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The particle size and physical form of fat supplements are effective factors in the digestibility of nutrients, fatty acids, and some blood parameters in dairy cows. This research aims to investigate the effect of a feeding fat supplement containing an additive (lecithin or bile powder) with the physical form of flake or granule on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows. 48 lactating cows were used during two experimental periods in a 2x3x2 completely randomized factorial design and randomly grouped into 6 experimental treatments: 1. Control diet + 2.5% granulated fat supplement, 2. Control diet + 2.5% granulated fat supplement containing 5% lecithin 3. Control diet + 2.5% granulated fat supplement containing 5% bile powder 4. Control diet + 2.5% Flaked fat supplement 5. Control diet + 2.5% Flaked fat supplement containing 5% lecithin and 6. Control diet + 2.5% Flaked fat supplement containing 5% bile powder. All the experimental diets were balanced according to the recommendations of the National Research Association. All data were analyzed by statistical software. The digestibility of the ether extract, total fatty acids, 16 and 18-carbon fatty acids, as well as the plasma concentration of NEFA, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, and VLDL were increased in the treatments containing the additives (P ≥ 0.05). The addition of emulsifying ingredients to the fat supplement of the high-production dairy cow diet may have positive effects on the digestibility of some nutrients and lipid metabolism.

This study aimed to compare the effects of combined buffer and sodium bicarbonate on growth performance and ruminal parameters of Holstein young bulls with an average weight of 330.8±43.1 kg and an age of 240 days, fed with a high-concentrate diet. The experiment was conducted for 90 days with 10 days of habituation in a completely randomized design with three dietary treatments and 10 replications, and a forage: concentrate ratio of 20 to 80%. Experimental diets included a control diet (without buffer), a basal diet with 1% sodium bicarbonate, and a basal diet with 1% mixed buffer. Daily feed intake, monthly weight gain, and digestibility were measured. The experimental diets did not affect feed intake, weight changes, and digestibility. The best feed conversion ratio for bulls was in treatment of diet containing the mixed buffer supplement (P<0.05). Daily weight gain was higher in bulls fed with the combined buffer than that of the control group (P<0.05). Rumen ammonia nitrogen was higher in the control group than the bulls receiving mixed buffer (P<0.05). The pH of rumen fluid was lowest in the control group, two hours after feeding (P<0.05). The present study results showed that the mixed buffer had a better performance in controlling the rumen acidity of bulls fed with high concentrate diets compared to sodium bicarbonate, especially in terms of improving feed conversion ratio, and it seems to be necessary to add it to such diets.

To evaluate the interaction effects of season and dietary forage particle size on milk yield and composition, 100 early lactation Holstein cows in two seasons of spring and summer (each season with 50 heads) in the form of two treatments containing alfalfa forage with large particle size (geometric mean 7.7 mm) and fine particle size (with a geometric mean of 4.2 mm) were used. The amount of dry matter intake of cows was recorded in groups and the milk production of cows was recorded individually.The results showed that milk yield, protein, lactose and total solid percentage of milk were higher within spring compared to summer (P< 0.01). Milk yield (P= 0.09) and milk lactose percentage (P = 0.08) for cows fed fine forage particle size trended to be higher than cows fed long forage particle size. The amount of dry matter intake within two hours after feeding for summer was higher than spring (P< 0.01). Overall, results of the predent study indicated that cows fed with fine forage particle size had more homogeneous feeding behavior pattern within both studied season than cows fed long forage particle size.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of including sucrose, with or without calcium salts of fish oil on performance, carcase characteristics and meat fatty acids profile of fattening Holstein steers. Thirty sixth Holstein steers (269±57 kg body weight) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement during 128 days of experimental period. Dietary treatments were 1) control, 2) sucrose (SU) (5% DM), 3) calcium salts of fish oil (CF) (2.5% DM), 4) SU and CF. Average daily gain increased with added SU (P>0.01). An interaction between SU and Ca-FO was found on dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.05) and dry matter content of longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of Ca-FO increased the concentration of vaccinec acid and CLA in longissimus dorsi (P=0.03). Total PUFA n-3 increased in longissimus dorsi and subsequently decreased n-6: n-3 ratio and increases intramuscular storage of EPA & DHA fatty acids (P=0.01). The results of this study showed addition SU and Ca-FO could have stimulatory effect on dry matter intake and avrage daily gain in fattening steers. Also Ca-FO increased concentration of n-3 fatty acids, vaccinec and CLA acids which means improving meat quality and nutritional valus.

Health, inflammatory, and stress indices as well as feeding behavior around weaning were measured for Holstein female calves fed intensified milk or conventionally during the pre-weaning period. Calves (n ꞊ 48) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments including a conventional (CF) or an intensified feeding (IF) groups. In CF group, calves (n ꞊ 24) received 0.52 kg of dry matter (DM) per day from pasteurized whole milk (23.00% crude protein (CP) and 27.00% fat) until day 50 of age. In IF group, calves (n= 24) fed 0.97 kg of DM per day on average for the first three weeks, and then, milk allowance decreased gradually to reach 0.52 kg DM per day and continued until day 50. All calves were gradually weaned from day 51 to 56. Blood samples were taken on days 14, 28, and 57 at 06:30 AM for serum amyloid A (SAA), cortisol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and iron analyses. Conventionally fed calves had more days with fever during the pre-weaning period. Blood SAA and cortisol levels were higher in CF calves on day 14. However, SAA levels were higher for IF calves on day 57. Intensified milk-fed calves spent more time for standing than CF calves. A trend to be significant was observed for non-nutritive oral behavior in IF calves. In summary, dairy calf health can be improved by intensified milk feeding during the pre-weaning period; however, this method has the potential to reduce calves welfare around weaning transition.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the replacement of corn silage with barley silage on high producing dairy cow performance. Thirty six high-producing (57.3±3.9kg/d) dairy cow in mid-lactation (93±7 DIM) were assigned to one of three experimental treatments including (1) no barley silage (BS) and 30% corn silage (CS), (2) 10% BS and 20% CS, and (3) 20% BS and 10 % CS in the TMR over two 24-day periods. The results showed that replacement of corn silage with barley silage linearly increased fat corrected milk (FCM; P=0.04), fat yield (P=0.04) and fat corrected milk production efficiency (P=0.01). There was also a tendency for linear increase in milk fat percentage (P=0.08), and linear decrease in milk lactose percentage (P=0.05). Ruminal acetate proportion and pH increased with increasing barley silage and propionate proportion decreased. Increasing barley silage resulted in linear increase in dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDF; P<0.05). This study showed that replacing corn silage with barley silage could be considered as a successful strategy to improve performance and forage provisions of high-producing dairy cows.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of inclusion of sucrose with or without calcium salts of fish oil on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of fattening Holstein steers. Thirty sixth Holstein bull calves (269±57 kg body weight and 7 months of age) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement for 128 days. Dietary treatments were 1- control, 2- calcium salts of fish oil (Ca-FO) (2.5 % DM), 3- sucrose (SU)(5% DM), 4- SU and Ca-FO. Average daily gain increased with added SU (P<0.05). Diets containing Ca-FOreduced dry matter intake (DMI) and using SU and Ca-FO together increased DMI in this group (P<0.05). A tendency for higher organic matter digestibility obsereved in bulls fed Ca-FO (P>0.05). An increase in ruminal acetate concentration observed using Ca-FO in the diet, although Lower propionate and higher acetate concentrations were observed in rumen fluid of SU provided bulls (P<0.05). Addition of SU increased ruminal fluid pH (P<0.05). Feeding steers with Ca-FO increased plasma concentration of triglyceride and cholesterol (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that replacing corn grain with sucrose could have stimulatory effect on dry matter intake in Ca-FO containing diet, which have positive effects on average daily gain of fattening steers.

In order to evaluate the effect of bi-partial toxin binder "Biotox" on health status and productive parameters, sixteen Holstein cows were classified into two groups, biotox (supplemented with Biotox) and control (without Biotox). Feed intake, dry matter intake, body weight, body condition score, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heartbeat, milk yield and compounds and blood parameters were measured and recorded. In control group feed intake, dry matter intake, body weight and body condition score were significantly decreased from forth to seventh week, while rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heartbeat were increased (P≤0.05) during the entire period. The milk yieldincreased non-significantly during the entire period and significantly (P≤0.05) from fifth to seventh week in biotox group. Content of milk protein (P≤0.05) in biotox group and percent of fat (P≤0.05), percent of lactose (P≤0.05), somatic cell count and concentration of aflatoxin M1 (P≤0.05) in control group were increased. Milk solids content in the biotox group increased non-significantly during the entire period and significantly in the fifth to seventh week (P≤0.05). There were no significant difference in concentration of plasma glucose, total protein and creatinine during the entire period, but in control group, creatinine level increased during the late period. Plasma aspartate transaminase (P≤0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (P≤0.05) were higher in the control group. Overall, biotox use improves the health, milk production, and production parameters of lactating cows when the feed is exposed to multiple mycotoxin contamination.

High oxidative capacity of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oils is the main problem with their dietary application. The main objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different encapsulants and oil loading levels on nutritive value, fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil powders. Four types of wall materials [glucose syrup and maltodextrin based Maillard reaction products (MRP) or equivalent non-reacted physical blends (Non-MRP)] were used along with the three levels of oil loadings (oil to wall ratio of 1:2; 1:1; 2:1 as low, medium and high oil loadings). Emulsions and resulting microencapsules were tested for fatty acid content and stability if fatty acids over time. Additionally, different oxidative parameters were used to assess the oxidative stability of the microencapsules. Results showed that high oil loading significantly increased the mean particle size of emulsions and resultant powders and concomitantly reduced microencapsulation efficiency (ME) and yield of capsules in all of the tested wall materials. However, MRP exhibited better performance. Maillard reaction products showed better protection efficiency against oil oxidation relative to non-MRP. Nevertheless, two types of MRP encapsulants showed different proficiency and glucose syrup-MRP, provided more protection than Maltodextrin-MRP. Maillard reaction had a positive correlation with the stability properties of emulsions and resulting microcapsules. Our results showed that microencapsulation with Maillard reaction products could be used as an efficient way to protect fish oil from oxidation.

Effect of different processing methods of corn grain were investigated in 36 Holstein suckling female calves (body weight = 38.2 ± 1.20 kg) on performance and blood and ruminal parameters. Treatments were whole corn, ground corn, cracked corn and steam-flaked corn. Starter diets were mixed five percent of the chopped wheat straw and offered to calves from day 4. Milk was fed in a gradual step-up step-down method to all calves. Calves weaned at 71 days and total intake of starter and body weight of calves were measured until 84 days. Starter intake and ADG were significantly higher for cracked corn and steam-flaked corn than for ground corn and whole corn treatments in pre- and post-weaning and overall period (P≤0.01). At weaning and day 84, the average body weight of calves fed cracked corn and steam-flaked corn were significantly higher than those fed whole corn and ground corn treatments (P≤0.01). Treatments also affected serum protein of calves (P<0.05). According results of this study, feeding calves with cracked corn or steam-flaked corn increased feed intake and improved ADG and body weight through pre- and post-weaning periods.

Oil seeds contain significant amounts of fat and fatty acids unsaturated, and

Oil seeds contain significant amounts of fat and unsaturated fatty acids, and their use in the diet affects the composition of the fatty acids in various tissues of the body and animals' performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding hemp seed (HS) in diets with low levels of crude protein on feed intake, performance, nutrient digestibility on Baluchi fattening lambs and the possibility of CP reduction in the diets due toadverse effects of unsaturated fatty acids presence in HS on protozoal population and nitrogen recyclingin the rumen.

Twenty-four Baluchi male lambs, with 24±1 kg body weight (BW) and 4-5 months of age, were used in a completely randomized design experiment. Experimental diets included: 1) control diet with 14% crude protein; 2) diet with 14% crude protein, containing 10% of HS and 3) diet with 12% crude protein containing 10% HS. The fattening period lasted 84 days after a 21-day adaptation period. Dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, cold and hot carcass weights and apparent digestibility were determined. Urine spot sampling was used to determine the purine derivatives. Rumen fluid samples were taken through esophagus-tube connected to vacuum pump before and three hours after morning feeding on the last day of experiment and then pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were determined. Data were analyzed using GLM models of the SAS software.

Diets containing HS had significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and final weight of the lambs. The highest DMI and ADG were observed for lambs fed with آ with 14% crude protein. The final weight in lambs fed with HS with 14 and 12% crude protein diet were 46.11 and 43.03 kg, respectively which was higher than control group with final weight 42 kg. Diets containing HS had significant effect on apparent digestibility of DM and CP by lambs (P <0.05). The concentration of ruminal NH3-N and total protozoa and Holotricha population were significantly affected by experimental diets. The lowest number of ciliate protozoa and the lowest ruminal NH3-N concentration were observed in lambs fed with HS. Microbial protein synthess in lambs fed with HS was higher than control group (35 vs. 31 g/d).

The result of this experiment showed that higher daily body weight, final weight and the microbial protein synthesis were achieved in animals which fed 10 and 14 percent HS. Including 10% of HS to the diet and reducing 2% of CP diet did not have any negative effect on growth performance than control group. In conclusion, based on the results of ADG and final BW and higher microbial protein synthesis including 10% HS as a valuable nutritive feed in the diet of animals is recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mineral supplementation and chelates of trace elements on production, milk composition and blood parameters of lactating Holstein cows. Lactating Holstein cows (n=24) were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments; 1) the basic diet include inorganic trace minerals (C), 2) 55 mg of iron, 125 mg of copper, 360 mg of zinc, 3.5 mg of chromium, 200 mg of manganese, 2 mg of selenium and 12 mg of cobalt with daily feeding of 7 g of Bonzaplex7 chelated mineral supplement (B), 3) the same amount of zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt was supplied with 7 gr of organic trace mineral supplement Availa4 (A), 4) feeding 7 gr of Availa 4 plus 3.5 gr of Availa-Cr, 2 gr of Availa-Se, 1gr of Availa-Fe (A+3). This study lasted 35 days. Daily feed intake and milk production (3X) were recorded. In spite of more numerical increase in milk yield in treatment B, no effect was observed on the production of milk, milk composition, dry matter intake and rumen metabolites. Plasma glucose concentration in treatments tended to decrease (P=0.07). Plasma triglyceride concentration decreased significantly in treatments (A), (B), (A+3) compared to group (C), present results could be related to increase bioavailability of trace minerals in chelated form specially chromium and copper in present study.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different sources of fatty acids on the performance and liver activity indices of Holstein cows during the transition period. Thirty-five cows were randomly assigned (from 21 days prepartum to 21 days postpartum) to 5 dietary treatments consisting of a diet containing palm oil (T1) as control, CLA fat supplement (T2), extruded flaxseed (T3), mixes of CLA fat supplement and extruded flaxseed(T4), and sesame oil and sesame meal (T5). The amounts of dry matter intake and milk yields were measured daily and milk composition was measured weekly. Blood samples were collected weekly to determine the concentration of plasma parameters. Feed intake, milk yields and milk composition were generally similar among treatments (P>0.05). Among blood parameters, the levels of urea and total protein affected by treatment in postpartum (P <0/05). The concentration of total protein in group T3 was higher than group T1. The urea concentration in group T5 was higher as compared with group T3. Amount of aspartate aminotransferase in prepartum had a significant tendency between treatments (P<0.1) and the highest amount was observed for group T1. The results of this study showed that CLA supplementation and extruded flaxseed increased total protein and reduced blood urea and has a beneficial effect on the health of the liver during the transition period.

The insulin resistance and glucose, insulin, IGF-1 metabolism (somatotropic axis performance) were investigated in cows to receive (4 g yeast/d/head) (Probio-Sacc®, BioChem, GmbH, Germany) or not receive live yeast supplement from 21 d before expected date of calving under the hot months of summer (THI = 82). Two groups of 6 periparturient Holstein cows were fed a diet without or with 4 g yeast/d/head (15*109 CFU/g) starting 21 d prepartum through 8 weeks postpartum to investigate the changes of blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF-1 and glucose tolerance test (GTT). On d 60 postpartum, greater blood levels of glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor I were found in cows receiving yeast supplement than those receiving no yeast (P<0/05). Probiotic had not significant effect on GTT test. Overall, it appears that Probiotics would beneficially improve the blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF-1 in day 60 postpartum (on DFS day) and improve somatotropic axis of dairy cows during the heat stress. Probiosac probiotic had positive effects on somatotropic axis and animal performance. It’s can be a good solution to increase dairy cow’s performance in heat stress condition.

To evaluate the effect of feeding yeast probiotic in milk or starter on growth, fecal score, health, blood and rumen parameters, 30 female Holstein calves with average 40.4±1.8 kg birth weight in Taliseh Nemouneh dairy farm used from 14 until 65 days old. Calves randomly divided to 3 treatments including: 1) control (without probiotic) 2) yeast probiotic in starter 3) yeast probiotic in milk. Average daily gain, body weight and feed efficiency were not significantly different between treatments. Dry matter intake was significantly lower in treatment 2 than control (P<0.01). Digestibility of feed nutrients, ammonia nitrogen concentration, rumen fluid pH and blood parameters did not affected by treatments. Fecal score and health in treatment 2 and 3 were better than control. Generally, calves were fed with yeast probiotic in milk had the best fecal score and health

This study was conducted to production and evaluation of encapsulated fish oil ca-salts using a saturated FA containing material. Nutrient content and FA profiles of produced supplements were determined and ruminal biohydrogenation and oil release were examined in vitro. Additionally, in a complementary in vivo experiment, effects of dietary inclusion of fish oil, ca-salts and encapsulated ca-salts on nutrient digestibility and ruminal paramerters were evaluated using three rumen fistulated Holstein cows. Encapsulation of Ca-Salts increased protection efficiency of PUFA against ruminal biohydrogenation. Encapsulated ca-salts with 10 % of wall material (weight basis) had lower biohydrogenation afer 48-h in vitro incubation (P˂ 0.05). Encapsulation of ca-salts decreased rumen oil release but oil release in other simulated media or total tract oil release were not affected by encapsulation (P˃ 0.05). Protected supplements increased nutrient digestibility compared with fish oil (P˂ 0.05). Results of ruminal parameter analysis can warrant inertness of ca-salts and encapsulated ca-salts in the rumen of experimental animals. Fish oil decreased acetate and rumen N-NH3 concentration as well as protozoa `population, but increased propionic acid concentration (P˂ 0.05). Encapsulation of Ca-Salt did not changed rumen parameters (P˃ 0.05). According to the results, it can conclude that encapsulation of ca-salts increased protection of PUFA against ruminal biohydrogenation without worse effects on rumen parameters. Encapsulation with 10 % of wall material (weight basis) can be concluded as the best treatment according to chemical composition, fatty acid profiles, rumen biohydrogenation and oil release data.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of starch sources replacement by fat supplements on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolite parameters of Holstein young bulls. 28 Holstein young bulls (274±31 Kg BW) were fed with four diets containing 1) diet with high level of saturated fat supplement 2) diet with low level of saturated fat supplement 3) diet with high level of unsaturated fat supplement and 4) low level of unsaturated fat supplement for in completely randomized design duration about 100 days. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Body weight changes and dry mater intake, were measured montly and daily repectively. Daily body weight gain, final weight, DMI and feed conversation rate were not different between treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids concentration not affected by treatments. Blood metabolite parameter were measured and there was no significant effect observed between treatments except for total cholesterol which in diets with high level of crude fat (6.9%) was grater (p

Four in vitro experiments (Exp.) were conducted to evaluate lavender essential oil (LEO) effects at 0 (control), 250 (low dose), 500 (medium dose), 750 and 1000 µL per L(high doses) of incubation medium on rumen gas production kinetics (Exp.1), ruminal digestibility and fermentation (Exp.2), methane production (Exp.3) and rumen acidosis (Exp.4). The asymptote of gas production (A) increased quadratically (p < 0.001), but the lag phase (L) increased(p = 0.003), and gas production rate (µ) decreased linearly (p = 0.031) with increasing dose of LEO. A linear and quadratic effect (p < 0.01)was observed for the gas produced after 24 hr of incubation (GP24). In vitro true dry matter degradability (IVTDMD) and in vitro true organic matter degradability (IVTOMD) both decreased linearly (p < 0.01), but microbial biomass (MB) and partitioning factor (PF) changed quadratically with increasing doses of LEO (p < 0.05). A cubic effect was observed for total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations (p < 0.05). Acetate molar percentage decreased (p = 0.004), whereas those of butyrate and valerate increased linearly (p <0.05)with LEO dosage. The molar percentage of propionate increased by 10.60 and 12.00% at low and medium doses of LEO, respectively. Methane production decreased by 11.00 and 44.00 to 60.00% at medium and high doses of LEO (p < 0.05), respectively. Lavender essential oil decreased also ruminal pH at all included doses (p < 0.05), intensifying rumen acidosis. These results revealed a dose-dependent selective effect (stimulatory at low and medium, and inhibitory at high doses) of LEO on rumen fermentation.

The objective fllowed in the present study was to evaluate the effects of different milking frequencies on milk production and on blood metabolites in Holstein cows. Sixty-six fresh Holstein cows were allocated to two treatments namely: 4 (4x) vs. 6 times (6x) of daily milking، during the first 3 months of lactation، and then switching on to a three times of daily milking until end of the lactation period. Milk yield was recorded as on two consecutive days in each week. Cows were weighted and scored for their body conditions immediately after calving and as well during each month of the experimental period. Blood and milk samples were collected monthly. Milk and fat corrected milk yield did not differ among treatments. Milk fat and protein percentage did not differ among treatments rather، but milk lactose was percentage wise lower for 4x milked cows (P<0. 01). Somatic cell count in 4x cows was higher than the 6x ones (P<0. 05). Treatments did not differ in blood metabolites، concentrations. Milking frequency did not affect dry matter intake either. Body weight changes and Body Condition Scores (BCSs) were higher in 6x cows than those in 4x ones. It was finally concluded that 4x treatment، during early lactation، was more appropriate than the 6x.