mohammad hasan fotros

In this study, the effect of public despite and agricultural bank credits on the value added of the agricultural sector in the western provinces of the Iran (Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Lorestan and Ilam) during the period 2001 to 2019 has been studied.In order to investigate the effect of Keshavarzi Bank credits on agricultural value added and to investigate the existence of integration and long-term relationship, the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) model was used.The results of the study showed that the real amount of agricultural bank credits has a positive and significant effect on the value added of the agricultural sector. The results of estimating the co-integration relationship show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the real values of value added of the agricultural sector and the credits granted to the sector in the long run. Also, the variables of public deposits in the Agricultural Bank and labor force had a positive and significant effect on value added,

Due to the threat of Covid-19 to the public health of the world, the World Health Organization, in order to show international interest in coordinating international responses to this disease, raised the public health emergency and after that, the global issue of Covid-19 was declared. In a highly interconnected world with strong ties between countries, the effects of disease outbreaks go beyond mortality and morbidity. Because with the reduction of economic activities, the performance of the global supply chain will also be disrupted. Considering the importance of this issue and the destructive consequences of the spread of this virus on the global economy, it is necessary to take a step to reduce this problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the long-term effects of the human development index and its components (life expectancy, literacy, per capita income, urbanization and employment) on deaths caused by Corona in selected developing countries (30 developing countries). with a relatively high human development index) in the period of 2019-2022.

For this purpose, FMOLS and DOLS methods have been used.

The results indicate that the human development index and its components (life expectancy, literacy, per capita income, urbanization and employment) have a negative and significant effect on the death rate of Corona in selected developing countries in the long term.

Since the human development index has a negative and significant effect on corona deaths in selected developing countries in the long term, Therefore, the improvement of health, social and economic indicators can reduce the attenuation of Corona in societies. Therefore, it is necessary for governments to make interventions in the sectors of society, especially economy, education and security, in order to strengthen reforms in the health sector.

In recent years, global growth and development indicators have underscored a widening gap between developed and developing countries, including Islamic nations, prompting a shift towards endogenous growth strategies and the utilization of domestic capacities and sustainable resources. The tourism industry has emerged as a dynamic driver of growth and development, particularly in developed countries, over the past two decades. Islamic countries, rich in cultural, historical, and natural attractions, have the potential to optimize this capacity by establishing necessary platforms. This comparative research investigates the factors influencing tourism, with a specific emphasis on the tension index, across two groups: member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and developed countries from 2005 to 2019. The findings reveal a positive and significant impact of tension variables, previous period tourist numbers, economic openness, and transportation infrastructure on foreign tourism. Notably, the estimated coefficient of the tension index is larger in member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Furthermore, the study identifies a positive and significant relationship between public spending on education and tourism in developed countries. Contradictory trends in the effect of the consumer price index on foreign tourism between the two groups highlight differences in purchasing power dynamics.

Energy is used as an input in the production, distribution and consumption of all goods and services. Therefore, it has a wide importance in the supply chain both from the perspective of the final product for consumers and from the perspective of production input for producers (Adom et al, 2019).This importance has caused the excessive use of energy to achieve higher economic growth and development, and has resulted in the destruction of the environment and the loss of natural resources. Indeed, although energy is necessary for economic growth and development, it can be said that it is necessary to worry about its lack and pay attention to environmental issues. Indeed, the limitation and depletion of energy resources has made the management of energy consumption one of the most important issues in the global economy (Harati et al, 2017). Therefore, studying the factors affecting efficiency in energy consumption and reducing energy intensity is one of the essential prerequisites for efficient management of energy consumption and reduction of environmental pollutants. Among various factors, the impact of financial development on energy intensity is one of the important issues that has been raised and shown its importance in the last few years. Therefore, this can have optimal policies in energy consumption and environmental efficiency.Therefore, the present research investigate the impact of financial development on energy intensity in Iran during the period of 1350-1397 under regime conditions.

To investigate the impact of financial development on energy intensity in Iran under regime conditions, vector auto regression model based on error correction (MS-VECM) has been used. The statistical data of financial development variables were collected from the WDI(2020) and energy consumption intensity from the energy balance sheet, as well as the statistics of economic growth variables, urbanization, industrialization and commercial openness from the WDI (2020).

According to the estimation model, the impact of financial development on energy intensity has been analyzed in three different regimes. According to the results, financial development in zero regimes has a negative and significant effect on energy intensity. In this regime, improving financial development has reduced energy intensity. In regime one, the impact of financial development on energy intensity is positive and significant, and the improvement of financial development environment has increased energy intensity. In regime two, financial development has a negative effect on energy intensity, but its effect coefficient is different compared to regime zero. Therefore, the results showed that energy intensity is affected by different regimes of financial development.

According to the results of the study, it can be said that financial development has an important and significant effect on energy consumption and intensity. When financial development is around its stable state and has little fluctuation, the impact of financial development on energy intensity is negative. It is important to pay attention to this point in Iran, where energy consumption and intensity are not in a good condition compared to other countries. Therefore, the results show that economic policy makers, in addition to paying attention to financial development, should also focus on the volatility and changeability of this variable and try to implement policies that do not cause large fluctuations in the financial markets. A momentary increase or decrease in credits, a sudden change in debts or a sudden change in bank assets can cause financial development to be in a single regime and have a positive effect on energy intensity. Therefore, the policy of paying attention to financial market variables and financial development indicators can improve energy intensity and increase energy efficiency.

In recent years, financial development and its effects on the environment have received increasing attention. Indeed, financial development directly affects economic growth and energy consumption, so that affects the release of environmental pollutants. On the other hand, developed financial markets and an efficient banking system improve productivity and reduce environmental pollutants. Therefore, the present paper investigates the impact of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran under regime conditions during the period 1971-2018.

In the present study, in order to investigate the effect of financial development on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran, the Markov-switching vector error correction method was used under regimes conditions.

The results showed that financial development under two regime conditions affects carbon dioxide emissions. This means that in the zero regime has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. While in regime one, financial development has a negative and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Thus; Carbon dioxide emissions in Iran are affected by financial development regimes.

According to the results of financial development in different regimes have different effects on carbon dioxide emissions, so it is appropriate in situations where financial development reduces carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen financial development to achieve both economic growth and development and Environmental protection also happens.

The purpose of this article is to examine the uncertainty of oil prices, inflation and exchange rates and its impact on tax revenues and its compliance with tax policies. Given that Iran's economy has always been volatile due to structural reasons such as dependence on oil revenues, high inflation, annual budget deficits and currency fluctuations, the question arises as to whether tax policies have been able to act as a financial instrument able to neutralize or control the negative effects of these uncertainties? To achieve the objectives of the research, the specified model and the Generalized autoregressive conditional heterogeneity model (GARCH) based on seasonal data from 1988-2018 were used. The research findings confirm the uncertainty of the variables and show that tax revenues have been significantly affected by changes in oil prices, exchange rates and inflation. Also, the compliance of quantitative results with the policies contained in the development plans and annual budget laws shows the lack of attention to these effects in tax policy and the incompatibility of the financial and tax system with it.

Given that Iran's economy has always been accompanied by uncertainties and fluctuations due to the structural reasons such as dependence on oil revenues, high inflation, annual budget deficit and currency fluctuations, the main question is whether tax revenues have been able to neutralize or control the adverse effects of these uncertainties as a powerful financial instrument? So, we used the specified model and the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastisity model (GARCH) based on quarterly data from 1990-2019 . The findings of the study confirm the uncertainty of the variables and show that tax revenues have been significantly affected by exchange rate fluctuations and inflation.

Within the framework of growth and development patterns and theories of endogenous growth and development Sustainable development has a special place and importance. In recent decades, the tourism industry as one of the most important sustainable, efficient and dynamic sources of income and development for countries is known. Attention to the tourism industry, especially in the developing countries according to specific historical and natural cultural attractions should be considered and policy making has been proposed. In this research, it is tried that by considering Economic and characteristic Factors (Indicators of Risk Guidance International Countries ° ICRG ) Developed countries and developing countries were compared in 2000-2016 . The research findings show that the coefficient of estimates of the amount of tourists of the previous period, degree of openness of economy, Transport infrastructure and ICRG characteristic index status have positive and meaningful impact for each group of countries so that characteristic indicator of ICRG in Developing Countries has more impact. Also the coefficient of estimation of human development index for developed countries is positive and meaningful. General Price Level at Small but negative production countries are significant but in the Developing countries considering the value of National currency in the against the foreign currencies of tourists, this coefficient is very small but is positive and meaningful.

Increasing the level of social welfare and providing the poor with discipline, security, education, health services, social security, increases the capacity of the economy in the areas of agriculture, water and electricity supply, industries and mines, business, energy, transportation, information technology. Meanwhile, the extent of government presence in how public policies are implemented plays a significant role in achieving inclusive social development.

The purpose of this study is to obtain the optimal share of government expenditures in economic, social and cultural, public, defense and security, and areas related to each of the matters with the aim of maximizing Social Welfare Index. In this regard, the threshold model and Simplex linear programming algorithm were used to estimate time series data during the period of 1971-2019.

The results showed that in order to achieve a higher level of social welfare, the share of government spending in GDP should be equal to 21.07%. Also, the share of public, defense, social, and economic affairs in GDP should reach the levels of 0.83, 2.7, 6.47, and 11.07 percent, respectively. Also, among the chapters, the share of education, information technology and energy with the highest priority should respectively be 4.05, 3.6 and 3.2% of GDP. Other chapters also have different effects in terms of sign and size on social welfare.

In the budgeting system of the country, the priority of allocating resources should be first in economic affairs with the emphasis on information technology and energy chapters and then in social affairs with emphasis on education chapter. Allocating the largest share to these matters and areas is due to their importance in the process of development, reducing poverty, and increasing social welfare.

In previous studies, little attention has been paid to the simultaneous effect of health expenditures and good governance on health indicators. In this regard, in this study, the effect of health expenditures and good governance on the health index of Mena countries during the period 2002 to 2019 has been investigated.

The present study is descriptive-analytic of applied type. The statistical population includes the countries of Mana. The method of data collection is library and the data required for the research have been collected by referring to the World Bank database and world government indicators.The data were analyzed by using unit Root, Cao and Generalized Torque tests using Eviews 9 software. In this study, weighted average of six indicators of self-esteem and accountability, political stability and lack of violence, government efficiency, order quality And regulations, rule of law and corruption control as a good governance indicator, as well as infant mortality rates and mortality rates for children under the age of 5 were used as indicators of health.

The results showed that health costs had a positive and significant effect (coefficient -1.32) on the mortality rate of children under 5 years and a positive and significant effect (coefficient -1.2) on the death rate. And infant mortality as a health index has the health index of selected countries. Also, good governance index has a negative (non-significant) effect on health status in selected countries. The results also showed that the weak institutional structure in Mena countries weakens the impact of health expenditures on the under-5 mortality rate (coefficient - 0.13) and (-0.12) on infant mortality rate as a health indicator.

Health in the government leads to improved public health and the lack of government health despite increasing public health spending not only improves public health but also leads to the loss of public resources.

In most of countries, banks are one of the important parts of the financial system and have a considerable role as fiscal intermediates on getting economic growth and development.Generally, in every country, banks are the main basics of banking system especially in developing countries where capital markets are not developed; hence, evaluating banks’ performance is important. Competition and risk are two important factors that have effect on performance. In Iran, along with entry of private banks, demands for different types of bank services has increased in that banks are looking for more proportion of market share and more profitability.
The goal of the present research is to analyze profitability, as a performance index, of banking system in Iran. This research can be distinguished from former studies in that it uses variables like diversification index of bank operations, capital market development, and manpower productivity. In general, there are three theories that explain the relationship between market structure and performance. These theories are SCP hypothesis, efficient-structure hypothesis, and quiet life hypothesis.
The SCP view represents a positive relationship between profitability and market concentration since banks can collude and get a more profit.
Efficient-structure theory was first coined by Demsetz in 1973. He said that bank profitability is extracted from efficiency. He maintained that more efficient banks have a more ability to increase its market shares and sizes that let them be more concentrated and gain higher profit.
The quiet-life hypothesis predicts a negative relation between concentration and profitability in which the firms with a higher market power tend to be inefficient so that its authorities and managers just charge the monopolistic profit and do not make an considerable effort. This research investigates profitability determinants of banking system in Iran during2003-2014.To this aim, 33 banks were selected. Two softwares, namely, Eviews.7 and Stata.14 were used. According to the Tan model (2015), the equation includes:Where:ROA: return on assets (profitability index)
Liq: liquidity index
Div: diversification index
Com: index of expenditure management
Pro: manpower productivity
Risk: risk index
HHI: concentration index (Herfindahl- Hirschman)
Cmd: development index of capital market Before estimating the model, test of stationarity must be done. The results of four stationarity tests (LLC, IPS, ADF-Fischer and PP-Fischer) shows that all the variables are stationary.
Homogeneity test should be done in the next step.
Considering autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems in model, GLS method should be used for estimation.
The results show that all the coefficient are significant, statiscally. The probability of F-statistic represents that the regression is significant, generally. The R-squred statistic indicates 99 percent of dependent variable variations be explained by the regressors. Variables liquidity, diversification and risk have got a negative effect while the rest, have influenced profitability, positively. When the risk increases one unite, profitability would decreases 0.009 unit.With regard to concentration coefficient, it influences profitability,positively. In other words, SCP hypothesis be confirmed in banking system of Iran. The coefficient of HHI shows that if concentration in banking system increase one unit, profitability would increases 0.193. :This research investigated the determinants of banking profitability in Iran with respectto market structure and risk variables. The results gained using fixed effect and GLS procedures showed that both hypotheses were confirmed,and that concentration influenced profitability positively while risk had a negative effect on it.
Considering the results, the following suggestions are made:1.Negative sign of the diversification index shows that it is better that banks focus on traditional activities (giving loans).
2.Concentration influences profitability positively; hence, banks should increase proportions from the market.
3.The sign of risk index shows that banks should pay attention to quality of loans or paying them back will be delayed.
4.The positive coefficient of productivity represents the importance of this factor in that banks should protect their staff through several ways like education, and issueslike peyments and salary so thatit can lead to productivity and finally profitability.

The use of natural resource revenues for achievement of development has been a challenging issue for resource abundant countries. These challenges stem from the fact that incomes from natural resources are non-durable, unpredictable and uncertain. Different countries have pursued various approaches and tools for managing these revenues to avoid economic fluctuations. The international organizations and economic experts propose a diversification in the use of resource revenues through different approaches of public investment. Maximizing the social welfare function has become a common guideline for resource revenue management in resource-rich countries. This article investigates the effect of public investment approaches and their impacts on intergenerational social welfare function of Iran. To this end, the impact of two public investment approaches, namely Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and Bird In Hand (BIH), was examined and compared on a certainty equivalent of social welfare function. Results of the simulation with Iran's economic data indicated substantial positive loss in welfare if switching to the BIH approach. Calculations show that the certainty equivalent of social welfare function for PIH and BIH is 786.3 and 444.3, respectively. PIH provides a higher welfare level for the Iranian economy.

Considering the importance of non-cash exports in Iran's economy, in this study using a nonlinearmethod, the effect of factors affecting non-oil exports of the country which have been emphasized in empirical and theoretical studies including real exchange rate, economy growth, and degree of openness of the economy has carefully been studied. Using the annual data between the years 1347 and 1395 and the TVP-VAR model, Iran's non-oil exports were modeled. Based on the results of the research, the effect of the variables on the growth of non-oil exports during the study period changed, so that the effects of economic growth rate, openness of economy and growth of non-oil exports on non-oil exports were positive with slight changes in the variables. During the period under consideration, while the effects of the exchange rate on non-oil exports changed more strongly, it was negative in the years 1351 to 1356 and 1372 to 1395, but it turned out to be positive in the years 1357 to 1371. The results of the present research indicate the role of the composition of the exported goods of the country and the conditions governing the economy of the country in shaping and influencing the model variables on non-oil exports.

Sexual discrimination is not defined as the equalization of facilities and opportunities among men and women. One of the dimensions of gender inequality can be expressed in terms of the inequality of employment opportunities, types of jobs, and the level of payment for equal work between men and women.By looking at the results of the workforce surveys of 1395, it can be said that about 11 percent of the active population of the country is unemployed and the unemployment rate among women is higher than that of men. Iran’s ranking in the gender inequality index was 118 in 2015, with the participation rate of 16.2% for women and 72.2%. for men
There is some evidence that the relationship between women›s employment and GDP as a criterion for economic development is in the form of a non-uniform curve. In such a way that the impact of economic development on gender equality in employment follows the effects of wages from the U-shaped model.
Some economists have found a vague link between education and women›s participation through the outcome of the both effects of income and replacement.
Democracy in countries is recognized as a factor in promoting the status of women. While in conservative and authoritarian regimes, the presence of the patriarchal system, the reproduction of the traditional role of women in society, the low level of empowerment of women and their dependence on the state as vulnerable segments of society are still common.
International trade and direct foreign investment (FDI) can create job opportunities for women.
Political globalization with a role in organizations and international conventions is a key variable in promoting gender equality.
Economic growth, both as a factor in increasing the independent income of women, is an increase in their scope for the participation and accumulation of human capital, and as a factor in undermining gender equality.
Government spending as a macroeconomic variable such as economic growth can have different effects on women›s employment in the labor force market.
Domestic investment is one of the components of overall demand and influences on gender equality. This variable is the main source of employment, creating wealth and innovation.
Demographic variables can be regarded as other factors affecting gender equality in employment.
An increase in the level of ICT infrastructure improves gender equality in the level of work activity.
The presence of oil and the resource curse  has led to a reduction in women’s labor force participation in the Middle East compared to other parts of the world. If the growth of a country is dependent on oil and mineral resources, with the oil sector booming, commodity trade will decline, and women will be more likely to face wage cuts as more women work in the commercial sector.
There is a vague connection between the unemployment rate and the employment of women.
It can be said that in Islamic countries, active participation of women has been accepted, and they can keep their roles as women and mothers at the same time taking care of their children, and this matter seems to «have no real opposition to women›s professional practice». Based on theoretical foundations, gender equality is largely a function of the following factors:GE= f (GDP, Eqprimeduc, Eqseceduc, Domec, Open, FDI, Polglob, Ecgth, Govexp, Inv, Urban, Popg, Fempopshare, Internet, Mobile, Ythunemp, Natural Resources, Christian, Muslim(
As can be seen, based on theoretical foundations, the Bayesian data panel model is used.
Table 2: The Significance Test
Condition    Cases    Successes    Probability
model2.moslem > 0    20000    19796    0.9898
model2.oil < 0    20000    14846    0.7423
model2.christian > 0    20000    19861    0.99305
model2._youth_unemployment_rate > 0    20000    18768    0.9384
model2.population_growth < 0    20000    20000    1
model2._female_population < 0    20000    18913    0.94565
model2.Urban_population < 0    20000    18740    0.937
model2.domestic_investment < 0    20000    19926    0.9963
model2.goverment_expenditure < 0    20000    19160    0.958
model2.economic_growth > 0    20000    16547    0.82735
model2.Political_globalization_index < 0    20000    11401    0.57005
model2.FDI < 0    20000    19859    0.99295
model2.Trade_open > 0    20000    10205    0.51025
model2.Democracy < 0    20000    16362    0.8181
model2.GDP_per_capita < 0    20000    11217    0.56085
model2.internet > 0    20000    11734    0.5867
model2.mobile < 0    20000    18595    0.92975
model2.Gendereq_in_secondary_edu > 0    20000    18859    0.94295
model2.Gendereq_in_primary_educa < 0    20000    16862    0.8431

Table 3
The Results of the Convergence Test for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Each of the Estimated Parameters.   
Mean    Spectral
density at 0    MCMC
sd. error    Relative
Numer. Eff.    Inefficiency
factor                   
moslem    2.17439    12.6057    0.06293    0.010978    91.0885
oil    -0.06541    0.697603    0.014804    0.002264    441.604
christian    2.38052    13.4004    0.064884    0.010752    93.0085
_youth_unemplo+    0.001157    2.16E-06    2.61E-05    0.041358    24.1791
population_gro+    -0.05694    0.000555    0.000417    0.038508    25.9685
_female_popula+    -0.02976    0.004676    0.001212    0.011641    85.9053
Urban_populati+    -0.00198    1.52E-05    6.91E-05    0.017974    55.6368
domestic_inves+    -0.00212    8.86E-07    1.67E-05    0.110971    9.0114
goverment_expe+    -0.00283    5.06E-06    3.99E-05    0.083217    12.0168
economic_growth    0.000808    2.88E-07    9.51E-06    0.405174    2.46807
Political_glob+    -7.63E-05    3.21E-07    1.00E-05    0.091255    10.9583
FDI    -0.00157    9.34E-08    5.42E-06    0.684832    1.46021
Trade_open    3.76E-06    4.49E-07    1.19E-05    0.054602    18.3144
Democracy    -0.00227    1.34E-05    6.50E-05    0.075739    13.2033
GDP_per_capita    -4.13E-07    1.32E-11    6.44E-08    0.094679    10.562
internet    8.76E-05    1.67E-07    7.25E-06    0.162687    6.14677
mobile    -0.0003    7.48E-08    4.85E-06    0.090343    11.0689
Gendereq_in_se+    0.111469    0.017214    0.002325    0.047011    21.2715
Gendereq_in_pr+    -0.02392    0.000206    0.000255    0.434065    2.3038
tau    444.66    278.889    0.295999    0.733929    1.36253
omega    40.8264    348.491    0.33088    0.101962    9.8076
sigma_e    0.047539    8.08E-07    1.59E-05    0.732259    1.36564
sigma_alpha    0.164679    0.002182    0.000828    0.072843    13.7281

The results show that population growth, domestic investment, Christianity, and direct foreign investment are the most important determinants of gender equality, respectively. As expected, if population growth is to be allocated to women with lower educational, health and other priorities, domestic investment and direct foreign investment due to inefficiencies and corruption in countries in developing countries, they will lead to an increase in gender equality. On the other hand, Christian countries have more gender equality than Islamic countries in the labor force market. Government spending, secondary education, women›s share of the population, youth unemployment rate, urban population share, mobile users, gender equality in elementary education, economic growth and democracy, with a high probability (82-98%), on the gender equality model are effective in developing countries. While other model variables include oil exporting countries, internet users, the index of globalization, GDP, and open trade, they can have an uncertain probability (about 50%) in the pattern. As a result, it can be stated that demographic variables, internal and external capital, religion, and gender equality in education provide the best explanation for the employment gap between men and women in developing countries. Therefore, maintaining a balance in population growth, preventing domestic investment in inefficient projects, creating a suitable platform for women›s higher education, preventing them from directing to less paid jobs, using the Internet to update women›s skills, trading in goods, limiting the dependence on the oil sector as a male component, and ultimately, increasing economic growth in developing countries including Iran could provide suggestions for reducing gender inequality in the labor market.  
In the present study, did not have any sponsors
All authors contributed in designing, running, and writing all parts of the research.
This article does not conflict with other articles of my.
This article follows the principles of ethics and research and is endorsed by the Bu-Ali Sina University in this regard

In the process of economic globalization, one of the important factors is transfer and technology overflow from the channel of trade. Absorbing foreign technology by the channel of imports of industrial products and using the latent technology in those products creates export development, increase the quality and quantity of manufactured goods with low costs, and modify management, technology improvements and production of goods with high added valu that this makes optimal allocation of resources, efficiency and economic growth in various economic sectors. Therefore, in developing countries, after passing through the agricultural sector, the technology has been absorbed into the low-tech industries to reach a stage of development and to create the appropriate substrates for producing higher value added industries. On the other hand, export of these industries is important by creating competitive advantage, improving management practices, making cost savings and valuing. In this study, using Romer’s endogenous growth model, the impact of import and export of low technology industries have been studied on economic growth of Iran for the period 2002-2012. In this regard, seasonal data were used in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between variables. The separation of low technology industries has been made according to the OECD classification. The results showed a positive and significant impact of import and export of low technology industries on Iran’s economic growth. Also other variables i.e. capital stock, employment and research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effects on Iran economic growth.

Poverty reduction is one of the most important economic and social goals of politicians and programmers in different societies. Women are more exposed to poverty and gender discrimination in comparison with men. This is because women do not have necessary capabilities and facilities for empowerment and poverty reduction. Hence, for anti-poverty programs in the country, policymakers need, in the first step, to measure poverty especially in female-headed households.
In this study, after measuring the multidimensional poverty index in male and female headed households, it is attempted to analyze the poverty status of female headed household and to determine the factors affecting their poverty. In this study, the multidimensional poverty index is calculated for men and women-headed households based on Alkire and Foster method in three dimensions education, health and standard of living with an equal weighting system. In this study, household’s income expenditure raw data published by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2015 were used. Furthermore, the factors that affect poor female- headed households was estimated using a logit regression model. Findings: The results showed that intensity and incidence of poverty among female-headed households is higher than men-headed households in both urban and rural areas. There is significant differences between female-headed households’ MPI in urban areas by 0.0942 and male-headed households’ MPI by 0.0516. Also, female-headed households’ MPI is equal to 0.067 and men-headed households’ MPI is equal to 0.0364 in rural areas. The highest female-headed households’ deprivation is respectively in sanitation, years of schooling and health insurance in urban areas and the highest deprivation in rural areas is respectively in sanitation, years of education and building structures. Logit regression model also showed that being older, unemployed, a housewife, and married female-heads of households increase the probability of being poor Based on the findings, the multidimensional poverty of female-headed households is more than the multidimensional poverty of male-headed households in both urban and rural areas indicating that female households need more attention in poverty reduction programs. Measuring the multidimensional poverty index by indicators also highlights priority sectors in poverty reduction programs. The Logit regression model also showed that years of schooling is very important because the empowerment of female- headed households in education empowers them to find a job and earn money.

The present paper examines the effect of culture on the relationship between income and carbon dioxide emissions in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using dynamic panel and system GMM estimator for 77 developed and developing countries for the period 1990 to 2014. Results of estimation by system GMM indicate: (i) the existence of EKC, and (ii) significant impact of culture on the relationship between income and CO2 emissions. The impact of six dimensions of culture on EKC can be classified into two categories: (i) masculinity, power distance and indulgence move the EKC upward and shift the income turning point to the left; and (ii) individualism, uncertainty, and long-term orientation move the EKC downward while shifting the income turning point to the right.

Nowadays, the importance of using modern high technology to industrialize developing countries that intend to inter in world economy is more and more evident. High-tech imported commodities as a proxy variable for spillover effect and technology transfer would the knowledge level in these countries. This process might increase the share of high tech industries in GDP and improve their exportation. In this study, using Romer’s endogenous growth model, the impact of import and export of low technology industries have been studied on economic growth of Iran for the period of 2003-2013. In this regard, seasonal data were used in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between variables. Results indicated a positive and significant impact of import and export of low technology industries on Iran’s economic growth. Also other variables i.e. capital stock, employment and research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effects on Iranian economic growth.

One of the most important markets in each economy is capital markets. Undoubtedly, the conditions of these markets are influenced by other sectors and can affect other sectors of the economy. The stock market is one of the components of the capital market, and as part of the economy, its function is that if this market does not have a logical relationship with other sectors, then problems and deficiencies will arise in its operation. In the capital market, widespread fluctuations lead to the arrival and departure of a massive amount of capital. The Stock Exchange, an officially organized market for the purchase and sale of shares of companies under certain terms and conditions. The oil industry has always had a financial role in the economy, and its main function is to provide the currency needed by the countries. The economies of countries that rely heavily on oil revenues and foreign exchange earnings, the oil price fluctuations that originate from exogenous developments and the control of outside economic policymakers, are the largest source of disruption to the economies of the countries. Oil revenues are fluctuating. Therefore, fluctuation is one of the most important issues in the financial markets of the world. Oscillation, as an effective factor in determining the risk of investment, can play an important role in the decision making of investors. An appropriate estimation of stock price fluctuations or arbitrage transactions in an investment period is a very important starting point in controlling investment risk. One of the factors influencing the stock price index is oil prices and oil price fluctuations. Oil and its products are used as the most important source of energy in world production processes. Fluctuations in oil prices can affect the cost of production and profitability of manufacturing companies. Oil is considered to be the most important source of income for some of the exporting countries, and the price of oil and its fluctuations from this channel can also affect the real sector as well as the capital market, so that in many countries that do not have a good oil revenue management the price of oil has been accompanied by an increase in government revenues and an increase in the monetary base that has an impact on inflation. Increasing inflation also has a positive impact on stock prices; the World Oil Index is one of the most important indicators affecting economic factors and political factors in each country. The global oil price, as a powerful exogenous variable, is influenced by many macroeconomic variables, including the stock price index. The explanation of such a relationship is the policy maker's guideline in monetary and foreign policy directives. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to examine the impact of the Tehran Stock Price Index (TEPIX) and the Dubai Dollar Index (DFM) Crude oil using monthly data over the period of 2004-2016 as well as the multivariate GARCH method. To do this, we first performed the Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Peron stacking tests to check the variance of the variables, which is based on the results of this test at the root level of the unit, so that from all three variables, once the difference was made, and therefore all three variables with a load Mana differentiation, then we performed an ARCH test, which results in the existence of an Arch effect on the model remainders, and finally we estimated the multivariate GARCH model with the BEKK approach. According to research results, global oil price fluctuations have a positive and significant effect on the fluctuations of the Dubai stock exchange index, and the global oil price volatility has a positive and significant effect on Tehran Stock Exchange index fluctuations. On the other hand, Dubai Stock Exchange fluctuations (DFM) have a positive and significant effect on Tehran Stock Exchange Index (TEPIX) fluctuations.

The main objective of this paper is to measure multidimensional poverty index (MPI) based on Alkire and Foster method and analyzing incidence and intensity of poverty in Iran in three dimensions for the period of 1989-2014. In this study, households’ income-expenditure raw data published by the Statistical Center of Iran was used. The results show that the incidence and intensity and MPI are decreased in this period of study. The most incidence and intensity of poverty belongs to 1989. Also, the poverty incidence of rural areas is more than in urban areas in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2014, but intensity of poverty in rural areas is more than urban areas in all years. Finally, the development plans have decreased MPI during all the period of 1989-2014.

Effort to attract foreign capitals is not necessarely an economic weakness. But it is to say that it is a way to stimulate and to promote the production flow of a country, a main chanel of the growth of international trade, technology transfer, job creation, and consequently a way to increase the living standards of any society. This study aims to analyze the effects of foreign investment (direct and indirect) as cash capital absorption and industrial goods importation (high, medium and low -tech industries) as non – cash capital absorption on Iranian economic growth for period of 2001-2012. In this regard, seasonal data have used in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the relationship between variables. Results showed a significant negative impact of industrial import and a significant positive impact of foreign investment on Iranian economic growth. Also other variables i.e. capital stock, employment, research and development expenditure and export have had significant positive impact on Iranian economic growth.

The main purpose of this paper is examination of elasticity partial replacement and price elasticity, also investigation Economies of Scale and Return to Scale in Markazi province water and Wastewater Company. This is the reason translog cost function is used to estimate the cost function of the water supply in this company. The framework of analysis is in accordance to the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique. To estimate the parameters of the cost function we have used the panel data for the period of 2006-2011 has been used. The results of the study show that labor force and capital are replaced. Elasticity of demand for labor force input is greater than elasticity of demand capital input. In addition, non-household water distribution in other industrial towns has economy of scale in Markazi province, in the other towns (non-industrial), there is no economy of scale to distribute non-household water.

Environmental emissions caused by unstable development, imposed many social costs to our society in recent years. In this survey, we calculated the social welfare costs caused by environmental emissions of energy consuming industries subcategorized under ISIC four-digit coded products of non-metallic minerals and basic metals in Iran; using Leibenstein method. At the beginning of this survey it was assumed that the least and the most negative side consequences on environment in our country are respectively imposed by copper and brick industries. But results showed among the studied cases, non-ferrous foundry with a cost equal to 1.03 percent of its production value imposes the least and Cement, building Lime and gypsum Industry with a cost of 50.7 percent of its production value imposes the most expensive cost of environmental inefficiency on the society. In addition to that, social welfare costs caused by welfare triangle and economic rents of these industries are negligible in comparison with environmental x-inefficiency costs; and include a small amount of welfare costs calculated by Leibenstein method for polluting industries. High costs of achieved social welfare, show the necessity of proper planning in order to increase the environmental efficiency, adopting effective anti-monopoly policies and green tax laws to reduce the harmful effects of energy carriers consumed in polluting industries.

Research and development (R&D) has been condsidered as the most important method for a rapid advancement of technology and manufacturing competitiveness and innovation. This study aims to assess R&D spillovers on the total productivity factors (TFP) of Iranian manufacturing industries in the period 2000-2008. This study employing two-stage GMM method uses statistical data of domestic R&D accumulation of industries in nineteen code of the two-digit ISIC, foreign R&D and imports of fifteen trading partners of Iran to measure the effect of R&D spillovers on the TFP of Iranian manufacturing industries. Results indicate that the interaction between human capital and foreign R&D accumulation, the interaction between import and foreign R&D accumulation, effects of external R&D accumulation and internal R&D have most positive impact on total factor productivity of Iranian manufacturing industries respectively. Internal expenditures on R&D in the chosen period have failed to provide new products and services and imperove competitiveness, technology and increasing TFP growth.

This paper investigates the inequality of consumption expenditures caused by transference of income dispersion to consumption expenditures distribution. In order to calculate the rate of income inequality and consumption expenditures inequality the Lorenz ratio and the specific concentration‘s ratio have been used respectively. Iranian Households’ Income and expenditures data during 1966 - 2009 has been reviewed in this paper. In order to analyze the relationships between variables we have employed panel data methodology. The results of Panel Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (Panel ARDL) test show that there is a long-term relationship between income and consumption expenditures distribution. Estimations show that income inequality has significant impact on consumption expenditures distribution. The results also indicate that all of the fluctuations of income inequality do not transmit into the consumption expenditures distribution. So، consumption has a smoother behavior than income during the time. These results are in accordance with macroeconomics debate in consumption.