فهرست مطالب mohammad ali soleimani

This study has been done to determine the effect of mindfulness group training on anxiety, stress, and depression in mothers with children with a learning disorder.

This clinical trial has been executed with the participation of 60 mothers with children with a learning disorder in Qazvin in 2021. The participants were divided into two groups control and intervention. The information was collected by using a demographic data checklist and DASS-21 questionnaire (before intervention, immediately after intervention, and two months after intervention) in both groups. The intervention group received 8 sessions. The data was analyzed by using descriptional statistics tests, T-test, and variance with repetitive amounts and through the R software.

The results showed that the average scores before the interventions of stress (7.6±13.31), anxiety (3.33±4.11), and depression (10.26±5.93) in the mothers in both groups, had no meaningful difference. This intervention was able to significantly increase the stress, anxiety, and depression in mothers with children with a learning disorder in 2 months of follow-up after the intervention in the test group, in comparison with the control group, and illustrate a meaningful statistical difference (P˂0.05).

Based on the findings it can be concluded that mindfulness group training is influential on the amount of stress, anxiety, and depression in mothers with children with a learning disorder and it is recommended to use the conclusions of the current investigation in designing therapeutic and educational programs for parents with children with a learning disorder.

Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) is a short scale designed to diagnose cognitive deficits in patients with mental disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, in this study, the convergence of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Scale (SCIPS) with equivalent instruments in patients with schizophrenia was investigated.

In a group of 58 patients with schizophrenia, the SCIPS scale and a number of standard cognitive tests including a WMT working memory test, a VLTI immediate verbal learning test, a VFT verbal fluency test, and a delayed verbal learning test And a PST processing speed test was performed.

The results showed that in schizophrenic patients, each subtest had a significant correlation with SCIP overall score, which indicates acceptable internal reliability of SCIP in patients. Also, there is a good correlation between SCIP tests and other tests except VFT.

Overall, the results of the present study indicate an acceptable convergence of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Scale in examining the cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia.

Trauma patients admitted to the emergency department are exposed to the risk of clinical conditions and care disorders, which require careful examination and appropriate measures to prevent care disorders and risky situations. The present study aimed to determine the effect of the implementation of the rapid response nursing team on the outcome of multiple trauma patients (head trauma and open trauma) referred to the emergency department.

This quasi-experimental intervention research was carried out by This semi-experimental interventional research by the rapid response nursing team with the presence of two team members in each shift in the Emergency Department of Taleghani Medical Education Center in Kermanshah on 280 patients referred to the emergency department by non-random allocation method in two groups (control: 140, intervention: 140). In the control group, patients were evaluated and cared for according to the routine of the emergency department. In the intervention group, the rapid response nursing team was put into action. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were accurately triaged and leveled upon arrival. Thereafter, immediately after being admitted to the emergency room, according to priority and level determination, all admitted patients were evaluated and monitored again in terms of consciousness level, vital signs, and clinical status in short rounds. Patients with a low triage level and the need for special care were subjected to continuous monitoring and necessary measures in a timely and fast manner until the final determination. The outcome and results of the measures were recorded for both groups. A researcher-made data collection form was used to collect data. In the end, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 25). To compare the quantitative and qualitative outcomes of the two control and intervention groups, independent t-tests and chi-square tests were used, respectively.

There was a significant relationship between the establishment of a rapid response nursing team and the outcome of multiple trauma patients (P=0.027). More than twice as many patients in the control group as in the intervention group were transferred to the special ward (P=0.010). The triage level of patients in the intervention group increased significantly (P<0.001). The length of stay of patients in the emergency department decreased (P<0.001). In the intervention group, the success rate of code 99 increased significantly (P=0.015). Among the other study results, we can mention a reduction in mortality and code 99 and an increase in the discharge rate.

Considering the favorable effects of the rapid response nursing team on the rate of death, cardio-respiratory arrests, and unwanted consequences, these consequences can be controlled by deploying this team in emergency centers.

Social isolation can lead to depression, decline in life expectancy, and increased death anxiety among older adults. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the predictors of social isolation in community-dwelling older adults residing in Qazvin, Iran.

This descriptive and cross sectional study was conducted on 301 older adults in 2020.  Cluster sampling method was used for selecting the eligible older people. Data were collected using the Demographic and chronic diseases checklists, Lubben Social Network Scale, Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, WHODAS, psychological well-Being scale, religious coping questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed by the researcher through face to face interview. The collected data were analyzed using multivariable regression model.  

The mean age of 301 older adults participated in the study was 68.63 ± 7.31 years. Following multivariate analyses, significant predictors of social isolation were identified as being: perceived social support (β:0.333,p<0.001), disability (β:-0.137,p=0.018), and living with spouse (β=0.154,p=0.010). As, the social isolation was decreased by increasing the social support and decreasing the rate of disability. Furthermore, the older adults who lived with their spouse reported lower social isolation compare with their counterparts.

Given the predictive role of perceived social support and the rate of disability in social isolation, establishing or strengthening supportive social networks, particularly in disable older adults seems to be one of the effective factors in reduction of social isolation.

Death anxiety is one of the most common problems in cancer patients. It is also possible to treat death anxiety by the method of desensitization through eye movements and reprocessing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of desensitization with eye movement and reprocessing on anxiety of death in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

This study was a randomized clinical trial in which 66 patients with gastrointestinal cancer in Qazvin hospital in 2019 (Irtan) were selected by convenience sampling method. In order to assign it into two groups of 33 test and control individuals, 4 random block methods were used.The experimental group received 8 min sessions of 45-90 min of allergic desensitization education. After educating the experimental group, the same treatment was done for the control group. Demographic questionnaires and Templar death anxiety questionnaires were used for data collection.

The results showed that in the control group the mean score of anxiety increased from 50.81±66 5.66 to 52.1±3.88, which was not statistically significant (P=0.33). However, in the experimental group the mean scores of anxiety before intervention were 50.66±5.07, which was significantly reduced by 46.09±3 3.6 after intervention (P<0.001).

According to the results, desensitization using eye movements and reprocessing can be used as an effective method to reduce death anxiety in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

Physiological changes in menopause can affect womenchr('39')s health. Womenchr('39')s lifestyle is one of the most important factors affecting their health at this time. However, women do not have sufficient knowledge of health-promoting behaviors and do not receive the necessary training in this area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of health promoting lifestyle training on health promoting behaviors in postmenopausal women.

The present study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. 84 women referred to health centers of Qazvin (Iran) were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two groups of 42 intervention and control groups. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and HPLP II questionnaire. Both groups before intervention completed questionnaires. Intervention consisted of 4 sessions of lecture-based group training with presentation of slides, booklets, pamphlets and six areas of health promoting lifestyle questionnaire. The Health Promoting Lifestyle Questionnaire was evaluated in two groups one month, two months and three months after the intervention.

There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding the distribution of individual variables. According to the results of the three follow-up periods, it was found that the difference between the groups was significant in terms of changes in mean life style. Mean score of health promoting lifestyle in the experimental group (2.72 ± 0.37 before intervention), (one month after intervention 3.12 ± 0.45), (two months after intervention 3.43 ± 0.068), (3 months after intervention 3.45± 0.7). This result indicated the positive impact of the intervention mentioned. Mean score of health promoting lifestyle in control group (2.7 ± 0.43 before intervention), (one month after intervention 2.9 ± 0.46), (two months after intervention 2.76 ±.069), (three months after the intervention was 2.75 ± 0.71). This indicates that mean life style scores increased significantly in the experimental group during the measurement times but remained unchanged in the control group (P<0.05). This demonstrates the long-term effects of a significant increase in the health-promoting lifestyle over time. Remarkably, the highest increase was in physical activity and the least in health responsibility.

The findings of this study showed that health promoting lifestyle-training intervention is effective on health promotion behaviors of postmenopausal women. Therefore, this intervention is recommended as a simple, practical and low cost educational method for postmenopausal women.

The goal of this investigation is weighting and selecting chickens in a determined weight by using machine vision. The images were taken by Raspberrypi cameras and then processed using the Raspberrypi 3 board, and finally the weight was estimated. The marking system was also used to mark chickens in the ideal weight range. For this purpose, 300 Rass chickens were examined in 3 poultry farms by a portable system and from about 500 pictures, 4 features were extracted: length, width, area and circumference. Chickens weight calculated with mixing features (length, width, area) that had been gained. Average percentage error of each one was also measured separately. Average percentage error in this system was 6% (minimum error percentage 2% and maximum error percentage 12%) that indicates the ability of image processing to determine the weight of the chicken. For check system accuracy, one place similar to poultry farms has designed with the same light, temperature, food and water for chickens, and they had access freely, they have been checked for 4 days, then marked chickens were putted up on a digital scale. Finally, the results showed the complete accuracy of the system and the accuracy of the image processing and weighting process

Moral distress is one of the most complex ethical problems for nurses working in Intensive Care Units. Desired job performance of the nurse guarantees the quality of health care provided to patients and is an important factor in accelerating the process of treatment and recovery of patients. This study was conducted to investigate the predictive factors of job performance in nurseschr('39') moral distress.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, in which 256 nurses working in ICU wards of private and public hospitals of Qazvin province (from January to March 2019) were selected through convenience sampling method. Demographic characteristics questionnaire, Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance and Modified Moral Distress Scale-Revised were used for data collection. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression model test in SPSS 22.

The results showed that the mean score of nurseschr('39') moral distress was 171.37±55.63. In the multivariate linear regression model, only educational dimension of job performance in both frequency (β=-26.37, P=0.001) and quality (β =-76.15, P=0.025) correlated significantly with moral distress.

Based on the results of the present study, the educational dimension of job performance is a predictive factor for moral distress. Therefore, steps can be taken to reduce moral distress in clinical settings, such as the use of nurses with specialized training in Intensive Care Units, paying special attention to teaching ethical issues in nursing centers and holding retraining courses for nurses.

Pregnancy and childbirth is one of the most important events in women's life, which can have significant effects on women's lives. Among these complications, gestational diabetes can be associated with physical and psychological consequences. Understanding the understanding of the disease has a predictive value in improving the health behaviors of patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-regulation theory based educational intervention on perceived stress in women with gestational diabetes.

This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Samples were selected from women with gestational diabetes in the prenatal ward of Alzahra hospital in Rasht (March 2018 to September 2018). Demographic characteristics and perceived stress questionnaires were completed in both groups. In the intervention group, the educational intervention was based on perception of the disease individually in 3 sessions daily. After the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention, the perceived stress questionnaire was completed in both groups again.

Before intervention, there was no significant difference between demographic characteristics and perceived stress in the two groups (p=0.65). Immediately after the intervention (p<0.001) and one month after the intervention, the perceived stress scores of the experimental group (18.5±3.24) compared to the control group (23.20±7.87) were significantly decreased (p<0.002).

The results of the present study showed that self-regulation model based educational intervention can decrease the perceived stress of women with gestational diabetes. Therefore, this intervention is recommended as a useful, easy and low cost method for women with gestational diabetes to reduce stress in them.

 Happiness is usually accompanied with increases in life satisfaction, physical and mental health, quality of life and successful aging. 

 The present study was aimed to determine the relationship between social support and happiness among older people in Qazvin, Iran.

 In this descriptive-cross sectional, 312 older people residing in Qazvin city who selected by cluster sampling method were entered in the study. Oxford happiness and Zimet’s Perceived Social Support questionnaire were used for data collection. Pearson, Spearman, t-test, and ANOVA were used for analyzing the data.

 The results of the current study showed that the younger elders (P=0.019, r=-0.132), higher economic status (P=0.014, r=0.139), having the personal home (P=0.047, r=0.112), fewer number of physical disorders (P=0.001, r=-0.180) and increased social support (P=0.010, r=0.160) were associated with higher happiness. However, it was not observed a statistically significant difference on happiness between women and men older adults (P=0.398).

 According to the results of this study, happiness among older people can be significantly increased by increasing economic status, promoting physical health and strengthening of social support.

 Illness perception can affect self-care, mental anxiety, and other health outcomes in individuals. Current study aimed to investigate the effect of Leventhal’s Self-Regulatory Model on illness perception in women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).

A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in women with GDM admitted to prenatal department of Rasht Alzahra Hospital (March-September 2018). Patients were assigned into two groups of control (n=40) and intervention (n=40) using randomized block design. Demographic characteristics were recorded and Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) was completed in both groups. Leventhal’s Self-Regulatory Model was applied in intervention group within three sessions. The IPQ was completed in both groups after the intervention and four weeks later.

The scores for illness perception were not found to be significantly different between the two groups before the intervention (P= 0.19). Immediately after the intervention, the mean scores of illness perception were 38.09±6.8 and 43.9±8.6 in intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.003).One month after that, the mean scores of illness perception in the intervention group (39.3±5.8) were significantly lower than the control group (45.7±6.9) (P<0.001).

Using the Leventhal’s self-regulatory model could improve illness perception of women with gestational diabetes, therefore, it could be applied in these women to avoid further consequences.
 
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20171103037191N2)

Due to the chronic and progressive nature of chronic renal failure, the hemodialysis patients’ need for caregivers to carry out daily care increases; as a result of this care, caregivers are also exposed to a wide range of psychological and physical problems. One of the psychological symptoms experienced by caregivers is death anxiety. This study was conducted to determine the predictors of death anxiety in caregivers of hemodialysis patients. In this cross-sectional descriptive study (May to Jun 2018), 176 caregivers of hemodialysis patients were selected using convenience sampling method from hemodialysis centers of Qazvin. A demographic characteristics questionnaire and Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics including multiple linear regression in SPSS 23. The mean score of caregivers’ death anxiety was 48.37±9.18. Multiple regression results showed that gender (b=4.163, P<0/05), caregiver’s relation with patient and simultaneous responsibility for caring other patients were significant predictors of death anxiety. The coefficient of determination indicated that the independent variables of the regression model explain 20.7% of the changes in death anxiety. Considering the important role of caregivers of hemodialysis patients, paying attention to psychological complications of this population such as death anxiety and its effective factors are important. Based on these variables, support and educational programs can be conducted to control the death anxiety in caregivers.

Death anxiety is a concerning and threatening issue among patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). Self-esteem is considered as an internal factor against the inherent fear of approached death.  The present study aimed to determine the relationship between death anxiety and self-esteem among patients with AMI. A total of 216 patients with AMI hospitalized in Bu Ali Sina Hospital in Qazvin City, Iran, in 2016, participated in this descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data were collected using a demographic data questionnaire, Templer Death Anxiety Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multivariate regression tests were employed to analyze the obtained data. The Mean±SD age of the study patients was 60.25±10.58 years. Moreover, there was a positive and significant association between death anxiety and self-esteem of AMI patients. Multivariate regression analysis results suggested that age, economic status, religious beliefs, and self-esteem were predictors of death anxiety. The present study indicated increased death anxiety with increasing self-esteem. However, further studies in the different populations are recommended to confirm these results.

The results of studies have shown that inadequate awareness and self-care of patients with chronic renal failure, leads to an incorrect illness perception in these patients. Considering the importance of this issue, this study aimed to investigate the effect of self-care education in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

This was a simple randomized clinical trial. The statistical society of the study consisted of 120 patients undergoing hemodialysis in dialysis department of Bu-Ali Sinai Hospital in Qazvin from December 2016 to February 2017. The samples were assigned randomly to two groups of control (routine care) and intervention (illness perception intervention). Both groups completed the demographic information questionnaire, illness perception questionnaire before the intervention. The intervention group received self-care education based on illness perception in the patient’s bedside and before initiation of dialysis in 3 sessions of 30 minutes. A training booklet was also given at the second session of the patient’s delivery, which was provided by the researcher and under the supervision of the professors. Four weeks later, the questionnaire of illness perception was completed by both groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistical tools in SPSS 20. The results of this study showed that there was not a significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic information, except for the duration of dialysis (P<0.014). The ANOVA test results showed a significant difference in terms of patient’s illness perception between the intervention and control group (F(1, 112)=13.88, P<0.001). Self-care educational intervention based on illness perception increased the perception of the disease in hemodialysis patients.

 Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in women and is regarded as a chronic disease with various psychological complications including death anxiety. This study aimed to examine the effect of Benson’s relaxation technique on death anxiety among women with breast cancer.
Methods & Materials: In this randomized clinical trial, 100 patients with breast cancer referred to Velayat Hospital in Qazvin in 2017 were selected using the consecutive sampling and randomly assigned into groups of experimental and control. A questionnaire on demographic information and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale were used. Benson’s relaxation technique was taught to the patients in the experimental group. Afterward, they were asked to perform the technique for three months and were monthly followed up using checklists. The Templer Death Anxiety Scale was completed again by both groups. Data were analyzed via the SPSS software version 23 using descriptive and analytical statistics.

 There was no significant difference in demographic variables between the two groups (P>0.05). Before the intervention, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean scores of death anxiety in the patients of the experimental group (46.4±10.3) and the control group (49.6±10.07) (P>0.05). However, after the intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed between the mean scores of death anxiety in the experimental group (44.5±10.2) and the control group (48.9±11.2) (P<0.05).

 According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that Benson’s relaxation technique is effective in reducing death anxiety among patients with breast cancer. Clinical trial registry: IRCT20170610034435N8

Promoting hope among patients with breast cancer is of significant importance. Several studies have proposed various methods to increase hope among chronic patients. In this regard, the current study aimed at determining the effect of Benson’s relaxation technique on hope among patients with breast cancer. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 100 patients under chemotherapy at Velayat Hospital of Qazvin during three months in 2016 to 2017. Using a convenience sampling method and a randomized complete block design, the samples were randomly assigned to two groups, i.e. an experimental group (50 people) and a control group (50 people). A questionnaire on demographic and disease-related information and Herth Hope Index were filled by both groups before implementing the intervention. The experimental group received two sessions of the relaxation technique before initiating the chemotherapy. Three months later, the Herth Hope Index was completed again by both groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test, a t-test, and an ANCOVA carried out via SPSS23. Results of this study showed that, after conducting the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference between mean scores of hope obtained by the patients assigned to the experimental group (38.8 ± 4.1) and the control group (36.4 ± 3.8) gained by modifying hope scores of the patients before carrying out the intervention (F =3.9, P = 0.04). According to the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that using Benson’s relaxation technique has an effective application in promoting hope among patients with breast cancer. Therefore, conducting further studies to examine this issue is recommended.

Sexual dysfunction is one of the impacts of cancer. Several factors have affect on improving or exacerbating sexual function. This study aimed to assess predictive factors of sexual function in women with gynecologic cancer.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study (during January to June, 2016), 800 patients with gynecologic cancers from two hospitals affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences were chosen by convenience sampling method. Data was collected using demographic questionnaire and Rosen sexual function index. In order for data analysis, descriptive (e.g the mean and standard deviation for continuous data, and the number (percentage) for qualitative) nominal variables and inferential statistics like multiple linear regression analysis were done. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS22.
The mean score of sexual function among gynecologic cancer patients was reported 18.88 ±.36 (CI95: 18.17-19.59) and showed low level of sexual function. The results of the linear regression model showed that duration of disease (β = -.107, P =.001), stage of the cancer (β = -.908, P =.004), type of treatment (β =.563, P =.005), and social protection (β=.341, P=.001) can significantly predict women`s sexual function.
Considering the results of present study, four factors including duration of disease, stage of cancer, type of treatment and social support were found important to predict the sexual function in women with gynecological cancer. So, it is suggested to perform educational programs through media and health care centers in order to promote the awareness of patients, families, illness perception, and as the whole population.

Background and Evidence show that hemodialysis patients experience high level of death anxiety. Therefore, many therapeutic interventions are suggested to reduce death anxiety. This study aimed at investigating the effect of illness perception intervention on death anxiety in hemodialysis patients.
A randomized clinical trial was carried out in 120 hemodialysis patients in Qazvin Bu-Ali Sina Hospital within three months (January to March 2016). Participants were randomly assigned into either an intervention group (illness perception intervention) or a control group (routine care). Demographic characteristics were recorded and the Templar Death Anxiety Scale and Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised (IPQ-R) were administered in both groups. The intervention group received illness perception intervention in three sessions for 30 minutes just before the start of each hemodialysis. Moreover, a booklet a bout self-care was given to patients.
There was no significant differences between the two groups in demographic characteristics except in hemodialysis duration (P= 0.014). The ANCOVA test showed no significant differences in death anxiety between the intervention group (43.73 ± 8.51) and control group (45.82 ± 8.07) (F [1, 112] = 3.12, P= 0.080].
Illness perception intervention is a non-pharmaceutical and useful method for decreasing the level of death anxiety in hemodialysis patients, although the reduction in this study was not statistically significant.

Despite a substantial body of work examining the role of death anxiety (DA) in an individual’s quality of life, there is a lack of valid and standardized instruments that could measure this construct for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric characteristics and factor structure of the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) within a sample of Iranian patients who had experienced acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
In this study, 584 patients with CHD completed the TDAS. A principal components analysis evaluated dimensionality of the measuring instrument. Reliability and validity were assessed.
Factor analysis found 3 distinct factors (fear of death due to illness, fear of facing death, and distress due to short time of life). Convergent and discriminant validity for the constructs of the TDAS were fulfilled. The internal consistency for the measure was Findings revealed that the Persian version of the TDAS is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for the assessment and evaluation of DA in Iranian patients with CHD.

Promoting hope in hemodialysis patients is very important. Various methods have been suggested in order to raise hope in patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an illness perception-based intervention on hope in patients with hemodialysis.
Methods & Materials: This is a randomized clinical trial (IRCT2016103130609N1) on 120 hemodialysis patients admitted in the dialysis department of Bou Ali Sina hospital in Qazvin from December to February 2016. The samples were randomly assigned into control and intervention groups. Before the intervention, questionnaires including demographic information, the Herth hope scale and a summarized form of illness perception were completed. The intervention group received the illness perception-based intervention in three sessions of 30 minutes each, prior to hemodialysis. Four weeks later, the Herth hope scale and illness perception questionnaire were re-completed by the both groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and ANCOVA using the SPSS software version 23.
Results showed no statistically significant differences in hope scores between the two groups (P=0.5589) but after the intervention, hope scores significantly increased in the experimental group (36.54±2.98) compared to the control group (33.88±3.76) (P The result of the present study indicated the illness perception-based intervention was effective in enhancing hope in the patients underwent hemodialysis. Therefore, this intervention is recommended for hemodialysis patients.

Several factors can affect an individual’s level of death anxiety, but very few studies have investigated the role of spiritual intelligence and spiritual well-being. There is also limited research investigating death anxiety in the veterans of wars. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and death anxiety in Iranian veterans.
In this descriptive cross sectional study (in 2014), veterans completed the King’s spiritual intelligence scale, Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being scale and Templar’s death anxiety scale-extended. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and two way analysis of variance by SPSS-16.
The findings showed that the average age of 211 veterans was 48.9 ± 4.6 years. The results revealed no significant difference between the demographic variables and the level of death anxiety reported by veterans (p> 0.05). However, spiritual intelligence and spiritual well-being had a significant and negative relationship with death anxiety. The higher the reported spiritual intelligence and spiritual well-being, the lower the death anxiety (p The findings from this study show that spiritual intelligence and spiritual health can reduce the level of death anxiety among veterans. Given that death anxiety is a common nursing diagnosis, the use of spirituality should be considered within a clinical context to harness the psychological health and coping strategies of veterans.

The psychometric properties of a scale should be re-assessed routinely with different samples to ensure its generalizability. The present study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian Version of Death Depression Scale (DDS) in Iranian patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).
The face validity, content validity and construct validity (i.e. factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity) of the DDS were assessed using a sample of 407 AMI patients. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the ratio chi-square by degrees of freedom (χ2/df), the Goodness-of-fit index (GFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using average variance extracted (AVE), maximum shared squared variance (MSV), and average shared square variance (ASV). Internal consistency, test–retest, and construct reliability (CR) were used to assess reliability of the Persian Version of DDS.
Based on principle component analysis and consideration of conceptual meaning, a four-factor solution was selected, explaining 75.89% of the total variance. Goodness-of-fit indices (c2(98) = 583.646, p The DDS was found to be a valid and reliable assessment tool for death depression in Iranian patients with AMI.

Education is a fundamental component for patients with diabetes to achieve good glycemic control. In addition, selecting the appropriate method of education is one of the most effective factors in the quality of life. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of face‑to‑face education, problem‑based learning, and Goldstein systematic training model on the quality of life (QOL) and fatigue among caregivers of patients with diabetes.
This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Hajar Hospital (Shahrekord, Iran) in 2012. The study subjects consisted of 105 family caregivers of patients with diabetes. The participants were randomly assigned to three intervention groups (35 caregivers in each group). For each group, 5‑h training sessions were held separately. QOL and fatigue were evaluated immediately before and after the intervention, and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 months of intervention.
There was a significant increase in QOL for all the three groups. Both the problem‑based learning and the Goldstein method showed desirable QOL improvement over time. The desired educational intervention for fatigue reduction during the 4‑month post‑intervention period was the Goldstein method. A significant reduction was observed in fatigue in all three groups after the intervention (P The results of the present study illustrated that the problem‑based learning and Goldstein systematic training model improve the QOL of caregivers of patients with diabetes. In addition, the Goldstein systematic training model had the greatest effect on the reduction of fatigue within 4 months of the intervention.

Hardiness as one of the personality traits is an important factor in predisposing risky behaviors including addiction.
This research examines the relationship between hardiness and addiction potential and identifies socio-economic determinants of hardiness and tendency to addiction among medical students in Iran.
In this study, 577 medical students selected based on the convenience sampling method were examined. They were selected from five faculties of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected on hardiness scale, addiction potential scale and demographic variables. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics powered by SPSS (v. 22).
Research results showed that there was a negative relationship between hardiness and addiction potential (r = -227, P Hardiness had a significant negative relationship with tendency to addiction. Regarding demographic factors that were found to be the predictors of hardiness and addiction potential, a consistent pattern was observed in which those who had high tendency for addition were low in hardiness. This is not surprising since hardiness is a shield that provides a defense mechanism for coping behavior when a person is faced with negative life events or adverse life conditions. Based on the results, individuals high in hardiness are perhaps less likely to resort to drugs. However, further researches are recommended on this subject.

Increasing understanding of death anxiety among different cultures and patient populations is critical to provide quality patient care. Researchers who investigate death anxiety, are looking for a reliable and valid instrument compatible with culture in order to achieve this goal. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale-Extended (TDAS-E) among a sample of chemical veterans of Iran–Iraq warfare.
Methods & Materials: In this methodological study, 300 veterans completed the Persian version of the 51-item TDAS-E in 2015. The face, content and construct validity (convergent and discriminant validity) of the TDAS-E were assessed. Also, its reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, construct reliability and intra correlation coefficient.
Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses extracted four stable distinct factors including fear of the hereafter, fear of facing death, fear of the shortness of life, fear of dying following an incident and mishap. The fitness of the four-factor model of the Templer’s death anxiety construct was approved based on standard indices (c2/df=2.832, GFI=.915, AGFI=.873, PCFI=.657, PNFI=.612, RMSEA=.078). Discriminant and convergent validity of all factors were acceptable. Also, scale reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.88), construct reliability (higher than 0.70) and intra correlation coefficient (0.87).
The results of the current study revealed that the four-factor construct of TDAS-E had suitable validity and reliability among Iranian chemical warfare veterans. Given the proper psychometric properties, this scale can be used in future research to evaluate death anxiety in this population.