mohammad chamani

Heat stress in honey bees causes a decrease in queen egg laying and the life span of workers on royal jelly production cells. In order to reduce the effects of heat stress and increase the body resistance of bees, heat stress problems can be minimized by providing antioxidant substances. The current research aimed to determine the effect of different doses of vitamin C on queen egg laying, antioxidant status and body weight of nurse bees, larval acceptance percentage, and royal jelly production. A total of 30 honey bee colonies (Mellifera meda) were equalized and organized for royal jelly production in July and used in a completely random design. Colonies were fed vitamin C in concentrations of zero, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg/liter for 30 days. The body's antioxidant capacity, weight and composition of the body of nurse bees, the percentage of larval acceptance, and the amount of royal jelly produced in each cup were determined. The lowest body weight of nurse bees belonged to colonies that received 2500 and 3000 mg of vitamin C per liter of syrup. The lowest antioxidant capacity of the body was observed in the control group, and the highest mean was in the group receiving 3000 mg of vitamin C per liter of syrup. The control group had the lowest egg-laying area, and the colonies receiving 2000 mg of vitamin C per liter of syrup had the highest egg-laying area of the queen. The highest percentage of larvae acceptance was observed in the group receiving 2500 mg of vitamin C per liter of syrup. The lowest percentage of larva acceptance was observed in the control group. The lowest amount of royal jelly produced belonged to the control group, and the groups receiving 2000 and 2500 mg of vitamin C per liter of syrup had the highest amount of royal jelly per cell. Colonies receiving 2500 and 3000 mg of vitamin C per liter of syrup were highly aggressive. The results of the present study showed that supplementation of 2000 mg vitamin C per liter of syrup increases larval acceptance and royal jelly production and improves queen egg laying. By supplementation of vitamin C, the aggressive behavior of worker bees increases, which leads to increases in the risk of the bees' stings

Milk production and fertility are important traits for genetic evaluation of bulls in breeding programs. The goal of this research was to investigate the reproduction and fertility status in Iranian Holstein dairy cattle and effect of days open on the milk production and genetic ranking of bulls. A total number of 706,653 test day records of first parity of 78,517 Holstein cows in 448 herds during the years from 1991 to 2016 were used. The phenotypic and genetic relationship of the amount of milk production in 270 days and the number of open days and their genetic parameters were estimated through a two-trait model. Also data were analyzed using a random regression model and predicted the breeding values of bulls. The results showed that in the studied population, 7.7 and 60% of the cows in the herds became pregnant by 45 and 112 days after calving, respectively and 54.6% of successful pregnancies occur after 90 days in milk. The heritability of 270 days milk and open days and their genetic correlation were estimated of to be 0.257 (±0.016) and 0.0314 (±0.004) and 0.538 (±0.06) respectively. The range of estimated heritability of 270 days milk for first to ninth groups were 0.11-0.26. Days open was a source of variation of the parameter. The results showed that number of open days affected the predicted breeding value of bulls and their ranking. It is concluded that, in sire evaluation programs in order to increase the accuracy of breeding value prediction of the sires it is necessary to include the variable of number of open days in the statistical models.

There is limited information concerning the interaction between grain and protein sources in starter diets on rumen fermentation profile and calf performance. It was hypothesized that calves would respond differently to various grain sources when fed with starter diets containing different protein sources. The objective of current study was to investigate the interactions between grain sources (corn vs barley) and protein sources (soybean meal vs. canola meal) on rumen fermentation profiles and calves’ growth. In a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, 40 calves (5 female and 5 male) were randomly assigned to four treatments to receive starter diets consisting 1. ground corn and soybean meal, 2. ground corn and canola meal, 3. ground barley and soybean meal, and 4. ground barley and canola meal. Volatile fatty acids, blood metabolite and calves’ growth were assessed for 65 days. Corn grain had no significant effect when included by soybean meal and canola meal, but barley grain resulted in higher total volatile fatty acids when canola meal included instead of soybean meal. The lowest starter intake was found for calves received barley-canola meal and the highest was for those received corn-soybean meal. Calves fed with starter diets containing corn soybean meal had greater average daily gain compared with calves fed barley-canola meal. The results revealed that corn grain is better than barley and and soybean meal is better than canola meal for calves starter formulation. The best composition was corn-soybean meal and the worst one was barley-canola meal which had the poorest effect on calves’ growth.

This study was done to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of yeast extract and autolysed yeast on feed intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, IL-6 gene expression and antibody titers in early lactating dairy cows.  Twenty five lactating cows were divided into five experimental groups and five replicates in a completely random design. Experimental diets include basal diet (control group), basal diet + 20 g/d yeast extract, basal diet + 40 g/d yeast extract, basal diet + 20 g/d autolyzed yeast, and basal diet + 40 g/d autolyzed yeast. At the end of the experiment period, ruminal content samples were taken and fermentation products were measured. In the fifth week of the experiment, the cows were injected with a vaccine of foot-and-mouth disease. On weeks 7, blood sampling was taken and chemical components, antibody titer against foot-and-mouth disease virus and interleukin-6 gene expression were analyzed. Cows receiving yeast extract and autolyzed yeast at both levels had more dry matter intake than the control group (P<0.05). Autolyzed yeast and yeast extract had no effect on the daily milk production (P>0.05). Cows receiving autolyzed yeast had higher antibody titer against foot-and mouth-virus than the control group (P<0.05), but cows receiving yeast extract had no significant difference in antibody titer with the control group (P<0.05). Autolyzed yeast had no effect on concentration of volatile fatty acids (P>0.05), but yeast extract increased concentration of volatile fatty acids. Yeast extract decreased the molar percentage of acetate and butyrate and increased the molar percentage of propionate (P<0.05). Autolyzed yeast increased the relative expression of interleukin-6 gene. The highest increase in the relative expression of the interleukin-6 gene was observed in cows receiving autolyzed yeast. Based on the results of this study, autolyzed yeast at 40 g/d can improve the immune system, and yeast extract at 40 g/d can improve fermentation conditions in the rumen of dairy cows.

The use of natural and compatible compounds with nature and humans in order to produce products free of chemicals and harmful substances with higher nutritional and medicinal value, which is accompanied by a reduction in food waste, seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different treatments jasmonic acid (20, 10, 5 µg/l), epibrasinolide (10, 7, 4, 1 µm/l), cinnamon essential oil (750,1000, 500, 250 ppm), and chitosan (10, 7.5, 5, 2.5 g/ l) on physicochemical sensory properties and shelf life of Thomson Navel oranges. Evaluation of physicochemical and sensory properties and shelf life of treated fruits during 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after harvest was performed. The results of this study showed that in general, the most effective treatment to maintain fruit quality characteristics such as (total acidity: 3.24, soluble solids: 16.39ºBrix, vitamin C: 48.94 mg/100 g FW, carotenoids: 61.10 mg/100 g FW) was obtained with Jasmonic acid treatment at a concentration of 40 μl / l. Chitosan at concentration of 10 g/ l with of 57.6 days had the highest fruit shelf life. According to the obtained results, 40 μl / l of jasmonic acid seems to be effective in order to maintain valuable nutritional properties and 10 g / l of chitosan to increase storage life.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine and their mixtures on performance, blood and immune parameters, liver enzymes and expression of interleukin-6 and interferon gamma genes in broiler chickens.

Birds fed on a Corn-Soybean. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement with 9 treatments and 4 replications, each replication containing 15 birds. (540 Ross 308 broiler chickens). The experimental diets included the control diet (without zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine) and the levels of 50 and 100 mg / kg zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine.

The results showed that the use of mixture of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine increased feed intake and weight at the end of broiler chickens breeding (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) had the blood and immune parameters (P<0.05). The use of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine in the diet of broiler chickens has significant effect on liver enzyme (P<0.05). The different levels of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine decreased the expression of interleukin-6 and increased gamma interferon liver genes.ConclusionsIn general, it can be stated that the mixture containing 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) has the most effect on performance improvement, blood and immune parameters and100 zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine (mg/kg of feed) expression of liver genes in broiler chickens.The results showed that the use of mixture of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine increased feed intake and weight at the end of broiler chickens breeding (P<0.05). Among the experimental groups, 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) had the blood and immune parameters (P<0.05). The use of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine in the diet of broiler chickens has significant effect on liver enzyme (P<0.05). The different levels of zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine decreased the expression of interleukin-6 and increased gamma interferon liver genes.

In general, it can be stated that the mixture containing 100 zinc hydroxide (mg/kg of feed) has the most effect on performance improvement, blood and immune parameters and100 zinc hydroxide and zinc glycine (mg/kg of feed) expression of liver genes in broiler chickens.

Heat stress causes the production of free radicals in the body of honey bee, which has a negative effect on its longevity, health and performance. Addition of antioxidants to the diet of bees is effective in eliminating the negative effects of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of curcumin supplementation on the total antioxidant capacity, longevity and population of honey bee under heat stress. Thirty two honey bee colonies were randomly assigned to four treatments and eight replicates. Ambient temperature was 38-42°C for 4-h per day. Treatments were as: control group received syrup without supplement and three groups received 5, 10 and 15 curcumin mg per liter syrup. Malondialdehyde level, total antioxidant capacity, body weight and composition of new emerged bees were determined. Longevity test was done in cage with similar temperature condition and the same treatments. Curcumin supplementation at doses of 10 and 15 mg/l increased body weight and total antioxidant capacity of new emerged bees. Longevity of honey bees received 10 mg/l was higher, but at dose of 15 mg/l was lower than the control group (P<0.05). Spawning rate of queen and colony population was lower (P<0.05) when curcumin fed at dose of 15 mg/l as compared with 10 mg/l. Supplementation of curcumin at dose of 10 mg/l had positive effect on total antioxidant capacity, longevity, body weight of new emerged bees and colony population. Dose over 10 mg/l resulted in a decrease of spawning rate and colony population.

The objective of present study was to assess the effects of unprotected and calcium salts of oils on total tract digestibility, ruminal degradation and fermentation in lambs. Four lambs fitted with ruminal fistula were used in a change-over design using 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Levels of first factor (oils) were palm oil and linseed oil and levels of second factor were protected oil (calcium salts) and unprotected oil. Feeding of palm oil resulted in higher ruminal effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than linseed oil, and lambs fed protected oil had higher ruminal effective degradability of NDF than unprotected oil (P<0.05). Lambs fed palm oil had higher dry matter intake (DMI) and total tract digestibility of nutrients compared to those fed linseed oil. Acetate concentration in lambs fed palm oil was higher compared to linseed oil. Feeding of protected oil resulted in higher acetate concentration than unprotected oil (P<0.05). The lowest acetate concentration was found in lambs fed unprotected linseed oil (ULO) and the highest acetate concentration was observed in lambs fed unprotected and protected palm oil (UPO and PPO, respectively). Lambs fed palm oil had the highest gas and methane production compared to linseed oil. Protected oil resulted in higher gas and methane production than unprotected oil (P<0.05).  Lambs fed PPO had the highest, and those fed ULO had the lowest methane production (P<0.05). Based on the results, protection of linseed oil is necessary to enhance ruminal degradation and fermentation, but this process is not necessary for palm oil.

High temperature causes oxidative stress in the body of animals. Selenium is a trace mineral that affects the health and performance of the body in stressful conditions. There are limited studies on the effects of different doses of selenium in long-term heat stress conditions on physiological parameters and health indicators. This study was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of selenium from selenium-methionine supplement on the antioxidant status (glutathione concentration, activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), liver and kidney health index (the activity of transferase enzymes and creatinine concentration) and concentration of metabolism-related hormones (insulin, cortisol, triiodothyronine and tetra-iodothyronine). In a completely randomized design, 25 female rats were randomly divided into five groups and five replicates. Five rats were placed at standard temperature during the experiment period and the rest of the rats were placed under heat stress (38 ± 2 °C for 6 hours/day). Rats in the negative control group (without heat stress) and positive control (heat stress) were fed with standard pellets without additive and the other three groups were fed with standard pellets plus 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg selenium/kg as a selenium-methionine supplement for 30 days. Rats receiving selenium had more hemoglobin and alanine transaminase enzyme activity (P=0.001) compared to the positive control group. Cortisol concentration in the positive control group was higher than the negative control group (P=0.001). Adding selenium to the diet of rats under heat stress decreased (P=0.001) the concentration of cortisol, and increased the concentration of insulin and triiodothyronine compared to the positive control group. The serum malondialdehyde of the positive control was higher than the negative control and other experimental groups (P=0.001). According to the results of this study, heat stress causes oxidative stress in the body and causes changes in the hormonal concentration and the activity of the body's enzymes. In overall, it can be concluded that higher selenium supplementation (0.45 mg/kg) is optimal for improving the liver and kidney indices, hormone concentration and antioxidant response in rats under heat stress conditions.

During heat stress, the animal body requires more antioxidant compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Zinc plays a role in the structure and activity of antioxidant enzymes. One of the ways to supply the zinc requirement, is to use organic zinc supplements, which zinc combined with methionine, and have more intestinal absorption

This study was done to evaluate the effects of different doses of zinc-methionine supplementation on the blood antioxidant status and the expression of interleukin 4 and 6 genes in rats exposed to heat stress.

In a completely random design, 20 female rats were divided into four treatment groups with five replicates. Rats were kept at a temperature of 31±2 °C for 20 hours and at a temperature of 38±2 °C for 4 hours per day (to create heat stress). The rats in the control group were fed standard pellets without additives, and the three experimental groups were fed standard pellets plus 15, 30 and 45 mg zinc-methionine supplement per kilogram of dry matter for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was collected from the inferior vena cava. Total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde concentration, antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes in the serum and the expression of interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 genes were measured.

Serum zinc concentration increased linearly with increasing zinc dose in the diet (P<0.05). The serum activity of two enzymes, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase decreased linearly with increasing zinc-methionine dose in the diet (P<0.01). The highest activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase was observed in the group receiving 30 mg/kg, and the lowest activity of these enzymes was observed in the control group. In general, the relative expression of the interleukin-4 gene was increased, and the relative expression of the interleukin-6 gene was decreased (P<0.05). The highest expression of interleukin-4 gene belonged to the group receiving 30 mg, and the highest relative expression of interleukin-6 gene belonged to the control group and the group receiving 15 mg/kg.

The results of this study showed that the dose of up to 30 mg of zinc-methionine per kg of diet used in this study increases the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity, decreases the activity of liver enzymes in the serum, increases the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene (Interleukin-4) and decreases the expression of inflammatory gene (Interleukin-6), which indicates the reduction of oxidative stress and the reduction of the effects of heat stress in the body of the rat.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using normal and nanoencapsulated of lavender and chicory essential oils on performance, carcass characteristics and humoral immunity of broilers. A total of 1050 one-day-old chickens (mixed male and female in equal proportions) of Ross 308 strain were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 5 replicates and 30 chickens per replicate. Experimental treatments include: 1) basal diet without additives (control), 2 and 3) basal diet containing 100 g / ton of chicory and lavender essential oil, respectively, 4 and 5) basal diet containing 100 g / ton of chicory and lavender nanoencapsulated essential oil, respectively. 6) The basal diet contained 100 grams per ton of chicory essential oil and 100 grams per ton of lavender essential oil and 7) The basal diet contained 100 grams per ton of chicory nanoencapsulated essential oil and 100 grams per ton of lavender nanoencapsulated essential oil. At 42 days of age, highest body weight, production index, carcass percentage, relative breast weight and antibody titer in response to injection of sheep red blood cells, immunoglobulin G and M, as well as the lowest feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the group fed with chicory and lavender nanoencapsulated essential oils (P<0.05). Based on the results, the simultaneous addition of 100 g / ton of chicory and lavender nanoencapsulated essential oils in the diet of broilers is recommended.

This study, was conducted in one of the rangeland of Lar National Park, Estarkolak and Malek Cheshmeh area (3176 hectares) to estimate the amount of metabolizable energy and daily requirement of animal. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Estarkolak and Malek Cheshmeh region, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. In the study area, first a topographic map with a scale of 1: 25000 was prepared and the location of the plots was randomly determined on the map and then the rangeland. Inside each plot, all grazable animal plants were identified and according to the size and height, one centimeter of soil surface was harvested. The forage species grazed by sheep at the flowering stage were identified and collected in this rangeland (41 plant species). Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 48.54 ±2.44 kg. The forage species grazed by sheep at the flowering stage were identified and collected in this rangeland. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and the amount of ME in every kg of dry forage were determined 12.8, 37.54, 57.74 and 7.81 mega joule, respectively. Metabolizable energy and animal daily requirement based on dry matter in maintenance condition for animal unit equivalent of this rangeland were estimated 10.29 mega joule and 1.31 kg respectively. Using the results of this study, new grazing capacity can be determined for this rangeland.

This study was done to evaluate the effects of piperine (phytogenic material in pepper) supplementation on antioxidant capacity, vitellogenin gene expression, the viability and body weight of honey bees at the time of emerging.

32 bee hives were divided to 4 treatment groups and 8 replications in a completely random design. The environment temperature of region was 38 degrees Celsius for at least 4 hours per day. The control group received syrup without piperine, and the treatment groups received syrup containing 2000, 4000 and 6000 μg of piperine per liter, respectively. The level of malondialdehyde and antioxidant capacity of the body, weight and body composition of bees after emerging, colony population and relative expression of vitellogenin gene were determined.

Supplementation of 2000 and 4000 μg piperine per liter of syrup caused an increase in body weight, a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde and increase in antioxidant capacity. The addition of piperine in different doses caused a significant increase in vitellogenin gene expression compared to the control group. The spawning level and colony population that received 6000 μg/liter piperine was lower than the group that received 2000 and 4000 μg/liter P<0.05).

Based on the results, supplementation of 2000 to 4000 μg/liter of piperine has a positive effect on increasing the antioxidant capacity, vitellogenin gene expression, body weight of new-emerged bees and colony population, and a higher dose causes a decrease in spawning rate and reduction of honey bee population.

Being aware of the animals` food requirement, the amount of available forage in the rangeland and forage quality is necessary as the first step in successful management of animals and rangeland. in this study, Animal unit weight equivalent, maintenance metabolizable energy and daily requirement of grazing sheep were studied. Therefore, determining the weight of various animals` classes grazing in the rangeland and their conversion factor regarding country`s animal unit is an essential issue. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Siah Palas region in position 35 degrees and 54 minutes north latitude and 32 degrees and 52 minutes east longitude, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race  were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 1.59±49.96 kg. Various kinds of forage being glazed by the sheep were identified and collected in this rangeland at the flowering stage on 05/06/2019. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and ME in every kg of dry forage for 41 plant samples equaled to 4.77±11.18, 39.19±7.89, 56.11±7.83, 7.58±1.26 mega joule, respectively. Daily metabolizable energy for maintenance condition of animal unit equation of this rangeland  for 120 ewes, equaled to 10.54 ± 0.35 mega joule in a day and its daily need was estimated to be 1.38±0.04 kg based on the consumed dry material and considering the quality of the forage. Overall, being aware of daily food needs is necessary for the diet of animals. It should be considered in providing managerial designs.

The main purpose of this study was to assess live yeast and hydrolyzed yeast effects on blood biochemical parameters, colostrum quality and performance of dairy cows during transition period. Fifteen pregnant Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into three groups during three weeks pre- and post-parturition. Cows were assigned to treatments as: 1) control group fed basal diet, 2) cows fed basal diet plus 6.0 g/d/head live yeast and 3) cows fed basal diet plus 20 g/d/head hydrolyzed yeast as on top. Live yeast supplementation resulted in higher dry matter intake and milk production compared with hydrolyzed yeast and the control group. Cows received live yeast had the highest milk fat percentage and those in the control group had the lowest lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and those received hydrolyzed yeast had the highest IgG and lactoferrin in the colostrum. Cows received live yeast had the highest serum albumin and those in the control group had the lowest serum albumin. Cows received hydrolyzed yeast had the highest globulin among treatments. There was no difference among treatments for blood triglyceride, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxy butyric acid. Cows in the control group had the highest aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the serum. Live yeast and hydrolyzed yeast supplementation reduced aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum. Cows receive hydrolyzed yeast had higher IgG level in the serum. Dietary supplementation of live yeast could improve feed intake and milk yield post parturition, but hydrolyzed yeast enhance immunity components of colostrum. Pre-parturition, supplementation of 20 g/d/head hydrolyzed yeast in the diet of dairy cows recommended for enhancing immunity status of cow and her newborn and post-parturition, supplementation of 6.0 g/d/head live yeast recommended for better production performance.

The current study was aim to the effects of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, or palmitic acid sources) on expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lambs vaccinated against foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. A total of fifteen Sangsari male lambs with an age of 6 ± 1 months and body weight of 42 ± 1 kg were randomly assigned to one of three experimental treatments as follows: 1) PO: received calcium soap of palm oil fatty acid (FA) in the diet as source of palmitic acid (16:0), 2) SO: received calcium soap of sunflower oil FAs in the diet as source of linoleic acid (n-6 18:2) and 3) LO: received calcium soap of linseed oil FA in the diet as source of α-linolenic acid (n-3 18:3). The lambs were offered an iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diet for 28 days (including 21 days of adaptation and 7 days of sampling). The lambs were individually housed and had access to water ad libitum. The expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA was lower in LO when compared with PO and SO (P<0.05). The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) mRNA was higher in PO when compared with SO and LO and the lowest expression of TNFα mRNA was measured in LO (P<0.05). Lower concentrations of serum cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) were measured in vaccinated lambs on LO diet when compared with vaccinated lambs on palmitic FA diet (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between SO and LO groups in serum cholesterol or TG levels. There were no significant differences between treatments (P>0.05) in serum level of total proteins and albumin. The findings from the current study showed feeding α-linolenic acid diet following vaccination against FMD resulted in a decrease in serum levels of cholesterol and TG due to higher n-3 PUFA intake and suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1 and TNFα).

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Protexin and vitamin C on blood-immune cells, lymphoid organs’ weight, and blood antioxidant concentrations of broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). A total of 400 one-day-old broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups included a negative control (without additive, no HS), positive control (without additive, HS), vitamin C, Protexin, and the combination of Protexin and vitamin C groups. Birds were exposed to chronic HS (35±1˚C, humidity: 65-70%) for 7 hours daily from days 14 to 35. Eight birds from each treatment were slaughtered on days 14 and 28 and the relative weight of lymphoid organs including the spleen, Bursa of Fabricius, and thymus were calculated. The number of immune cells was assessed weekly. The blood antioxidants concentration was evaluated weekly. According to the results, VitC+Protexin group showed the highest Bursa spleen and thymus weight during HS (P≤0.05). Also, protexin group showed a higher thymus and spleen weight during HS than the positive control (P≤0.05). HS reduced the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (P≤0.05). However, the addition of vitamin C and Proteoxin reduced the count of heterophils compared to the positive control during HS. The results showed that vitamin C significantly increased the concentration of superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased the concentration of glutathione peroxidase in the broiler's blood during HS (P≤0.05). According to the results of this study, the VitC+Protexin showed a better performance than other groups. the concentration of glutathione peroxidase in the broilers blood during HS (P≤0.05).

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and antioxidants in the stored incubating eggs. To perform this experiment, 1200 hatching eggs from the broiler hens of Cob 500 strain were distributed after storage in two time intervals of 3 and 14 days for amniotic injection on the 17.5th embryonic day in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 5 iterations (each iteration with 24 eggs). The experimental treatments include: 1) negative control (without injection), 2) positive control (injection of 0.5 ml normal saline solution), 3) injection of 0.5 ml carbohydrate solution, 4) injection of 0.5 ml antioxidant solution and 5) injection of 0.5 ml of a mixture of carbohydrate and antioxidant solution. The percentage of losses in the treatments of mixed carbohydrates and antioxidants in both periods was less than the control (P<0.05). Crypt depth and length-to-width ratio of intestinal villi, as well as the glycogen in the thigh muscle of the chickens hatched from the eggs injected with carbohydrates, a mixture of carbohydrates and antioxidants during two storage periods of 3 and 14 days, had a significant improvement compared to the control (P<0.05). Blood glucose concentration of the chickens hatched from the eggs injected with carbohydrates, antioxidants, and their mixtures with 3 days of storage had a significant increase compared to the control (P<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity in the chickens hatched from the eggs injected with antioxidants and 3 days of storage had a significant increase compared to the control (P<0.05). The results show that the injection of carbohydrates, antioxidants, and a mixture of carbohydrates and antioxidants in the pre-hatching period would be effective on the stored fertile eggs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin antibiotic as well as yeast probiotics of S. bulardii and S. cerevisiae on performance, antioxidant activity and expression of interleukin-6 gene in Holstein calves. In order to test, 20 newborn Holstein calves were distributed in 5 treatments and 4 replications (each replication including 1 calf) for 60 days after feeding with colostrum in a completely randomized design from the age of 3 days. Experimental treatment diets include 1: control (without antibiotics and probiotics), 2: fosfomycin (0.165 g/kg BW), 3: milk-soluble S. boulardii (1 g/kg BW), 4: milk-soluble S. cerevisiae (1 g/kg BW) and 5: A mixture of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae were dissolved in milk (1 g/kg BW each). The amount of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of none of the treatments were not significantly different from the control (P>0.05). The amount of serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as the amount of interleukin-6 gene expression in the whole period in calves that used a mixture of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae had the highest significant difference with the control (P<0.05). In general, the use of a mixture of yeast probiotics had a greater effect on the antioxidant system and immune system of calves than their separate use and also compared to antibiotics in calves nutrition.

This study was aimed to investigate whether bee colonies can use the starch and how the Protexin can influence the feed consumption, hive population and mortality at farm and cage conditions. For this purpose, 36 hives were randomly allocated into six different groups and fed with one of the experimental treatments as the first experiment. The control group have only received sugar syrup, the 2nd group received sugar syrup supplemented with one g/L of Protexin (P), the 3rd group received sugar syrup supplemented with 10% of the starch (S10), the 4th group fed with sugar syrup supplemented with 20% of the starch (S20), the 5th group received sugar syrup supplemented with 10% starch and 1g/L of the Protoxin (S10P) and the 6th group fed with sugar syrup supplemented with 20% of starch and 1g/L of the Protoxin (S20P). In the second experiment, the newly emerged bees were kept in a cage and incubated for 21 days. After hatching they were also fed with the above-mentioned experimental treatments. At the end of both experiments, feed intake hive adult and larvae population were evaluated before and after overwintering. In the 2nd experiment the consumption of sugar syrup, sugar paste and the rate of bee losses during the cage storage period. The results of 1st experiment showed that the group S20P1 has the higher egg production and feed intake when compared to the other groups (P≤0.05). Moreover, the feed intake of S20P and S10P was statistically higher than S20 and S10 respectively (P≤0.05). The sugar consumption of S10P and S20P was statistically higher than control (P≤0.05) but have not significant differences with other the groups (P≥0.05). Cumulative consumption of sugar syrup was higher in S10P and S20P groups than the control group (P≤0.05). Honey bee losses in the third week and cumulative mortality (total losses in the first to third weeks) were the lowest in the S20P group compared to S20 group (P≤0.05). It is concluded that, the use of Protexin improves feed intake and reduces bee mortality.

Protein nutrition and amino acid (AA) supply have a positive effect on survival and immunity of bee colonies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine on body weight, protein, and lipid reservation of honey bees. For this purpose, 78 beehives were randomly allocated into 13 groups and received one of the experimental treatments. Groups Met-1, Met-2 and Met-3 received 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 gram in L-Methionine sugar nectar respectively. Groups Lys-1, Lys-2 and Lys-3 received 1.51, 3.02- and 6.05-gram L-Lysin in sugar nectar respectively, moreover, groups Thr-1, Thr-2, Thr-3 received 0.572, 1.145- and 2.29-gram L-Threonine in sugar nectar. In addition, the combination of three different levels of three different AA were considered as (L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine) MLT-1, MLT-2 and MLT-3 respectively. A group has also considered as control that did not receive any additional AA supplements. The body weight, body protein and lipid content have been assessed at the end of the experiment. The results of this study indicated that MLT-3 group showed higher body weight and protein content comparing to the other groups (p≤0.05). In addition, MLT-1 and MLT-2 showed higher body weight compared to the rest of the treatments (p≤0.05). Based on the result of this study, different levels of L-Methionine caused higher protein reservations compared to the control group (p≤0.05). The results show that L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine did not affect body lipid reservation of honey bees (p≥0.05). In conclusion, the addition of a combination of L-Methionine, L-Lysin, and L-Threonine to diet, can increase body protein reserve and bodyweight leading to increase the productivity and survival of honey bee colonies.

The current research was conducted to study the effects of different fatty acids sources in the diet on blood metabolites and hormones in finishing lambs experimentally infected with the virus that causes foot and mouth disease. A total of fifteen Sangsari male lambs with an average live weight of 48±2 kg and an average age of 8±1 month were randomly assigned to one of three dietary experimental treatments as follows: 1) Calcium soap of palm oil fatty acids (PO) as a source of palmitic acid (16:0); 2) Calcium soap of sunflower oil fatty acids (SO) as the source of linoleic acid (n-6 18:2); and 3) Calcium soap of linseed oil fatty acids (LO) as the source of α-linolenic acid (n-3 18:3). The lambs were housed in individual pens and offered the iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets for 28 days including 21 days of adaptation period and 7 days of the sampling period. The results illustrated that the lowest and the highest expression of IL-4 mRNA were measured in LO and SO treatments, respectively. Expression of IL-8 mRNA was lower in LO and PO treatments when compared with SO. The highest level of glucose in LO treatment when compared with sunflower oil or palm oil. Lambs on the LO diet showed the highest blood concentration of insulin and the lowest blood concentration of glucagon when compared with lams on SO and PO diets. The highest blood contents of triiodothyronine and thyroxin hormones were measured in lambs on the LO diet when compared with other treatments. However, the concentration of blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, triiodothyronine, and thyroxin were the same between PO and SO groups. In conclusion, the findings of the current experiment confirmed that the inclusion of α-linolenic acid but not linoleic acid in the diet of virus-infected lambs suppressed pro-inflammation with lowering expression of IL-4 and IL-8 mRNA and increased blood glucose, insulin, T3, and T4 which may lead to higher weight gain and feed efficiency of virally infected lambs.

Medicinal plants are beneficial to intestinal palatability and performance, have antimicrobial properties, have a wide range of antioxidant activities, stimulate the immune system, and promote nutritional absorption. 320 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were utilised in this study, which followed a completely randomised design with four treatments, four replicates, and each replicate contained 20 broiler chickens. Control, 0.5, 1, and 2% in the food of hens are among the experimental treatments. Thymolina is an antibacterial powder medication derived from the combination of four medicinal herbs (Salvia officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Teucrium polium and Origanum majorana). During the experiment period, chickens had free access to water and food and the livestock raising management was conducted in terms of lighting, humidity, ventilation, and vaccination in accordance with the guide requirements of Ross 308 broiler chickens. Weighting was conducted weekly and at the end of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens were measured. To investigate the body’s immune system of broiler chickens, the HI and SRBC tests were used. To do so, each replicate of a bird was selected and 1 ml per kg of live weight of chickens of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was injected was injected into the pectoral muscle at the age of 28 years old. 7 days after the injection, blood sampling from the brachial vein of the same birds as 2 ml was conducted and blood serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000g for 10 min. the amount of antibody titers against SRBC in serum obtained using the HA method and concentration of Newcastle disease vaccine titers obtained by HI were determined. In addition, to the gene expression of interleukin II, the same birds were selected, and at the end of the period, the amount of 1-2 ml blood was taken under the wing of the venous vessel, and then the investigation of the amount of the gene expression of interleukin II was conducted using specific primers, GEN, and Real-Time PCR Reaction. Newcastle disease vaccine titers and SRBC were experimented with by experimental treatments and the alloy of anti-body titers increased. The gene expression of interleukin II increased and significant differences among different treatments were observed (P<0.05). Overall, the results showed that including Thymolina in the diet of broiler chickens improves their immune system by raising IL-2 gene expression. Therefore, it can be effective on the immune responses of broiler chickens and cause the improvement creation of the favorable and effective immune system in broiler chickens.

For mathematically-oriented investigators, DNA is a string. Therefore, they consider a DNA sequence as a string of symbols whose correlation structure can be characterized almost completely by all possible base-base correlation functions at any range, short or long or their corresponding power spectra. Long-range correlations between bases in the DNA sequence are a statistical feature found in the genome of many eukaryotes. The existence of long-range DNA correlations indicates the existence of DNA rearrangement or duplication processes. These types of phenomena are not directly applicable to breeding and are mostly used in evolutionary studies. Our basic assumption in this study was that by extracting long-range DNA correlations between all the different nucleotides within a gene, it is possible to achieve a degree of correlation between them in the first place and possibly better run SNP-based researches. Due to many furious issues, not all investigations of a complete characterization of long-scale correlation structure of DNA sequences were motivated by biology arena. Rather, many such investigations were motivated by the issues of mathematical modeling, cryptography language code detections, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and noise detections. Perhaps due to this reason, long-scale correlation structure has not yet become part of the toolbox in the “mainstream” DNA sequence analysis in human genetics and breeding settings. Prediction of DNA correlations from a sequence with finite length could be done with, frequency-count estimator, indirect Bayesian estimator, direct Bayesian estimator. Here we followed the ideas by CorGen theory.

24 genes selected out of genes affecting milk yield of dairy cow. The number, length and length of each exon and its position on the chromosome were obtained from the NCBI gene bank and the sequences were saved in FASTA format. Using software previously designed in #C language, according to the research request, the accession numbers of the studied genes was entered and the appropriate output was obtained. CorGen software was used to calculate the long-range DNA correlations of the genes involved in milk production.

The results showed that there is a significant level of long-term correlation in DNA sequence of a number of genes such as EZR, FGG, KRT6A, RAB1A, EIF3L, TBC1D20, ZNF419, S100A16, MRPL3, TPPP3, PHF10. The reduction power of the fitting function of the power function was based on the long-range correlations obtained from genes of different lengths, in the range of 0.146 and 0.643, so it can be concluded that reducing the range of long-range correlations by increasing the interval between DNA sequence intervals does not follow a random process. And so, the fractal geometry of nature is also seen in these genes. This research was an attempt for the first to address long-DNA correlation in dairy cattle genes. There are at least two goals for this job. First, there has been discordant on the result of correlation structure in DNA sequences. Due to this matter of what the actual result is, some researches still believe that DNA sequences do not exhibit any feature long-range DNA correlation which cannot be explained by the basic known stochastic processes such as random sequence or Markov chain - with the first one having no correlation inherently in its theory and the second one considers only short-range correlations. Resolving this disagreement can be straightforward once everybody agrees to use the same measure of correlation, use the same estimator, and apply this estimator of the correlation to the same sequence. The second is to highlight more biologically-motivated study of correlation structure of long range DNA sequences especially in animal breeding. Although this research does not accomplish this task, the intention was to at least put forward the issue. Most of the current studies of correlation (especially the long range one) in DNA sequences are based-base base statistical correlations. This base-base correlation won't not be a powerful tool to reveal the correlation on a global scale or between larger blocks in DNA-sequences.

The genes studied have been shown to have high complexity and mode of invariant on their DNA. This type of analysis can be generalized to the work of breeding setting. A more complete characterization of long-range correlation between base pairs at both short and long distances became possible only as long DNA sequences became more commonly available. Now thanks to stupendous growth of DNA generating technologies, almost the entire whole genome of an organism can be sequences in low cost price with high speed time. Therefore, a raw data shall be available for many researchers who are looking for to check new DNA correlation hypotheses in handy DNA sequences. The claim of DNA base-base statistical correlation at long distances in DNA sequences is sought to be still a few steps away from finding a Naive organization principle of the genome.

The genes studied have been shown to have high complexity and mode of invariant on their DNA. This type of analysis can be generalized to the work of breeding setting. A more complete characterization of long-range correlation between base pairs at both short and long distances became possible only as long DNA sequences became more commonly available. Now thanks to stupendous growth of DNA generating technologies, almost the entire whole genome of an organism can be sequences in low cost price with high speed time. Therefore, a raw data shall be available for many researchers who are looking for to check new DNA correlation hypotheses in handy DNA sequences. The claim of DNA base-base statistical correlation at long distances in DNA sequences is sought to be still a few steps away from finding a Naive organization principle of the genome.

Being aware of the animals` food requirement, the amount of available forage in the rangeland and forage quality is necessary as the first step in successful management of animals and rangeland. Therefore, determining the weight of various animals` classes grazing in the rangeland and their conversion factor regarding country`s animal unit is an essential issue. In this research, to determine the weight of various classes of Zandi sheep grazing in the Lar National Park rangelands of Aroo region, three prevalent flocks of Zandi race were selected randomly and from each flock, 60 heads of animals including 20 heads of ewe ageing 3 years old, 20 heads of ewe aging 4 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 3 years old, 5 heads of ram aging 4 years old and 10 heads of lamb aging 3 months were signed and selected in two phases, one at the beginning of the season and the other at the end of season. Having utilized the mean weight of ewes aging 3 and 4 years, the weight of the sheep glazing in the studied region was estimated to be equal to 1.65±48.03 kg. Various kinds of forage being glazed by the sheep were identified and collected in this rangeland through two phases of flowering and seeding. The mean percentage of CP, ADF, DMD and ME in every kg of dry forage equaled to 11.56, 37.78, 56.88, 7.69 mega joule, respectively.