formation and opening and closing of pores and formation of vessels. The use of livestock and poultry manures is important in soil management and sustainability and improves the physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soil. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of livestock and chemical fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa under drought stress.

This experiment was conducted in the form of split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications.in the field of research of the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University In year of 2019-2020 In this experiment, drought stress was the main plot, cow manure as a sub-plot and potassium fertilizer as a sub-sub plot. The measured traits included: number of spikes, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, proline, carbohydrate and protein. Protein was measured by Bradford (1976). Proline was measured using the method (Bates, 1973) as follows.

The results showed that the simple, double and triple effects of drought stress, cow manure and potassium fertilizer were significant different at the level of 1% probability on 1000-grain weight and grain yield. The highest 1000-grain weight and grain yield were obtained when using full irrigation treatment. The simple, double and triple effects of drought stress, cow manure and potassium fertilizer were significant different at the level of 1% probability on Carbohydrates and grain protein. Also, the highest amount of grain protein was obtained in the application of 20 t ha-1 of manure and no potassium fertilizer in the stage of grain filling and the highest amount of leaf carbohydrates in the treatment of 10 tons of manure and 200 kg.ha-1 of potassium in the cessation stage of irrigation in the flowering stage. The results also showed that the highest of grain yield was obtained when using 10 t.ha-1 of manure and 200 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer during full irrigation.

The results showed that the combined application of manure cow and potassium in full irrigation conditions improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa. The triple effects of drought stress× manure× potassium increased grain yield, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, proline, protein and carbohydrates. The highest grain yield was obtained in the simultaneous use of cow manure and potassium fertilizer in the complete irrigation stage. In fact, the using of manure in addition to retaining moisture under conditions of severe stress increases the absorption of essential elements and plant growth, and the absorption of elements such as nitrogen, increases the growth of aerial parts of the plant and stores more nutrients in these areas for re-transfer during seeds ripen. On the other hand, due to its positive effect on maintaining moisture in the plant and increasing the duration of photosynthesis due to the continuity of leaf area in the reproductive stage, potassium consumption can provide more nutrients to more flowers and thus increase yield. It becomes a plant. Under stress conditions, the amount of carbohydrates and proteins increased, which is due to plant adaptation.

The use of plant hormones in the last decade has been considered due to the expansion of sustainable agriculture and therefore should be investigated in the integrated management of crops. In order to investigate the effect of application of different plant hormones (auxin and gibberellin) on some agronomic, physiological and biochemical characteristics of sorrel under different levels of humic acid, an experiment was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out in research farm of the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University (Chah Nimeh) for two years. The main factor includes two concentrations of humic acid (0 and 5 liters per hectare) and the secondary factor includes nine concentrations of foliar application including control (foliar application with distilled water), auxin hormone (IBA) in concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg / l. IBA and gibberellin at concentrations of 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg / L. The results of combined analysis of data showed that the three-way effect of experimental treatments was not significant for any of the studied traits but the interaction of humic acid and foliar application was significant for all studied traits. Humic acid significantly increased plant height, number of seeds per pod, leaf chlorophyll percentage, protein percentage, harvest index, grain yield, mucilage and unsaturated fatty acid, as well as foliar application of 20 mg / l IBA increased plant height Number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and leaf chlorophyll and levels of 60 and 45 mg / l gibberellin Plant height traits Weight 1000 seedlings. In general, it can be concluded that the level of 5 liters per hectare humic acid and foliar spraying of 20 mg per liter of IBA is suitable for sorrel.

Unquestionably, all human cultural activities are formed in the background of geography and environment. In human and biological ecology, theoretical concepts are often used to describe, interpret, and estimate relationships, and interactions between humans and the environment are executed utilizing comprehensive transformational and methodological environments. This point of view emphasizes cultural behavior in both natural and social environment. However, despite numerous archeological studies in the southeastern region of Iran and neighboring areas, thus far, no comprehensive studies have been conducted on the scientific changes of the Bronze Age. In this study, the aim is to reconstruct the environmental situation of the region in the Bronze Age. Attempt has been made by analytical methods based on evidence of artificial irrigation near the river strips as well as designs of seals, pottery, statues, bone remnants that is abundant as well as the results of archeological plant analysis which archeologists have reached the minimum to show the environment of the region in the Bronze Age. Such as argumentative process for the reconstruction of the region, in turn, seems absolutely necessary. Finally, based on archeological evidence and analysis, it appears that in the Bronze Age, favorable environmental and climatic conditions have prevailed in the investigated areas. In can be concluded from the analysis of the findings that the accumulation of sediments in delta and change in their bed, the frequency of drought and humidity, unfavorable climate, very little rainfall, lack of aquifers, and strong winds have caused drought and crop failure. The destruction of fields and forced irrigation are among the reasons for the destruction of civilization and this area.

One of the important requirements in crop planning in order to achieve high yield and optimum quality is evaluation of plant nutrition systems. The present study was conducted in order to evaluation using the sand and domestic manure levels on growth indices and allicene content in garlic (Allium sativium L.), as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications, in University of Zabol Research Institute of Agriculture in 2018. Treatments, were considered in three levels including of: 0, 100, 200 (ton.ha-1) as the first factor, and cow manure in four levels including 0, 20, 25, 30 (ton.ha-1) as the second factor. Analysis of variance showed that levels of sand, cow manure and their interactions on plant height, leaf number, biological yield, economic yield, garlic diameter, allicin, leaf nitrogen, soil volumetric moisture, soil temperature, organic carbon percentage and the total irrigation were significant. The harvest index was significantly affected by simple effects of sand and cow manure levels, and the number of garlic and potassium leaves were affected by cow manure levels. The highest plant height (60.67 cm) and leaf number (18.33) were obtained from the treatment of sand (100 ton.ha-1)  in term of consumption cow manure(30 ton.ha-1). The most biological yield (13.14 ton.ha-1), economic yield (12.07 ton.ha-1), the highest diameter of garlic (12.65 mm) and the highest amount of allicin (6.26 mg.g-1), the least total irrigation (733.33 lit), The highest soil volumetric moisture (16.26%), the least soil temperature (33.83 °C), the highest organic carbon content (1.97%), were obtained from sand(200 ton.ha-1)  under cow manure(30 ton.ha-1). Since the goal of garlic cultivation is to achieve the best yield and yield components, therefore, (200 ton.ha-1) sand treatment under 30 ton.ha-1 manure is suitable for garlic cultivation in the region.

Towards the cultivation of datura medicinal herb in a low cropping system, an experiment was conducted on split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Research Station of Bayakola (Mazandaran), during 2016 and 2017. Experimental treatments were plant nutrition as a main plot at five levels (NPK, farmyard manure, compost, vermicompost and non-use of organic and inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizer as subplot at five levels (bio-phosphate, nitroxin, nitroxin + bio-phosphate, nano-bioumik and non-application of bio and nano bio-fertilizer. Results showed that the highest plant height (172.21 cm), number of branches per plant (63.59), number of leaves per plant (230.99), total plant leaf area (6567.93 cm2), leaf dry weight (477.33 g/plant), chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoid (1.806, 1.373 and 0.473 mg/g FW, respectively), total leaf carbohydrate (45.47 mg/g DW), seed protein (26.10 %), total alkaloids of leaf and seed (62.04 and 12.94 mg/g DW, respectively), number of fruits per plant (59.57), number of seeds per fruit (456.84), 1000 seeds weight (9.02 g) and seed yield (7927.4 Kg/ha) were belonged to the combination of vermicompost and nano-bioumik fertilizers treatments. Therefore, with respect to the necessity of producing medicinal plants in the low-input cropping systems and the high efficiency of vermicompost and nano bioumik combination treatment, using a load of it for two consecutive years are recommended for improving physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics of thorn apple.

Today, increasing demand for plant products has been coupled with the reduction of the area of cultivated land due to the limitation of water and soil resources. Water and soil salinity are among the factors that prevent the yield of sufficient yield in crops. Live or non-live-stress tensions can have negative effects on plant production and can even threaten the survival of a plant (Boyer, 1982). Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth and agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. However, passionate crops such as kochia can be used as a forage, soil remediation, biofuel and green space and carbon stabilizer (Khan and Ansari, 2008). Potassium is the dominant mineral ion in plant solutions and plays an important role in reducing osmotic potential in plant cells.

This research was carried out at the research farm of Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University in 2016-17. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Salinity stresses were classified into three levels including: 1, 7 and 14 dS.m-1 as the main plot and potassium sulfate fertilizer at three levels: 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1 as a sub plots. Each plot was four rows of cultivation, the distance between rows was 50 cm and the distance between 2 plants per row was 20 cm. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of planting. In this research, quantitative traits included: plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, leaf weight, leaf to stem ratio. And qualitative traits was measured include DMD, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), acid soluble fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and ash ( Ash). For evaluation of forage quality has been used, a NIR device or a near infrared spectrometer, which is the most accurate and, at the same time, the fastest technique for estimating the chemical composition of agricultural products.Analysis of variance of data was performed using SAS software version 9/1. The mean comparison of treatments was done using Duncan test at 5% level. Charts and tables were drawn using Excel and Word software.

According to the results of analysis of variance of data (Table 2), the main effects of salt stress and potassium fertilizer also showed a significant effect on plant height. Comparison of the mean interactions of the investigated factors showed that at all salinity levels, along with increasing potassium fertilizer, the height also increased with the highest altitude with 300 kg.ha-1 potassium sulfate applications in salinity conditions of 1 dS.m-1 (Table 3). Results of analysis of variance of data (Table 4) showed that the effects of salinity stress and potassium fertilizer, as well as their interactions, did not show a significant effect on the DMD of the plant. Comparison of mean of traits showed that salinity stress (1 dsm-1) with 11.49% maximum water soluble carbohydrate and salinity level (14 dsm-1) with 11.44% of the lowest values (Table 5). Also, comparison of mean of traits showed that salinity stress (1 dsm-1) with 12.69% higher and salinity level (14 dsm-1) with the lowest crude protein was 12.34% (Table 5).Comparison of mean of traits showed that salinity stress (1 dsm-1) with 12.69% had the highest crude protein and salinity level (14 dsm-1) with 12.34% of the lowest values (Table 5).

The results of the study on the effect of salinity stress and different levels of potassium on the quantitative characteristics of Kochi showed that all quantitative traits were completely subjected to salt stress and significantly decreased. The highest forage yield belonged to irrigation with salinity of 1 dSm-1 and lowest for irrigation with salinity of 14 dsm-1. It seems that salinity was more effective on the quantitative traits of the plant and did not affect the quality of forage.

In order to evaluate the effect of soluble time and molybdenum nanoparticles by chemical and green chemistry on morph-physiological indices of mung bean, the present research has been conducted in a factorial experiment, in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at Agricultural Research Institute University of Zabol in 2017. The experiment includes 4 levels of treatments: (Molybdenum nanoparticles of plant origin, chemical origin, plant and chemical composition, and control), as the primary factor and spraying time in 2 levels (Step 4 leaf and Step 6 leaf) as the secondary one. The plant density of mung bean has been 33 plants/m2 with the irrigation being performed twice a week. The maximum plant height (47.5 cm), biological yield (5287 kg ha-1), economic yield (634kg ha-1), number of seeds in pod (8), carotenoid, and chlorophyll a and b occur from Step 4-6 and the application of mixed molybdenum nanoparticles. Results from the experiment show that the highest seed protein (40%) has been obtained from plant nanoparticles as well as the 4-leaf stage. Micronutrient can be an effective management solution for production of agricultural products. The results also show that the application of chemical and vegetable molybdenum nanoparticles at 6- leaf stage increase mung bean traits.

To examine the intercropping system of roselle with mung bean, a field experiment was carried out at the research farm of the University of Zabol. Split plot experiment performed on the basis of an RCBD with three replications. The main plot consisted of three tillage systems (no-till, minimum and conventional tillage) and the subplot was 5 planting ratios (sole culture of roselle and mung bean, 50% roselle + 50% mung bean, 25% roselle + 75% mung bean, 75% roselle + 25% mung bean). The parameters studied in this experiment included land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), completive index and dominance index. The highest RCC was obtained at no-till (3.02) and the lowest RCC was obtained in conventional tillage (2.51). The highest RCC was obtained at 25% roselle + 75% mung bean (4.63). Among different tillage systems, the greatest dominance index of roselle was obtained from the no-till system (0.79). The interaction of tillage systems and different ratios of intercropping showed that the highest dominance index for roselle was obtained from no-till and intercropping of 75% mung bean + 25% roselle (1.69). The highest LER was obtained in plants grown at 75% mung bean + 25% roselle. Comparison of competitive indices of intercropping of roselle and mung bean showed that roselle with higher economic yield is more competitive than mung bean.

To evaluate the effects of bio fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of pea nut on a randomized complete block design was conducted at the Research Farm of Zabol University in year of 2014. The treatments were bio-fertilizers include: biosulfur, nitroxin, seaweed and phosphate 2 will be alone each of which individually and in combination (control (no fertilizer); bio sulfur + nitroxin; bio sulfue + seaweed; biosulfur + phosphate2; nitroxin + seaweed; nitroxin + phosphate 2; seaweed + phosphate 2; bio sulfur + nitroxin + seaweed; bio sulfur + nitroxin + phosphate2; bio sulfur + nitroxin + seaweed + phosphate 2) was performed on the peanuts in separate plots. The results showed that the greatest impact on between treatments in weight the pod, economic yield, harvest index and oil percentage was related to treatment nitroxin. Nitroxin treatments increased 28, 24, 22, 28 and 47 percent of these traits compared to the control. The combination treatment of phosphate + nitroxin resulted in increased respectively 25 and 24 percent compared to control the traits of Ash and protein percent. As well as the treatment phosphate also increased 39 percent phosphorus absorbed by the plant. In general, it can be said that the use of combination treatments significant different on the traits include nutrient absorption and protein percentage relative to the individual using them.

Lake Urmia is one of the most important and valuable Iranian ecosystems. Given that a large population of East Azarbaijan residents in the Urmia Lake Basin is engaged in agricultural business, and the economy of the region and residents of this region depend on the sustainability of agricultural systems in the present and future, hence the study of the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems of this region are very important.

This paper examines the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems of Azarshahr in the period of 2004-2017. The weight of the indicators was determined using entropy method and other information was collected from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization, Regional Water Organization and the yearbooks of East Azarbaijan province during the studied years.

The results of the study showed that the level of stability at the beginning of the period was decreasing during the years 2004-2006 and after a temporary increase in the years 2006-2013, it was reduced again and the conditions of sustainability deteriorated.

Given the results of weighting the indices and calculating the sustainability level, the important role of the factors of sustainability, especially the use of chemical inputs, was shown on the sustainability.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a medicinal plant and belongs to the family Malvaceae, short day plant, self-pollination, one year old or a few years old in the warm and indigenous climate of Africa. The main objective in crop management is to maximize light gain by crop canopy. Nitrogen is the first element that has a shortage in arid and semi-arid regions. Considering that agriculture in the Sistan region is associated with unfavorable environmental factors such as water shortages and nutrients in the soil, and severe 120-day winds. The aim of this research was to investigate the planting direction for determining the most suitable planting direction, optimal use of chemical fertilizers and determining their best application time for the medicinal plant of Roselle under Sistan climate conditions.

A split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Zabol University during growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments experiment included two levels of planting directions two levels (North-South, East-West) As the main plot and the split of nitrogen fertilizer from the source of urea in four levels (1/3 per planting, 1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation; 1/2 post planting, 1/2 four leaf stage; 1/2 four leaf stage, 1/2 stem elongation; 1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 Flowering stage) as a subsidiary agent. Ecological parameters such as light, temperature and soil moisture at the end of flowering stage and organic matter, nitrogen and soil carbon were measured after plant harvest. The morphological characteristics were measured at the end of the growth season at the end of the complete inspection of the Sepals. Data were averaged for each sample (measured for 5 samples), with variance and mean computation. The mean test was performed using a 5% mean field test and a knowledge Duncan multiple test. Statistical data analysis was performed using SAS software version 9.1.

The results showed that the effect of planting directions and split of nitrogen fertilizer on traits stem height, stem diameter, number of lateral branch, number of boll, economical yield, sepals dry weight, harvest  index was significant. Except for the number of lateral branches, all morphological traits measured for north-south planting directions were the highest. The highest economical yield was 644 kg.ha-1 the biological yield of 9352 kg.ha-1and the harvest index of 6.39 kg.ha-1were obtained from treatment (1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 flowering stage) The results of correlation coefficients between morphological and ecological traits showed that the highest correlation (0.96) (0.91) was found between the number of flower bowls with economic performance and between stem diameter and economic performance, which was positive and very significant. Thereafter, there was the highest correlation (-0.85) between biological yield and soil organic matter (after plant harvest), which was negative and very significant.

The results showed that planting directions north-south enjoying the better of ecological agents increase the yield and sepals been in medicinal plant Roselle, Also with nitrogen fertilizer management in such a way that soil nitrogen availability is more adapted to the sensitive times of the need for Roselle, It can be used with a nitrogen split application in order to increase the yield of Roselle, Application of treatment (1/3 four leaf stage, 1/3 stem elongation, 1/3 Flowering stage), which is simultaneously with the plant's sensitive vegetative and reproductive stages is recommended. Therefore, the use of chemical fertilizers as a split, while lead to reducing consumption and increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers in order to achieve sustainable agriculture and environmental protection is recommended.

In order to evaluate the yield components of intercroppedroselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as replacement series, a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, during growing season of 2013-2014. Treatments included planting patterns with 5 levels (sole roselle, 75% roselle+ 25% cowpea, 50% roselle+ 50% cowpea, 25% roselle+ 75% cowpea and sole cowpea). Results showed that planting ratios with cowpea had significant effects on plant height, stem diameter, lateral branch and number of bolls per plant of roselle. The effect of planting ratio with roselle was significant on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight of cowpea. The maximum of plant height (182.75 cm) and lateral branches (84.3) of roselle were achieved in planting ratio of 75% roselle+ 25% cowpea respectively. Also, the highest 1000-seed weight and number of pods per plant were obtained in sole cropping. The maximum LER (1.65) was computed in planting ratio of 75% cowpea+ 25% roselle. This means that seed yield in intercropping improved up to 65% as compared with sole cropping. According to LER obtained, it can be stated that planting ratio of 75% cowpea+ 25% roselle can be significantly increase economic income and agricultural land productivity.

Although industrial agriculture achievements are undeniable, its negative consequences such as biodiversity loss, pollination and human health are remarkable. Currently, yields of the world’s four most important crops would need to increase by around 60-110% by 2050. Agro ecological practices contribute to agro ecosystem redesign, efficiency increase and substitution practices based on various processes such as bio fertilizer, reduced tillage, reducing the use of nonrenewable energy. Corn is an important crop in the world and Khuzestan with a huge amount of inputs and energy uses during its production. There for, the assessment of agro ecological practices is essential for sustainability in corn production.

In order to study yield, energy input-output and economic indicators under different tillage and fertilizer cropping systems of corn, a split plot experiment in complete randomized design with three replications, was conducted at agricultural fields under Behbahan condition during 2015 and 2016. The experimental factors included different tillage systems (minimum (MT), reduced (RT) and conventional (CT)) as main plots and fertilizer patterns (bio fertilizer (B), manure (E), recommended chemical fertilizer rate (H) and half of recommended chemical fertilizer (L), integrated bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (BL), integrated manure and chemical (EL), and integrated bio fertilizer and manure as subplots. Assessment of energy indicators evaluated based on the energy output-input ratio. Human labor, machinery, diesel oil, fertilizer and seed amounts were the inputs and yield values from different treatments considered as output. Energy equivalents were used for this estimation. Based on the energy equivalents of inputs and outputs, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy was calculated. The production costs of each treatment included the land value, water value, fertilizer, fuel, human labor and tillage.

The results indicated that the highest grain (10005Kg ha-1) and straw yields (8409 Kg ha-1) belonged to ELRT treatment. The current study demonstrated that MT and RT with BI and EI have significant effects on grain yield. The results of data analysis indicated that maximum and minimum input energy was 45886.7 and 28392.9 MJ ha-1 in ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The greatest contribution from total energy belonged to energy of machinery (10375.3 MJ ha-1) and human labor (5142.6 MJ ha-1) in ELCT treatment. Highest and lowest energy of fertilizer belonged to EL (11762.2 MJ h-1) and B(5.96MJ ha-1), respectively. The input of energy for seed and irrigation water in all treatments was same (519 and 20016.7 Mg ha-1 , respectively) ELRT and BCT treatments produced the highest and lowest output energy with 309459.5 and 178965 Mg ha-1. The BMT provided the highest energy use efficiency (8.59), energy productivity (0.28 Kg Mg-1). Maximum specific energy (32.64MJ ha-1) belonged to BECT. ELRT and LCT produced the highest (266051 MJ ha-1) and the lowest (145119 MJ ha-1) net energy. Among different tillage systems, the highest energy use efficiency (7.42), and productivity energy (0.24 Kg Mg-1), net energy (225622 Mg) were calculated in MT.Economic analysis indicated that maximum and minimum total cost of production were 44288247.5 and 32097340 Rials ha-1 that related to ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The highest (113750572 Rials ha-1) and lowest (64987312 Rials ha-1) gross value were obtained ELRT and BCT, although maximum (69810430 Rials ha-1) and minimum (31400201Rials ha-1) net revenue was calculated ELRT and LRT respectively.

Application of minimum and reduced tillage, bio fertilizer and manures and integration with half of recommended chemical fertilizer, are the effective strategy to improve resource management in agriculture. Moreover, effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial saving, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction.

In order to replace the chemical inputs with ecological compatible inputs, an experiment was conducted on split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Research Station of Bayakola during two years (2016 and 2017). Experimental treatments were plant nutrition with NPK, animal manure, compost, vermicompost and control (no chemical and organic fertilizer) as main plot and biophosphate, nitroxin, nitroxin + bio-phosphate, nano biumik and control (no bio and nano bio-fertilizer) as subplot. Interactions of organic and inorganic, bio and nano bio-fertilizer treatments and nutritional systems (direct, cumulative and residual) on all studied traits were significant (P≤0.01). In all three nutritional systems the highest amounts of leaf and grain nitrogen concentration, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and calcium elements concentration of leaves, leaves dry weight, grain yield and essential oil perecentage and yield, were obtained in vermicompost in combination with nano biumik fertilizers, the highest amounts of leaf and grain phosphorus and potassium concentration were obtained from combining animal manure with nano biumik fertilizers and the maximum amount of leaf magnesium was obtained from the combination of compost and nano biumik treatments. There was no significant difference between fertilization systemes. Therefore, with respect to the production of medicinal plants in the low-input cropping systems, using a load of combinations of organic (especially vermicompost) and nano biumik fertilizers for two consecutive years are recommended for improving elements concentration, seed yield and essential oil percentage and yield of datura.

In order to investigate the N uptake and N utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index in corn and bean intercropping under the influence of tillage systems and residues of wheat an experiment was performed using split- split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in agricultural research field of Shahrekord during growing season of 2016–2017. The tillage systems with three levels (conventional, minimum, and no tillage) and four levels of crop residue (0, 30, 60, and 90% of straw yield of wheat) and five intercropping patterns including corn monoculture, bean monoculture, corn and bean ratio with 2:2, 3:1 and 1:3 were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest nitrogen content in seed and biomass of both crops under conditions of use of 60% of plant residues, no- tillage systems and their monocultures. Agronomic use nitrogen efficiency in intercropping was lower than their monocultures. The highest N utilization efficiency was obtained in 3: 1 and 2: 2, indicating a clear superiority of intercropping than monoculture. Therefore, intercropping corn and bean can improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency. By decreasing nitrogen fertilizer application, it can play an important role in the long-term sustainability of agro-ecosystems production.

Today, in order to have a sustainable agricultural system, it is necessary to use the inputs that improve the ecological aspects of the system and reduce environmental hazards. In this regards, an experiment was conducted on split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Research Station of Bayakola, during 2016. Experimental treatments were plant nutrition with NPK, animal manure, compost, vermicompost and control (no chemical and organic fertilizer) as main plot and bio-phosphate, nitroxin, nitroxin + bio-phosphate, nano bioumik and control (no bio and nano bio-fertilizer) as subplot. Effects of organic and inorganic, bio and nano bio-fertilizer treatments and their interactions on all studied traits were significant (P≤0.01). The highest amounts of all studied traits were obtained in vermicompost in combination with nano bioumik fertilizers treatment. The result of factor analysis also confirmed this. Therefore, with respect to the production of medicinal plants in the low-input cropping systems and to achieve sustainable agriculture and environmental protection, using vermicompost in combination with nano bioumik treatment was suitable for improving plant growth and increasing seed yield of datura

  In the corn and peanut intercropping system, the organic amounts of carbon, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the soil were affected by sowing system after harvest and changes in each element varied according to the percentage of plant and different morphological structure between two plants. Intercropping of Roselle and mung bean was modeled based on different percentages of mix-culture and the results showed that, by increasing the cultivation area of Roselle would cause negative effects on soil properties and increasing in the mung bean cultivation area in comparison with the Roselle had a positive effect on the amount of nitrogen and carbon. To determine the best intercropping patterns and effect of vermicompost in corn, peanut and borage intercropping, a split plot test based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Institute of Zabol University in 2015. The study factors consisted of various proportion of vermicompost as a major factor in three levels, including: 0, 2.5 and 5 tons per hectare, different patterns of intercropping as a sub-factor in 9 levels including monoculture of corn, peanut, borage, and mix cultivation which are including: 50% corn plus 25% peanut plus 25% borage, 100% corn plus 50% peanut plus 50% borage, 40% corn plus 30% peanut plus 30% borage, 100% corn, 75% peanut plus 25% borage, 60% corn plus 20%peanut plus 20% borage plus and 100% corn plus 25% peanut plus 75% borage. Soil sampling was conducted after harvesting three plants. Soil elements including organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sodium were measured in soil sampling. The effects of intercropping patterns and vermicompost on the amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in the soil were significant at 1% probability level. Statistically, the mutual interaction between these two treatments also showed a significant effect on the amount of the elements. In the analysis of intercropping patterns, the cropping patterns of %100 corns plus %50 peanut plus %50 borage, and the use of 5 ton vermicompost per hectare resulted the maximum amount of organic carbon (%41). By increasing the amount of peanuts to %50 in the cropping pattern, the amount of carbon also increased and in the pattern with the least peanuts percentage, the amount of the element (carbon) decreased. The different root system among three plants, and their competition to absorb more of soil nutrients. The legumes in intercropping with positive effect increased the amount of phosphorus. Among different patterns of intercropping, the least amount of sodium in the soil (8.2m.e.l-1) was observed in %100 corn plus %25 peanut plus %75 borage treatments, while fertilizers were not used. As a result, by increasing borage percentage, the amount of sodium in the soil decreased. The highest yield rate of corn (17.3 t.ha-1) was observed in the intercropping pattern of % 100 corn plus %25 peanut plus %75 borage, and the highest yield rate of peanut (15.5 t.ha-1) was observed in the intercropping pattern of %100 corn plus %75 peanut plus %25 borage and usage of 2.5 ton vermicompost per hectare, and finally the highest performance rate of borage was observed in sole crop, and the use of 5 ton vermicompost per hectare. Furthermore, due to the physiological and morphological differences among the three plant species, the use of environmental resources efficiency in pattern designing increased in intercropping. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of all the intercropping patterns was more than 1, which showed the advantage of intercropping over sole crop. Not only does choosing a suitable planting pattern increase the diversity in agricultural ecosystems, but also it plays an important role in both soil reclamation and protection. Both selection of plants and determination of appropriate intercropping percentages in a pattern are possible with respect to the reduction of competition between species and achievement of multiple ecological, economical, and agricultural goals. According to the results, intercropping pattern including %100 corn plus %50 peanut plus %50 borage, increased amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, and moisture in non-fertile soils and dry lands, hence it was the best model

One of the principles of sustainable use of bio-fertilizers and livestock in agricultural ecosystems in order to eliminate or reduce the use of chemical inputs.bio-fertilizers as an alternative and in most cases as a complement to chemical fertilizers can ensure the sustainability of agricultural systems (Han et al., 2006). Bio-fertilizers consisting of micro-organisms are useful that each one are produced for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium, iron, etc.These microorganisms are usually deployed around the roots, and plants will help nutrient absorption (Wu et al., 2005) and reduce plant disease, improve soil structure, further stimulate plant growth and increase in quantity and quality and to are increase its resistance to environmental stresses (Nagananda et al., 2010).
Material and The study in year 2014 with split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot include drought stress with 3 levels (control, 50% water deficit, 90% water deficit and 75% water deficit) and sub plot was bacteria inoculation with tree levels (control, Azotobacter, Phosphate Barvar 2). Before conducting the experiment and to inform the physical and chemical soil sampling soil from a depth of zero to thirty centimeters and meters.Each plot consists of 4 lines of planting 3m in length and line spacing was 50 cm. Bean seeds, bio-fertilizers based treatments were impregnated and then planted. Based on experimental treatments of bio-fertilizers on the basis of 100 grams per hectare were impregnated and then cultivation.
Results and disscussion: The results were indicated that bio fertilizer on grain yield was significant. The results of the data analysis were showed that plant height is influenced by inoculation with biofertilizers and different levels of drought stress was significant. Bio-fertilizer was increased plant height, so that the maximum height of Phosphate Barvar 2 fertilizer treatments with an average of 75 cm -2 showed that compared to control and Azetobacter 40.34 and 16.79 percent respectively. Drought stress reduced plant height so that the maximum height of 50 percent of water deficit with an average 67.44 cm and minimum height was achieved of 90 percent of allowable deficit with an average 60.67 cm. The hight of pod length was obtained in biological phosphorous with an average of 13.11 cm was achieved compared to the control (no bio fertilizer) and Azotobacter fertilizer consumption increased by 135 and 31.89 percent. Also, the maximum of pod length was obtained at 50% water deficit that compared to other treatment (70 and 90% water deficit) was increased 8.12 and 20.67 percent respectively. Analysis of variance was showed that bio fertilizer in 1% level and drought stress treatments at 5% level was significant different on biological yield of bean. The highest and lowest biological yield was obtained of 50 % water deficit with 3704.11 kg/ha and 90% of the water deficit with 3505.78 kg/ha.The highest of economical yield obtained of biological phosphorous and 50% water deficit 2344 kg/ha.The greatest number of seeds per pod obtained in treatment of biological phosphorous an (9.76) that compared to the control (no bio-fertilizer), was increased 70.55%. The highest seed weight was observed in biological phosphorous with 16.95 grams and the lowest seed weight was obtained with 10.60 grams of control treatment. Overall, the results indicate that the seed inoculation with biological phosphorous can increase biomass, grain yield and components yield.

IntroductionIn conventional agricultural systems to obtain the highest performance continuous use of chemical fertilizers is inevitable. The health of the plant, soil and living matter depends on the rotation of food elements in the ecosystem. This cycle is disrupted as a result of the loss of soil fertility, its food imbalance and inappropriate cultivation practices. Bio-fertilizers are composed of beneficial microorganisms, each for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium, iron. It should be noted that most studies in the field for sour Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are based on the use of various chemical fertilizers, but the reaction of this plant to bio-fertilizers and iron solubilization has not been considered. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers and iron on yield and quality traits of Roselle in hot and dry weather conditions.
Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers and foliar application iron on yield and quality indicators Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) experiment in Research field of Zabol University Agriculture Institute in 2015-2016 years was performed with split-plot based on completely randomized design and three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of bio-fertilizers: control (without fertilizer), vermicompost, cow manure, seaweed and iron foliar applications include: lack of iron, foliar application at a rate of 3cc per thousand, 6cc per thousand was considered. As a source of bio-fertilizer treatments and foliar application iron levels were considered as sub plots. Before sowing Roselle seeds, vermicompost and manure were added to the soil and inoculation operation . Measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, carbohydrates and protein. Statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with Duncan test was conducted at 5%.
Results and DiscussionBased on the results, different levels of foliar application of organic manure and their interaction were significant for all traits except harvest index. The highest Roselle economy yield of 587.6 kg per hectare with consumption of 6 cc per thousand iron and seaweed bio-fertilizer foliar application was obtained This amount increased by 73% compared to the control (355.3 kg ha-1) and highest amount of sepals anthocyanins (8.960) in treatment 3 cc per thousand iron and manure was obtained, and concentration of 6 per thousand iron and vermicompost and seaweed bio-fertilizers increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were also foliar application iron concentration of 6 per thousand increase amount of carbohydrates and protein were twigs. Comparison of means in interaction of bio-fertilizers and iron showed that the highest increases in chlorophyll a, in application of vermicompost and there is a concentration of 6 per thousand iron and the highest increases in chlorophyll b, by the same application seaweed and iron concentration was 6 per thousand. The highest amount of protein was obtained from seaweed treatments that have shown an increase compared to control by about 61%. Foliar application of iron increases protein of Roselle so that the highest amount of concentration was 6 per thousand and compared to control treatment the increase was about 52 percent.
ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that the combination of biofertilizer and iron solubilization with a concentration of 6,000 has the greatest impact on quantitative and qualitative properties. Accordingly, the combined application of bio fertilizers and iron spraying has a significant advantage over the individual application of each one of them. Iron foliar treatments have put this element directly at the plant and by supplying these elements the plant needs are eliminated and the most of the measured traits increased. Also, considering the important role of biofertilizers in improving the physical, chemical and fertility characteristics of arable land, providing appropriate levels of these materials in the soil helps to achieve maximum performance. Accordingly, fertilizer management with biological fertilizers and iron foliar application is an important part of organic agriculture.

Today, the use of chitosan as one of plant hormones to increase plant resistance to stresses such as drought has been increased. In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of chitosan on antioxidant enzyme activities in Ajwain under drought stress, the experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with Three replications in research farm of Zabol University in 2014. Drought as the main factor in three levels A1) 50 mm evaporation (control), A2) 100 mm evaporation (medium stress) and A3) 150 mm evaporation (severe stress) of pan evaporation class A and different levels of chitosan spray (control, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 g/L) were considered as Sub factor. In this study, by increasing period between two irrigations, the activities of Catalase, Peroxidase, Ascorbate Peroxidase, Gayacolperoxidase, and polyphenoixidase enzymes were increased. There was no significant difference between control and moderate stress for most parameters but maximum activities of Antioxidant Enzymes were observed in severe stress. Using different levels of chitosan caused to improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes, so that, the interaction effect of 0.5 g/l chitosan and drought stress had increased most parameters significantly than that for control.

Water shortage is one of the most important limiting factors for crop production, that affected on growth by changing physiological conditions. Millet is an important plant to investigate the mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants which are relatively resistant to drought. The assimilation and dry matter production is high in this plant in dry conditions and its reason is the mechanism of condensed carbon dioxide. Chavez (2003) stated that the first plant response to stress is stomatal closure and the impact of drought on photosynthesis can be evaluated based on stomatal conductance (4,25). Relative water content is as well as an indicator of plant water status in stress conditions (22). Resistant varieties show high relative water content (27). Low electrolyte leakage indicates membrane integrity (22). electrolyte Leak and membrane lipid peroxidation are indexes of drought resistance (3).
This study was carried out in Research greenhouses of Birjand University in 2014. A factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design (Due to the lack of uniformity of light) with four replications was used .The studied factors were drought stress with three levels including 100, 75 and 50 percent of plant water requirement (non-stress, moderate and severe stress respectively) and millet cultivar with three levels (including Bastan, promising lines KFM5 and KFM20). Relative water content, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage was measured in 30 and 45 day after stress and yield in maturity.
The results showed that relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance decreased as intensity and duration of drought stress increased in all three varieties. Membrane lipid peroxidation, permeability of membranes and electrolyte leakage increased and membrane stability decreased as intensity and duration of drought increased in all three cultivars. Drought stress reduced number of grains per panicle, seed weight and seed yield compared to control. The highest and lowest seed yield was observed in control and severe stress respectively in all three cultivars. All three variety or cultivar had similar status in stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content in 30 day after stress. Although among the varieties, Bastan had the highest stomatal conductance and was less affected under moderate and severe stress (50 and 33 percent respectively compared to control) in 45 day after stress but Bastan had an appropriate realative water content (0.43 and 0.41 respectively) and had not significantly different with other lines. The malondialdehyde content (MDA) was low in Bastan compared to other cultivars and the membrane lipid peroxidation was less affected by increasing drought stress indicating that the variety is of more potential to protect membrane integrity. Bastan indicated greater performance than the other lines, this performance was more drastically decrease compared to KFM20 line under stress treatments.
Bastan is better than the other lines and is advisable to drought stress conditions. Realative water content and stamatal conductance are mechanisms of adaptation and resistance to drought stress and Malondialdehyde is an indix of the amount of damage to the cell membrane that used in order to identify the susceptible and resistant variety to drought stress.

A field experiment was conducted at research station of Zabol university in 2012. The experiment carried out as split plot on basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main and sub factors included tillage systems (No, reduced, and Conventional tillage) and planting ratios of intercropping (pure culture of roselle, pure culture of green gram, 25% roselle 75% green gram, 50% roselle 50% green gram and 75% roselle 25% green gram), respectively. For roselle, the results showed that the effects of tillage systems and planting ratio was significant on plant height, diameter of stem, lateral branch, number of fruit and sepal yield. For green gram the results showed that the effects of tillage systems and planting ratio was significant on plant height, number of pods in plant, number of seed in pod and economical yield. Tillage systems had not significant different on land equivalent ratio but comparison of means showed that the maximum and minimum of LER was obtained in conventional and reduce tillage, respectively. The maximum of LER was obtained at 75% green gram plus 25% roselle (1.36). In general, more useful intercropping confirmed than a pure culture of roselle and green gram.