mohammad amini zadeh

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are the most common arrhythmia observed in ECGs. Analyzing PVC patterns in ECGs aids in identifying types with a higher likelihood of unsuccessful ablation. This study aimed to investigate the ECG and demographic characteristics of these PVCs.

This study included all patients with PVCs who were hospitalized and underwent unsuccessful ablation at the Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Institute between 2017 and 2022. ECG results were compared, and PVC patterns in different types were identified.

The study comprised 80 patients, ranging from 17 to 79 years of age, with a male predominance of 63% and a female representation of 37%. The most frequently observed locations for PVCs were the left ventricular summit (n =27 [34%]), the right ventricular outflow tract (n =13 [9.3%]), papillary muscles (n = 7 [9%]), the great cardiac vein (n =6 [8%]), the mitral and tricuspid annulus (n = 5 [6%]), the aortomitral continuity (n =3 [4%]), the fascicle (n = 3 [4%]), and the mid-myocardial part (n = 3 [4%]). Almost all patients (96.3%) experienced symptoms, and the average ejection fraction was 39.2%. Regarding transition location, 50% occurred in lead V3 (the gray zone). Additionally, 32.5% of the patients demonstrated late transition, 3% showed early transition, and the remaining subjects exhibited positive concordance. Another parameter, breakthrough, was observed in 56% of patients.

In this study, the left ventricular summit was identified as the most common site for unsuccessful PVC ablation. This finding highlights the importance of precise electroanatomic mapping during the ablation process. Furthermore, a notable pattern observed in cases of unsuccessful PVC ablation was the breakthrough pattern, suggesting that this pattern could serve as a potential predictor for the success of the ablation procedure. 

Prevention of child and adolescent victimization is extremely important in terms of their physical and mental limitations, and various legal entities have duties in this field based on different laws. On the other hand, children and adolescents spend a large part of their lives in schools, and in this sense, it is necessary for the educational institution to have some facilities and tasks, and protect them from possible crimes when the students are in school. and train them to take care of themselves against crimes outside the school. According to various national and international regulations, the educational institution has a duty to provide compulsory, free and public education, and a significant part of these educations can also be effective in the field of victimization prevention. These trainings sometimes directly and sometimes indirectly lead to the prevention of victimization. Therefore, according to the importance of the role and impact of this institution and according to various regulations, the education institution should consider compulsory, public and free education with serious attention in the first step, and subsequently, to teach students trades and skills in this to pay attention and play a central role in the field of discriminatory criminal policy to prevent the victimization of students based on the regulations.

Deciding on life-prolonging treatments for terminal patients is a major challenge in healthcare. The Advance Directive is a proposed solution. While morally justifiable and aligned with principlism, religious beliefs, particularly in Islam, where preserving life is paramount, heavily influence these decisions. Several juridical and legal rules can culminate in different decisions on the continuation or termination of life-prolonging treatments including the absolute legal power of the owner to exercise dominion[1] or control over property and permission of intervention in their body[2], the rules of prohibition on causing the death[3], the sanctity of human killing[4], the rule of prohibition of detriment[5], and paying attention to the concept of unstable life[6] in Article 372 of the Islamic Penal Code and the rules of preventing losses[7], and also paying attention to the rule of sanctity of idle[8]. In relation to the use of an Advance Directive, given various types of will in Islamic Jurisprudence and according to the contract of agreement[9], it is possible to enter the patient’s request regarding how to continue the treatment. This study indicated that applying Advance Directives in Iran’s health system requires a more accurate analysis of moral, legal and jurisprudential foundations

Numerous judicial rulings have condemned parents for child abuse due to the unconventional nature of their actions. The present study aims to examine the punishment of children from jurisprudential, legal, and criminological perspectives, focusing on when such punishment is considered conventional and what causes and factors contribute to the commission of criminal behaviors against children by parents. This descriptive-analytical research demonstrates that corporal punishment is distinct from child abuse, and there must be a precise boundary to differentiate the two. Although parental and guardian discipline under certain conditions is legal and considered a legal justification, all forms of child abuse are criminal, and its commission by parents and guardians is punishable. It is necessary to either revise laws and regulations to define the conventionality and the authority responsible for its determination, or to remove the justification entirely to prevent it from becoming a pretext for child abuse within the family.

In the present era, elections are one of the basic pillars of the holy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.. A successful election requires the four basic elements of candidacy on the part of the candidate, the quarantee of health by the oversight body,security on the part of military, and finally the active participation of the people. Now, if the health of the people,s vote is endangered due to committing to crimes and violations in this dangerous field, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of crimes by providing solutions and taking the necessary measures in the area as much as possible.One of the most effective solutions is to identify the causes of electoral crimes by using theories and related schools of criminology.Realistic or positive approaches, theories of opportunity, rational choice and cultural criminology are among the most important teachings of criminology which is way forward in the etiology of electoral crimes and can also be effective in the field of marco-criminal policies in the field of appropriate response and accountability.In the present study, which deals with the criminological analysis of electoral crimes through analytical, applied and library methods, in addition to the etiology of committing such crimes, situational prevention and social prevention strategies based on the identified causes have been considered, which are largely useful and they are effective and their use can prevent the occurrence of these crimes in the election campaign.

The purpose of the research is to understand whether the right to education along with other fundamental rights are fully provided by the school administrators or the implementation of one right is accompanied by the restriction of other rights. Because in addition to the right to education in schools, there are other rights that are equal to the right to education in terms of value and efficiency. The right to security, the right to marry, and the right to freedom of behavior are among these rights. At the point of implementation, these fundamental rights may disturb each other. Therefore, it is necessary to provide conditions so that the school administrators, as it should be, provide the students with all the fundamental rights. The research method is qualitative and library-based. At the end of the research, by analyzing the facts in schools, we will realize that although there may be a conflict between the rights in the implementation phase, this conflict is not insoluble. It is possible to establish an interaction between all of them without endangering some rights, and while explaining how to resolve this conflict, it is possible to help school administrators to establish a balance between these rights.

Today, one of the new crimes that has become popular due to the spread of cyberspace is the crimes related to cryptocurrencies. In this regard, first the legal status and nature of cryptocurrencies must be determined; Then the regulatory framework and its various dimensions will be drawn and from this path, the necessary strategies to strengthen the preventive systems will be studied and investigated, therefore, in the research, firstly, the conceptualization of cryptocurrencies and then the presentation of social prevention strategies from criminal behaviors related to Cryptocurrencies have been paid.

The current research was conducted as an analytical and descriptive study in a library-document format.

Social prevention is based on the etiology of crime, therefore, for the social prevention of criminal behavior related to cryptocurrencies, it is necessary to first deal with the causes of this type of crime based on criminological theories, hence the most important Theories in this field can be referred to the theories of water criminology and the theory of the transition from space. The most important social prevention solutions from criminal behaviors related to cryptocurrencies will be done through education and raising the level of public awareness, equipping the media and their role, creating a culture of correct use of cryptocurrencies and preventive regulations.

Criminology and its teachings can always be effective in explaining and expanding the existing institutions in the criminal justice system. plea bargaining is one of these important institutions in the prosecution phase of criminal proceedings that has been established in the common law system. This institution , which is in fact the agreement of the accused with the prosecuting authority in the field of his accusations, has clearly used the teachings and findings of preventive criminology and critical criminology, and with a fundamental look, its criminological foundations can be found in many searched for schools and theories.In the present study, by examining the schools and theories of criminology, it can be concluded that the teachings of peace criminology and school of restorative justice, the teachings of preventive criminology and the school of realization or affirmation, school of modern social defense, school of utilitarianism, the teachings of interactive criminology and the theory of labeling and interactionism and finally the school of criminology of convicts can be important and valid as the foundations of the establishment of such a criminal institution. The purpose of addressing these theories and schools and combining them with plea bargaining is to fully understand and apply it to the requirements of the Iranian criminal law system. The present research method is fundamental, analytical and library and has been done by reviewing in books, articles and valid research sources.

The discourse on the prevention of water-related crimes is not limited to criminal proceedings, and all dimensions, levels and tools of criminal legislative policy must be applied. Iran's current criminal legislative policy in the face of water-related crimes does not fundamentally use specific sciences, and there are conflicting policies that sometimes openly ignore justice. The analysis of this article concludes that in fact the main challenge of criminal legislative policy in water-related crimes is the lack of a principled, measured and practical legislative criminal policy. is The reason for this lack, perhaps lack Utilization of forensic experts and data on criminal policy knowledge, especially in the field of legislation, which has caused the inability of the criminal legislative policy of the situation. In this article, while explaining the tools of implementation and implementation of criminal legislative policy in the prevention of water-related crimes, the effects of disorder and turmoil on the tools of criminal policy will be analyzed and examined.

In order to protect the privacy of the family institution and prevent the violation of rights and duties by its members, fifth book of the Islamic Penal Code (Tazirat) adopted in 1996 has criminalized a range of behaviors in this area. The criminalization of these behaviors alone is not true to its purpose and requires careful consideration and deep attitude in determining the guarantee of proper criminal execution in order to make the criminal regulation more effective and better. Examining these criminal titles, there are harms that are contrary to the philosophy of punishment in the institution of the family; In other words, the criminal title includes the guarantee of criminal execution in order to protect and maintain the family, while the adoption of some disproportionate punishments is not only not helpful but also complicates the current situation. For this purpose, the present study, which has been written by descriptive, analytical and applied methods, seeks the pathology of punishment in criminal titles in the field of family to identify, count and describe the existing harms based on the general principles governing punishment and the purposes of the punishments are achieved, convincing, comprehensive and practical solutions have been achieved. Obviously, the purpose is to adopt comprehensive and preventive approaches, strategies and approaches from the heart of harms, and at the same time, special attention should be paid to the rights of the offender, the victim and the institution of the family.

This article aimed to analyze the current criminal policy in light of some reasons related to students' victimization. In every society, there are various people and groups whose lives are threatened by certain criminals. Students are one of these groups; Factors such as the general expectations of society, the sensitivity of the media on the victimization of students, the trust of parents in the school, and the constructive role of the school in the education of a person require that this type of victimization be seen in a particular way in the criminal policy.

This article is a type of review article, after extracting articles from reliable scientific databases on the Internet, the literature was investigated.

School crimes have similar characteristics (such as the type of offender, the victim, the motive of the offender, and the time and place of occurrence), which can be studied in the light of criminological theories. On the other hand, capacities can help the formation and success of aparticular criminal policy. Such as the fundamental role of the Supreme Council of Education, the training of bullies in school, the existence of special monitoring units, the possibility of applying preventive measures, managing the conditions of the bully, and using the capacities of restorative justice and disciplinary responsibility. Finally, in order to make the best decisions, the special criminal policy creates an interaction between all the people effective in preventing victimization and implements the policies in the context of this interaction.

So, in the first step, this necessity should be understood, and the normative thoughts in the field of education should be justified and convinced towards creating this policy. In the next step, the formation and implementation of criminal policy components are essential. after realizing the necessity of creating a particular criminal policy, it is necessary to implement it; in addition to using the opinions and guidance of experts in the field of education, we should also use the guidelines of criminology experts. The existence of a particular criminal policy can show the success rate of programs based on a period and findings.

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has a series of forty-nine guidelines (49) designed to regulate the financial-legal structure of societies and the international community. In technical terms, this document has designed and proposed a set of universal standards for harmonizing and improving the quality of the financial system of the international community, which itself contains a series of teachings on criminal prevention and non-criminal prevention.

By studying the criminological dimensions of criminal policy reflected in the recommendation of the Financial Action Task Force, it shows its tendency to reactive criminal policy discourse. In fact, this document considers both the narrow meaning of criminal policy, which is the fight against crime by guaranteeing classic and repressive performances, and the broader meaning that, in addition to criminal policy, pre-crime prevention and the presence of the kidneys The structures of society are also concerned with combating crime and corruption and eradicating them.

In the recommendation of the Financial Action Task Force, a special model of criminal policy with all its dimensions and forms is objectively reflected, which emphasizes more than any strategy, method or method of preventing security, criminal and criminal offenses of money laundering and terrorist financing; Iran's legislative criminal policy has also been profoundly influenced by this method, and in its anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws, it has tried to block or minimize the causes and channels of these crimes through the implementation of a system of severe punishments.

Defendant's rights are one of the issues related to human rights. The feeling of insecurity caused by the developments of the first decade of the third millennium in the world was the beginning of the adoption of strict and repressive unprecedented measures, which were realized in a slogan of fighting crime and a calling for security. In fact, in recent times, criminal law orientations have been increasingly influenced by theories of criminology, to the extent that today the question of the formation of security-oriented criminal law is raised. Criminological security theories, including the theory of denial of tolerance or zero tolerance, have influenced the thinking of criminal justice system agents so much that their advancement has sometimes extended to the realm of civil rights and some manifestations of human rights. The right to security, as one of the manifestations of human rights demanded by citizens, obliges governments to ensure the security of life, property and dignity of citizens. But this has sometimes posed theoretical and legal challenges in the areas of individual and social security. Therefore, in this article, emphasizing the undeniable importance of criminal procedure standards and protection of individual rights and freedoms and by examining the judicial and legislative procedure of some countries (international documents) including Iran, the consequences of the sovereignty of the security-oriented approach to criminal (formal) law has been explored by outlining the various stages of the criminal procedure. The findings show that what seems necessary is granting certain rights to the defendant, with the help of which a balance can be established between the two scales – although it may be a relative balance.

There is no definition of murder in Iranian criminal law, but it can be defined as killing another human being. In Canadian criminal law, the legislator has described the murder as the act that intentionally leads to the death of another person. Intentional murder is a personal and individual crime, in addition to being a public crime. Like other crimes, intentional murder has elements and pillars from which this criminal phenomenon arises. In criminal law, the crime of intentional murder, like all other crimes, is subject to all three legal, material and spiritual elements. The psychological element of intentional murder is referred to as the mental interactions and criminal thoughts of the offender and is of great importance because the quality of that element has a marked effect on the type of homicide and on the level of punishment for the offender and can turn the criminal title of intentional murder into an unintentional homicide or a pure error. In Iranian law, homicide is subdivided into intentional murder and unintentional homicide, and even the legislator has distinguished the unintentional homicide resulting from driving violations from other types of unintentional homicide. In Islamic Penal Code of Iran, there is only one type of intentional murder. In addition, there is a difference between the punishment of intentional and unintentional murder and the severity of punishment between the two countries. According to the reaction of the Iranian penal system, punishment for intentional murder is execution according to Qisas (is an Islamic term meaning "retaliation in kind"), and under Article 229 of the Canadian Constitution, the punishment for intentional murder is life imprisonment.

Nurses in the intensive care unit face a variety of ethical issues that can lead to moral distress. Nurses need moral courage for correct moral performance in a state of moral distress. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral courage and moral distress in nurses. The descriptive-analytic study of correlation type which aimed to investigate the relationship between moral courage and moral distress in nurses. A total of 310 nurses from special units of educational hospitals in Kerman were selected by census method. The tools Sekerka's moral courage and Corley's moral distress were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical tests of SPSS version 24. Mean score of moral courage of nurses was 42.71 ± 9.67. Moral courage was the highest in moral agent. The mean of moral distress was 56.03 ± 18.21 and the most moral distress was in the dimension of errors. There was a significant and negative relationship between moral courage and moral distress (R = -0.166; p = 0.003). Moral courage was different in position, type of department, and marital status. Moral distress differed only from type of department. The results of study indicated a significant and negative relationship between moral courage and moral distress. Strengthening the moral courage of nurses plays an important role in controlling and reducing moral distress. Therefore, nurses can reduce their moral distress by reinforcing moral courage and, instead, increasing the quality of care for patients.

Currently, volunteer forces are among the main members of the healthcare services, particularly in the treatment sector, and play a key role in healthcare and treatment services. Since efficient human resources are the greatest and most important assets of all organizations, they constantly work to train, retain, and get the best of these valuable assets. The main objective of this work was to prioritize the motivational factors and satisfaction of the volunteer forces participating in treatment and health programs in the case of emergencies.
The study population of this research was all volunteers (N=600) in treatment and health programs of Kerman Province. Using the Morgan Table, 360 subjects were selected. The data-gathering instrument was Andam’s questionnaire of motivational factors with reliability of 0.94, and Galindo-Kuhn and Guzley (2001) questionnaire of satisfaction with reliability of 0.92. To determine research data distribution, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied. Moreover, for data analysis inferential statistics tests of Friedman, Mann–Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis were used at significance level of P The present research revealed that the most and least important motivational factors in volunteers of treatment and health units were purposeful motivation and financial motivation with average rankings of 5.45 and 1.99, respectively. In addition, among the satisfaction factors, the volunteers reported communication with volunteers and organizational communication as the most and least important satisfaction factors, respectively.
The results of this research indicated that the female volunteers participated in volunteer activities with greater occupational, support, progress, and social motivations. In addition, single participants had greater occupational, social, and financial motivations towards participation in these activities as compared to married participants.
The results of this research revealed that to absorb a higher number of volunteers in health and treatment organizations, commitment and purposeful aspects must be emphasized on, as by improving the motivational and satisfaction factors, we can expect that satisfaction and retention level increases in volunteers. Furthermore, by knowing the volunteers’ motivations, the managers of the health and treatment organizations can provide their retention and satisfaction and play a key role in crisis management during disasters by exploiting the volunteer services.

The Kuhn picture of the evolution of a science can be summarized by these endless plans: the science, normal science, the crisis, the revolution, new normal science, and new crisis. The distinguishing feature of this theory is emphasis on revolutionary scientific change; so that according to this theory, the scientific revolution rejects the theoretical structure underlying and succession of other conflicts. Since the introduction of this theory in the book of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, the persistent question was whether Kuhn's picture of history of natural science applies to the other science. At first glance, it seems that the answer is no; in this paper it is shown that the transition from punishment to restoration is a Kuhn scientific revolution in criminal law. Of course, this does not mean that all detail and components of Kuhn’s theory is the same in this field of science, but it's important feature that the revolutionary scientific developments will also apply in criminal law. In other words, when we are dealing with a Kuhn’s paradigm in criminal law which have been accepted by the scientific community, paradigm shift in criminal law really is possible.This paradigm shift will follow Kuhn’s revolution.