mohammad abedi

In compensating for damages, paying attention to the guaranteed rights victim and in examining the pillars of civil responsibility analysis of the harmful act of the cause of the damage is the focal point. The economic analysis of law, with social engineering, to achieve social goals takes into account all actors and activists. This instrumental approach promotes the triple goals of prevention, distribution of damage and compensation. The condition of compensable loss such as predictability and directness and certainty and non-compensation of loss in legal analysis is based on fairness, ethics and justice. Every loss cannot be considered claimable, civil liability must have a logical and fair limit and an unlimited liability cannot be tolerated. In economic analysis, the reduction of the final cost determines the characteristic of compensable loss and compensability of any loss is not reasonable and efficient. The economy is a guide in determining the fault of the harmful act by providing an objective criterion and makes the relationship of causality, contrary to the conventional concept, efficient, and. This relationship exists between the loss and the factor that avoids with less cost

With the increase in the processing of personal data on the one hand and the value of this data on the other hand, the need for legal protection of the information privacy and personal data is felt more. Such protection is enshrined in the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). According to this regulation, the data subjects have different rights. In contrast, controllers and processors are required to perform a variety of tasks. The European regulation also specifies various other aspects in order to fully protect personal data. Irrespective of the protectionist approach of this regulation, according to the GDPR wording, the right to personal data is not absolute and in contrast to other rights and purposes such as fundamental rights and freedoms, the right to freedom of expression and information and processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes may be limited. In this study, by explaining these rights and purposes under the heading of different aspects of restricting personal data protection, it became clear how the rights of data subjects in the European Union are restricted. Then the existence of this issue in the Iranian legal system was considered. In this regard, it was found that the various aspects of the restriction on the protection of personal data, based on various articles of Iranian law, the principles of Iranian law, especially Imami jurisprudence in general can be applied; However, a detailed explanation and clarification of the details of the factors restricting the protection of the rights of the data subject is subject to the clarification of the legislator.

Legal protection of personal data is essential as an aspect of human rights and an example of citizenship rights. Comprehensive protection of personal data and individuals that are subjects of data collection has been realized in some countries despite special laws and regulations in this field. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the general data protection regulations of the European Union, which is a model for comprehensive protection of personal data. One of the protective dimensions of these regulations is the specification of the guarantee of the implementation of any measure against the violation of the right to personal data. The law enforcement procedures expressed in these regulations has brought these regulations closer to their goal, i.e. restoring the violated rights of the individuals in relation to the data and realizing the full protection of personal data. One of the most important examples of such enforcement guaranty is the existence of the right to compensation and the imposition of fines by regulatory authorities. By explaining each of the aforementioned enforcement procedures based on European regulations and their comparative analysis in Iran's legal system, it was found that the enforcement guarantees are also acceptable in Iranian law for violating the right to personal data; However, the comprehensive protection of personal data and the efficient realization of this enforcement guarantees are achieved by the legislator's stipulation.

In order to provide comprehensive protection of personal data and data subjects, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has addressed various aspects. One of these protections is to pay attention to personal data that, due to their sensitive nature, need more protection (specific personal data). This regulation sets out various requirements for the processing of specific personal data. These requirements include the principle of prohibition of sensitive personal data processing unless there is a legal exception. Another requirement is the need for official authority oversight and legal authorization to process personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences. Determining a certain age for consent to processing is also a requirement for protecting children's personal data. In this study, by explaining in detail these requirements and clarifying how specific personal data is processed in EU law, the protection of specific personal data in Iranian law has also been examined. The conclusion is that although Iranian law on personal data does not have an independent law to rely on to protect specific personal data; However, according to the laws and regulations, legal doctrine, principles of Iranian law, there are many requirements for the processing of specific personal data set out in the GDPR, also in Iranian law.

Investors’ short-sightedness is a factor that makes them overestimate short-term and underestimate long-term interests. This behavior of investors motivates the directors to overestimate short-term performance of the company by decreasing its research and development costs. On the other hand, the auditing committee as a powerful mechanism of corporation authority makes a contribution to supervise responsibility of the board of directors through surveillance of the financial reporting process, autonomy of auditors, and effectiveness of internal controls. In this regard, the present research aims to review the effect of auditing committee on the relationship between investors’ short-sightedness and research and development costs in corporations accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange, The information of 150 companies were collected and analyzed by systematic deletion method during a 7-year-old period from 2007 to 2013. Hypotheses testing was conducted using multivariate regression and ordinary least square method with mixed data. Investors’ short-sightedness has a significantly negative impact on research and development costs. It means that as investors’ short-sightedness increases, research and development costs decline. The results also showed that the size of the corporation's auditing committee has a significantly decreasing impact on the negative relation between investors' short-sightedness and research and development costs and makes the correlation between those two variables positive. The autonomy of the corporation's auditing committee has a moderating effect on the negative correlation between investors' short-sightedness and research and development costs and decreases its intensity. It means that the decrease in the size and autonomy of the auditing committee decreases the negative relation between investors' short-sightedness and research and development costs. Considering the negative effect of investors' short-sightedness on research and development costs that encourages the directors to decrease long-term investment in future research and development, it is suggested to the managers to regard long-term consequences of decreasing investment in this field because they will decline the corporation's performance and competitive strength in long-term. Furthermore, it is recommended to short-sighted investors who have short-term perspective to pay more attention to the real and long-term performance of the company rather than its short-term interests because investors' short-sightedness causes that fundamental factor and long-term perspective in terms of investment in stock exchange be forgotten and replaced with obtaining just daily profit. Therefore, investors' short-sightedness has caused one of the greatest problems in the stock exchange and in the long term leads to its inefficiency.

Encapsulation of essential oil in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) increases their retention and improves their efficacy. Here, eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) encapsulate in the chitosan (CS) NPs increases its retention, and enhances the anticancer effect of EEO.

The effects of pH, chitosan sodium tripolyphosphate ratio, and chitosan concentration on the size and charge NPs were evaluated. The success of EEO encapsulation was confirmed by FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and GC techniques. The toxic effect of free EEO and CS-EEO NPs was investigated in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and fibroblast normal cells. 

The optimized obtained EEO -loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-EEO NPs) were spherical with an average diameter of 86 nm, a polydispersity index below 0.4, and positive zeta potential (+14.25 mV) as confirmed. Increasing the concentration and pH of the chitosan solution and decreasing the chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate ratio, the size of NPs decreased. Loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of EEO in the NPs were about 45% and 32–76%, respectively. The chitosan nanoparticles exhibited a biphasic release profile with the release of 87% of the EEO in the first 5 h, followed by a sustained release for the next 43 h. 

The free EEO was more toxic for MDA-MB-231 cells than fibroblast cells; however, CS-EEO NPs were non-toxic for fibroblast cells and more toxic for MDA-MB-231 cells compared to free EEO. Therefore, the CS-EEO NPs illustrate smart behavior in killing cancerous cells and will be suggested for breast cancer drug delivery.

The political interpretation of the Qur'an, due to its political nature and relation to power, has caused more extensive damage (than other types of interpretations). Part of the harmful context is related to the misuse or neglect of the rules of semantics.  This problem raises the question of whether the vulnerability of political perceptions in the application of the rules of semantics can be proved. Proving vulnerability provided the motivation to seek to make arrangements to provide credible political insights. The present study, which is organized by descriptive and analytical methods, emphasizes the assumption that political perceptions have been damaged in the application of the rules of semantics or disregard for the rules.  Reporting objective examples of these injuries proves the realization of vulnerability in practice, and its achievement proves the vulnerability of impressions in four important areas of semantic rules (examples of rules of “Qaedeh Etnab”; permitted in documents; “Hasr wa Qasr, Fasl waw asl”); Provides solutions to repair injuries and provide political insights

With the adoption of the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on personal data protection in 2016 and its entry into force in 2018, all EU member states are required to provide maximum protection of personal data to individuals. The maximum protections of this regulation are expressed in various provisions, which are clearer, stricter and more practical compared to previous legal frameworks of the EU and other countries. One of the most important aspects of personal data protection is the flow of different rights to the data-subjects. In several articles, the EU regulation refers to the rights of data-subjects for the effective protection of their personal data. Given the importance of personal data and data-subjects protection and citizens’ rights to such protection, the need to examine this issue is also felt in regard to the Iranian legal system. In this paper, by explaining the said European regulation, it will be shown that although under Iranian law some rights of the data-subjects are protected, not all of these rights are provable and the existing rights are not without flaws. Therefore, there is a need for legal clarification on this subject.

Procedural Principles Ruling the Utilization of Tigris-Euphrates River Basin. Procedural principles represent a normative framework and play a notable role in regulating water law. In addition, procedural principles could help in preventing the occurrence of disputes. Cooperation, evaluation of environmental impacts and the principle of information and consultation with related countries are the most important procedural principles. These obligations reflect customary rules of law and also are specified in many bilateral, multilateral and international documents. Considering procedural principles together with the practice of Tigris-Euphrates basin countries illustrates that although the neighbouring countries are members of multiple international and bilateral agreements and organs, but in practice the region lacks an effective and sustainable approach in implementing the procedural obligations, which has been leaded to negative impacts on substantial obligations such as no harm and equitable and reasonable utilization.Tigris and Euphrates basin, Procedural Principles, Obligation to Cooperation, Obligation to Evaluate Environmental Impacts, Obligation to Information and Consultation

One of the cellulose derivatives is microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), that is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries as excipients, anti-caking agents, emulsifiers, binders, disintegrating agents, dispersants, emulsion stabilizers, thermal stabilizers and carriers for fast drying and tableting agents. In this study, MCC was prepared from dried Lucerne (alfalfa) waste fibers of which the pigments were already extracted as food colorants. This cheap and renewable raw material was converted to MCC by conventional methods including dewaxing, de-lignification, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. Commercial microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-101) was used as reference compound for comparative studies. For characterization of prepared MCC, particle size analysis (PSA) was performed. The results of the particle size analysis showed mean particle size of the prepared sample was approximately 26 µm. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of prepared MCC showed similar spectra to that the commercial MCC. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the prepared MCC in comparison to that of the commercial MCC contain three main stages of weight changes. TGA behavior of both samples are matching together. In order to study the crystallin structure of the prepared MCC, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out. The XRD pattern from prepared MCC was similar to that of commercial one. The SEM images of Lucerne (alfalfa) and the commercial MCC showed that microcrystals of both MCC have similar morphology. They both represent an irregular, agglomerated, and elongated morphology. Overall, the properties of the prepared MCC are comparable to those of the commercial type, and can be used as food and pharmaceutical additives.

Muslims consider the Qur'an to be a revelatory and authentic source for planning their lives; however, audience's non-authentic understanding and conceptions of the Qur'an in the fields of life have sometimes caused doubts. These doubts are sometimes the result of neglecting or ignoring the rules of understanding the Qur'an in the field of understanding vocabulary and not applying the rules of understanding vocabulary, and sometimes the result of incorrect use of these rules. Part of this damage is also to the planning of political life and the audience’s efforts to obtain the political teachings of the Qur'an to manage political life; In such a way that the non-application of these rules or their incorrect application has sometimes led to the presentation of incorrect political conception. Among the results of this research, it can be explained that: 1) The pathology of the existing political conceptionsy. 2) Religious system needs a valid understanding of the Qur'an in the field of social and political life. 3) From another point of view, by completing this type of research in different fields of literary rules and other rules, it is finally possible to reach a part of the comprehensive criteria of reviewing and criticizing and validating the political recommendations of other schools and evaluating or refining and rejecting and accepting them is provided.

The Qur'an, as the main source of responses to the problems of the political life of Muslims, has always been exposed to different political interpretations. The impressions are sometimes damaged by different views, such as the Siyaq law concerning words, sentences, and verses. In the meantime, part of the problems in the field of Siyaq [context] is related to the context of the verses. The invalid interpretations have raised the question “What harms do threaten the political perceptions in the context of the verses?”  This research emphasizes that these perceptions in the field of using the context of the verses have suffered various damages, including neglecting the context of the verses and incorrect use of the context of the verses. This research is based on gathering information in the library based on descriptive and analytical methodologies.  The result of the research is to prove the problems of perceptions and conclusions because of neglecting the context[siyaq] of the verses (such as neglecting the context of the verses leading to the absence of political meanings of the words, negligence of the non-political and governmental relationships of the words, the verse being unrelated to the political and governmental dignity; neglecting the opposition of the context to the claim of the political tyranny of the Prophet (PBUH) ) or the invalid use of the context of the verses (such as the lack of criterion for the unity of the subject; the inability of the context to restrain the generality of the meaning of the verse; the incompatibility of the context with the generality of the verse) in addition this paper is to provide solutions for the aforementioned problems

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Pimpinella anisum L. ethanolic and aqueous extracts on L-asparaginase- associated hepatotoxicity in rats using histopathological and specific 99mTc-Phytate biodistribution studies.

60 female rats were divided into 9 treatment groups including L-asparaginase group, Aqueous extract (100 and 200 mg/kg), Ethanolic extract (100 and 200 mg/kg), Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) + L-asparaginase, Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) + L-asparaginase, Ethanolic extract (100-100 mg/kg) + L-asparaginase, and Ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg) + L-asparaginase and one control group. L-asparaginase was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 1000 IU/Kg every other day for a week. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. anisum were given by gavage technique for seven consecutive days. 24h after the last day of treatment, 99mTc-phytate was intravenously injected and then, rats were killed with a lethal dose of ketamine/xylazine. Vital organs were removed, weighed, and their activity was counted by a gamma counter. 99mTc-phytate scintigraphy and histopathological assessment were performed for further evaluation.

L-asparaginase-induced liver toxicity was significantly reduced with ethanolic extract in L-asparaginase-treated rats (P˂0.05). It is worth mentioning that the aqueous extract of Anise seed led to hepatotoxicity (P˂0.05) which is likely to be mainly due to contamination of the plant with the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

P. anisum ethanolic extract due to the presence of anethole and phenolic compounds can ameliorate L-asparaginase-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

People use their personal data in different contexts, the use of personal data is inevitable. On the other hand, the protection of personal data is a citizenship right and personal data must be legally protected. Such legal protection is fully achieved by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This European regulation is the most comprehensive legal framework for the protection of personal data. Despite the importance of personal data protection, many countries do not yet have an independent legal document in this regard or have not yet finalized their draft documents, Iran is also one of these countries that does not have an approved legal document in this regard. Therefore, the present article seeks to introduce a suitable legal framework for the protection of personal data in the Iranian legal system and identify the nature of personal data. The nature of personal data and the right to personal data is special.

Either private or juridical persons who grant agency to others is not principal; however, grant as legal, judicial, or contractual representative. The main question is, “what is the effect of extinction of position of the agent, as the grantor of representation, on the contract and relationship between a principal and mediated agent”? The examination shows that the effect is different from the origin of representation. If the grantor is a guardian or testamentary representative, extinction of position will be lead to termination of the agency contract. If the mediated representative grants agency, there will be various presumptions to examine. In the case of an irrevocable agency or position of purchase, the non-termination of the contract is preferable; furthermore, if a representative of a juridical person like the manager of a company, administer of endowment or director of a public organization, extinction of position of agent does not affect on agency contract.

The right to non-performance is mentioned in Articles 377 and 378 of the Civil Code on the subject of sale, as well as in the section on marriage in Articles 1085 and 1086 of the same and in Article 371 of the Commercial Code. According to these articles, either party can refuse to fulfill its obligation in order to urge the other party to fulfill the latter’s obligation. The right to non-performance can be defined as the right of the parties to refuse to fulfill their obligation in order to oblige the other party to fulfill his obligation. This right, which is based on reciprocal justice and the common sense, has been accepted as one of the methods of compelling the fulfillment of contractual obligations in Imami fiqh and in civil law. Article 377 of the Civil Code gives each seller and buyer the right to refuse to surrender the item of sale and the price, respectively, until the other party agrees to surrender. According to this article, the creation of the right of non-performance for the parties to the contract is subject to the following conditions: a) the contract involves an exchange, that is, two mutual obligations; b) the two obligations are supposed to be fulfilled at the same time: this means that the right to non-performance exists either when bothobligations are to be fulfilled immediately once the contract is made or, and based on a broader interpretation of the relevant rules, when the two obligations are agreed to be done at the same time in future.But with regard to the scope of its application, there has been some dispute as to whether this right constitutes an exception to a general rule, hence having to be limited to the contract of sale and to the exchange of the item of sale and the price in it. This probability is supported, on the one hand, by the fact that the right to non-performance is mentioned in the Chapter on Sale, and on the other hand, by considering that, although the right to non-performance is possible in exchange contracts, the bond between the two obligations will be lost as a result of termination or cancellation of the contract and the returning of the objects of the two obligations does not stem from the contract itself, but is a general duty directly imposed by the rule that prohibits individuals from possessing other people’s property without the owner's permission. In addition, the termination of an exchange contract discontinues the mutual obligations of the parties, hence leaving no subject-matter for the right to non-performance, and the parties’ duty to return the items is not the result of the contract, but represents the obligation to give others’ properties back to them. A different view is that the right to non-performance is a general rule in exchange contracts, which is discussed, as is the general practice in the Islamic legal treatises, in chapters on sale as an example of a general rule. A third hypothesis is that the right to non-performance should not be limited to contracts and has to be applicable in all reciprocal obligations, even those imposed directly by law irrespective of the parties’ will.  Therefore, this study seeks to answer the question whether the right to non-performance is applicable to all reciprocal obligations regardless of their source- contracts, tort liability or other rules. This descriptive-analytical study hypothesized that failure to recognize the right to non-performance at the stage of dissolution of the contract and other reciprocal obligations is contrary to the principle of the transactional justice and causes problems and unfair consequences when the items of the contracts are returned. Arguing that there is nothing that limits the right of non-performance in the stage of fulfillment of obligations, this article argues that this right exists not only in the stage of concluding contracts, but also in the stage where they are dissolved and the items are returned to their original owners, and also in mutual obligations arising from civil liability rules. The custom and the common sense does not warrant the differentiation between the stage of concluding a contract and its dissolution in both of which the parties are mutually committed to hand over the items to each other. The right to non-performance in the stage of dissolution of the contract exists according to the common implicit intention of the parties, whose authority is indisputably upheld by the custom especially the field of international trade, which gives it the same status as what is stipulated in the contract (Article 225 of the Civil Code). Thus, considering the need to study the principles of  the right to non-performance and its conditions and obstacles, this article will first explore the concept of the right to non-performance and its bases and conditions in general and will then focus on the principles applying to, the conditions of exercising, and the effects of the right to non-performance in the stage of the dissolution of the contract and its mutual obligations.A review of the Islamic legal literature shows that the courts have accepted a broader interpretation of the scope of the right to non-performance. Some of the court decisions upholding the termination of the contract of sale have made the return of the sale item to the seller conditional on the refund of its price to the buyer. It should be noted that there are two conditions for exercising the right to non-performance in the stage of dissolution of the contracts: first, there must be two mutual obligations; second, they must have the same cause. The article will, thus, propose the scope of the right to non-performance in the Civil Code to be amended, and the right to non-performance to be recognized as a general rule applicable to the conclusion and termination of all obligations according to which in all exchange contracts, in both stages of conclusion and dissolution, as well as in all non-contractual mutual obligations which have to be performed simultaneously, each party can make the fulfillment of his obligation conditional on the fulfillment of the other's obligation.

The main activities of the Red Crescent rescuers are to rescue and release the injured. Most of the actions of these forces in road accidents cause damage to the body and rights of injured persons and third parties. These damages, which are required to carry out the activities of the relief force, are allowed subject to the normal damage; however, they are responsible for the damages that result from their indulgence and misappropriation. The main question is "What are the legal principles of exemption of relief workers from civil liability and how is it possible to combine the protection of the rights of the victims toward their bodies, lives, and property with supporting the good intentions and actions of the aid workers and performing their legal duties?

This descriptive-analytical research describes the subjects or phenomena and their conditions and elements. Considering that to conduct research and explain the content, the provision of legal analysis is based on the analytical method, the method of data analysis is also based on the logical analysis. In this research, documents at traditional and digital libraries were used for data collection and note-taking was employed as the tool to gather data.

This study, through contrasting the two ideas of protecting aid workers and the rights of victims to physical integrity, aimed to destabilize the relief workers' exemption based on such principles as beneficence, rule of law, urgency, and benevolent intervention and determine the limits and conditions of such exemption to ensure that the guaranteed rights of the injured individuals are not violated on their bodies and property.

It seems that the rule of law is the only basis that can always justify the relief workers' exemption from civil liability and other justifiable factors cannot always be compatible with the situation of relief workers. According to the rule, beneficence, the rule of law, benevolent intervention, and urgency can be considered factors in exempting relief workers. However, matching the situation of the rescuers with the justifiable factors shows that the main basis of the rescuers' exemption is the rule of law, which gives them the authority and duty to carry out rescue operations, and the necessary damages to rescue the injured is based on the rule of "permission in the object results in permission in its consequences".

In this study, pure phase nanostructured strontium-doped lanthanum manganite, La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (LSM), with a hexagonal structure was synthesized by sonochemical method. Then, XRD and SEM estimated the size of the LSM nanopowders. The results are exhibited that products synthesized in this method are compatible with particle size and morphology. Magnetic measurement was done by vibrating sample measurement (VSM) on LSM nanoparticles at room temperature. According to the results obtained from VSM displayed the saturation magnetization of LSM nanoparticles exhibited a maximum of 24.25 emu/g at room temperature. Then, the influence of LSM nanoparticle as an additive on the film morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 and the performance of perovskite solar cells was examined. We explore by using 5wt % of additive can increase the short current density (Jsc) from 14.45±0.55 to 18.29±0.38 mA/cm2 (~ 26.5 % enhancement) and power-conversion efficiency (PCE) from 8.33±0.40 to 12.41±0.35 (~ 49 % enhancement). Moreover, the morphology, and band gap of the new perovskite layer was improved.

Food consumers around the world are looking for pleasant and attractive food in terms of taste and appearance. At the same time, they seek its safety and healing. Food color is a major factor and one of the most important properties to its acceptance and selection. Dyes can enhance or mask the natural color of food, identify or decorate food. During the processing of foods, a significant amount of their original color is lost. This defect can be eliminated by using synthetic or natural food dyes. Due to the side effects of synthetic dyes such as multiple poisonings in the short and long term, allergenic reactions, behavioral and neurological effects, and consumer awareness, many synthetic food dyes have been replaced with natural ones today. In addition, natural dyes have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties against diseases and health disorders. Anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, red beet derivatives, anato, chlorophylls, and some curcuminoids are some of the most widely used natural dyes that are legally available. This report aims to provide a scientific approach in the field of synthetic/natural food dyes. It also describes the industrial and biological technologies used to optimize food attractions, expiration dates, sustainability, public preferences, and prospects for the industry.

Political interpretation as an emerging trend in the interpretation of the Qur'an, in addition to general principles, has special principles in two categories: "principles of scientific philosophy" and "scientific principles". Also, the principles of scientific philosophy have a wide range and include possibility, legitimacy, permission, validity, and so on. As for the principle of the legitimacy of political interpretation, there are various ways, either to prove it, such as presenting rational and narrative arguments, or to confirm it, such as the conduct of the Companions, Followers and commentators. Faced with the question of what is the reason for the legitimacy of political interpretation from the perspective of tradition (narrative argument) and its affirmations in the biography of the Companions and Followers and commentators, this paper emphasizes the hypothesis that the biography of the Prophet and the biography of the Fourteen Impeccable as well as the encouragement of the Fourteen Impeccable to political interpretation are the reasons for its legitimacy and the biography of the Companions and Followers and commentators also confirms the legitimacy of this interpretation. This paper is organized in a descriptive and analytical method and its achievement is to prove the legitimacy of political interpretation through the tradition of the Prophet and the Fourteen Impeccable and to confirm it with the tradition and biography of the Companions and Followers and commentators in extracting political teachings from the propositions of the Holy Qur'an. If, in addition to this principle, other principles such as necessity, possibility, etc. are also proved, the principle of the scientific philosophy of political interpretation will be produced.

State right to exert diplomatic protection of its nationals, who have been harmed in other countries, is an incontestable subject matter, provided that they prove their nationality, exhaustion of local remedies, and commit internationally wrongful acts. However, the possibility of diplomatic protection of those with dual nationality in other subject country and resort to human rights of the protected individual is among issues that have been well-established in international practice. Detention, trial, and condemnation of Mrs. Nazanin Zaghari, an Iranian-British Subject, in Iran and UK diplomatic protection of her, and the probability of UK litigation in ICJ once again raised the question of dominant nationality of protected individual and resort to human rights as a basis for diplomatic protection. In this survey, conducted by a descriptive-analytical method, Britain justifications for diplomatic protection of Mrs. Zaghari on the basis of dominant nationality and human rights have been investigated and it has been criticized based on national regulations of Iran in the context of nationality and the principle of prohibition of abuse of rights and estoppel. Additionally, political negotiations with Britain to solve the dispute or Iran withdrawal from the protocol on compulsory admission of ICJ jurisdiction annexed to Vienna Convention on Consular Relations before filing a lawsuit before ICJ can be considered as possible solutions.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L) is an important medicinal plant cultivated in different parts of Iran especially Razavi and South Khorasan provinces and because of its high price considered as one of the important Iranian products for export. Saffron extract is rich source of phyto chemicals with antioxidant properties and used in traditional and modern medicine. Crocin is one of the natural carotenoid in saffron extract which recently used in pharmaceutical formulations for treatment of depression. In regard to significance of phyto chemicals and bioactive compounds in saffron extract and specially crocin, in this study, a convenient and practical solvent extraction method has been examined for extraction of crocin and bioactive compounds from saffron. For this purpose, at different ethanol-water volume ratios 0-100, 25-75, 50-50, 75-25 and 100-0, the ultrasonic extraction of bioactive compounds and crocin has been achieved. UV-Vis spectra at max of 445 nm was used for absorbance measurements and least square curve fitting applied for determination of crocin concentrations in extracted samples. The results obtained at different ethanol-water volume ratios and the stability of the solutions studied after three days. Ethanol-water with composition of 50:50 (v/v) was selected as the optimum ratio for the extraction of crocin from saffron.

The original attitude toward men and women in the rules of Holy Quran sometimes reveals a different religious knowledge regarding the past. In Islamic Law, they often believe in the principle of equal rights for men and women, however, about divorce, the well-established theory is that divorce is performed by husband due to differences between man and woman in terms of creation. But the main question is that as for the acceptance of man and woman equality in dissolution of marriage in International Human Rights Law, whether this opinion is compatible with Islamic Law. The present study shows that women have long had the right to divorce, and the grounds of divorce at the request of the wife or under the agreement of the couple is, in fact, recognition of legal or contractual right to divorce for the spouse. when husband is unable to treat his spouse well, it is necessary (for him) to initiate divorce, and wife reciprocally can get divorced, so she can originally ask the court for it. This is an interpretation which is in line with the rules of human rights on eliminating discrimination against women.

The purpose of the present study is to review the feasibility of the political exegesis of the Qur’an. By answering to 5 questions in 3 related fields to the political exegesis, including the audience of the political exegesis, the source under study, and the relationship between the Qur’an and Islamic politics, the present research using a descriptive-analytical method showed that the Qur’an has as much political instructions to make political study possible. The political concepts of the age of revelation can be extended to the present age as well. The objectives of Islamic politics are consistent with the main objectives of the Qur’an and there is compatibility between the method of Islamic politics and the Qur’an comprehension. The validity and authenticity of the political propositions derived from the Qur’an and Islamic politics are appropriate to their essence so the political exegesis of the Qur’an would be feasible. The substantiation of this feasibility paves the way for proving other principles and finally gathering the principles of the scientific philosophy of political interpretation.

Divine monotheism is one of the main Qur’anic beliefs which has a great outcome for the type of answers to political matters. The main question of this research is: what are the different answers (compared with polytheistic bases) to political matters while believing in the Divine monotheism (especially the legislative aspect)? The hypothesis of this research underlines that the answers to political matters based on the belief of the Divine monotheism are sensibly different with the answers based on not having such a belief; including: it will be possible to enter the stage of delegating the political legislative changes; the Divine laws will be dominant on the sovereignty’s political legislations; it will be necessary to obey the political system of the holy Qur’an; it will be necessary to form a government to obtain the Divine desires in the political-social aspects; the government will be obliged to provide the situation for human’s perfection and its authority will be limited to the Divine legislations. This research has a rational interpretative method to explain the rational consequences of the legislative Divine monotheism, and in some cases uses an interpretive method for [Islamic] traditional documentations; and has a critical look to the consequences and corollaries of the views of the opposite side.