mohammad hatami

The long-term, demanding nature of caring for dementia patients leaves a detrimental impact on carers' physical and emotional well-being. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of self-care education and process emotion regulation in the mitigation of depression symptoms among the caregivers of older adults with dementia. This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pre-test-post-test design and a four-month follow-up period with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all caregivers who cared for dementia patients in their homes or institutions and were referred to Dr. Rostam Seifaldini's center in Kerman in 2021. The statistical sample consisted of 45 people who were selected via convenience sampling. Thereafter, 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the control group, and 30 cases were allocated to two experimental groups. The experimental group received self-care training and process emotion regulation interventions in eight 45-minute sessions once a week. Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory (1961) and analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results demonstrated that self-care education and emotion process regulation training were effective in depression and quality of life among the caregivers of older adults with dementia (P<0.01). The findings also pointed out that there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions (self-care education and emotion process regulation training) in reducing depression symptoms among the caregivers of older adults with dementia. It can be concluded that self-care and emotion regulation training are effective in the mitigation of depression symptoms in caregivers.

This study aimed to design and validate an educational package to promote a healthy lifestyle based on Iranian and Islamic culture for diabetic patients. This qualitative study used the thematic analysis method of Attride-Stirling (2001) to analyze the content of texts related to Iranian Islamic culture. The statistical population included scientific and research texts related to Iranian Islamic culture and healthy lifestyle from 2011 to 2023. Purposeful sampling was used to select the texts, and data were collected and analyzed through detailed study of the texts. The educational package's validity was assessed using inter-rater agreement, and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Kappa coefficient were calculated. The data analysis identified key components of the educational package, including healthy nutrition, physical activity, stress management, medical care, religious teachings, family and social relationships, and psychological education. The inter-rater agreement for the package's objectives was 0.89, for session content was 0.92, for educational techniques was 0.88, and for time budgeting was 0.91. The Kappa coefficient was 0.86, indicating high agreement among raters. The developed educational package includes 10 sessions, each dedicated to one or more key components, comprising theoretical discussions and practical exercises. The results indicated that the educational package for promoting a healthy lifestyle based on Iranian and Islamic culture has suitable validity and reliability. It can help improve the quality of life and health of diabetic patients. Incorporating religious and cultural teachings in educational packages enhances patients' motivation and participation, leading to better treatment adherence and reduced psychological issues.

 This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle promotion educational package based on Iranian and Islamic culture on treatment adherence and health in diabetic patients.

 This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all visitors to a psychotherapy center in District 5 of Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 individuals (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments included the Diabetes Treatment Adherence Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The experimental group participated in ten educational sessions covering topics such as healthy nutrition, physical activity, stress management, medical care, religious teachings, and family and social relationships.

  Results from repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the educational package significantly improved treatment adherence and general health in diabetic patients. The experimental group showed substantial improvement in treatment adherence and general health scores in the post-test and follow-up phases, while the control group did not exhibit significant changes. The educational package based on Iranian and Islamic culture positively impacted treatment adherence and health in diabetic patients. These results highlight the importance of designing educational interventions that consider local culture and values (P<0.001).

 Implementing such programs can aid in better diabetes management and reduce its complications.

One of the diseases that can cause many physiological and psychological complications is coronary heart disease. According to the predictions of scientific societies, these diseases will be the main cause of death in different countries by 2030. According to the scientific findings published by the World Health Organization, it is predicted that 8.44% of deaths in Iran will be related to coronary heart disease by 2030. Coronary heart disease is a serious and rapidly growing disease. Coronary heart disease is one of the diseases that lead to increased mortality, lack of self-reliance, increased depression and anxiety in affected people. Several factors such as anxiety and depression, social stress, conflict and hostile behavior can lead to abnormal coronary contraction, increased coronary artery blockage, malignant heart rhythm irregularities and as a result, heart failure. The occurrence of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease causes them to experience less self-efficacy and self-care behaviors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the self-efficacy perceived and self-care behaviors of people with coronary heart disease.
 
The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest, post-test, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of this study included patients with coronary heart disease referred to the heart center of Madain Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2020. The statistical population included patients with coronary heart disease referred to the heart center of Madayen Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2020. 34 Patient with coronary heart disease were selected through a voluntary and purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (18 patients in the experimental group and 16 patients in the control group). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy during One and a half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included the self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer et al., 1982) and Self-Care Questionnaire (Galiana et al., 2015). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated Mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 statistical software.
 
The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy have a significant effect on the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the cardiac people with coronary heart disease. In addition, the results showed that the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy was stable on the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the cardiac patients with coronary heart disease with a follow-up stage. After carefully examining the descriptive findings, it was found that acceptance and commitment therapy increase the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the cardiac people with coronary heart disease in the post-test and follow-up stages.
 
According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an efficient intervention to improve the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the people with coronary heart disease through employing techniques such as six main processes, including psychological acceptance, context self, communication with the present time, values and committed action.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral self-regulation on working memory, attention deficit and hyperactivity in children.

This research was performed experimentally with a pretest-posttest design with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population included all children aged 7 to 12 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who referred to counseling and psychology centers in Tehran's District 5 in the academic year 2019-2020, and were treated with Ritalin. Sampling was done by simple random method. Then, among the 40 people who received the most symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the lowest score in working memory, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group separately participated in 8 weekly sessions of 60 minutes of research intervention and the control group remained on the waiting list. The research instruments included the Pediatric Symptoms Questionnaire (CSI-4) and the Work Memory Scale of Aloy et al. (2008). Statistical data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings indicate that self-regulatory behavioral interventions are effective on working memory and reducing the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.

Behavioral self-regulation skills training had a significant effect on working memory of ADHD children.

Research indicates that resilience is considered an important factor among several at-risk groups and plays a crucial mediating role in the manifestation of numerous psychological disorders. The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and the quality of life of young couples.  The research method was correlational. The study population included all married students at Shahroud Islamic Azad University, with 45 couples selected through convenience sampling. Subsequently, participants completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), the Garnefski, Kraaij, and Spinhoven Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (1996). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression statistical methods.  The findings of this study indicate that cognitive emotion regulation and quality of life are significant positive predictors of resilience. Resilience plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and the quality of life of couples.  Given the results, it can be said that the strategies couples employ to regulate their emotions can be a very important factor in determining their resilience, which in turn enhances the quality of life. Strengthening positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be considered as a goal for the foundation of resilience interventions and educational programs.

Considering the necessity to identify effective interventions to improve stress and rumination in students, the current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on stress and rumination in adolescents with cancer.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test with a control group design. The research population included all adolescents with cancer at Mahak Hospital in Tehran, from which 40 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups (1- Mindfulness-based stress reduction training; 2- Transcranial direct current stimulation intervention; 3- A combined method of mindfulness-based stress reduction with transcranial direct current stimulation) and one control group. The instruments for data collection included the Lovibond and Lovibond's (1995) Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and the Ruminative Response Scale about an interpersonal upset (2008). For data analysis, one-way analysis of covariance, repeated measures analysis of variance, and the least significant difference post-hoc test were used.

The results of the covariance analysis along with the post-hoc tests showed that there is no significant difference between the mindfulness-based stress reduction method and tDCS in reducing stress levels (P>0.05), and only the difference between these methods compared to the control group was significant (P<0.05). In terms of the effectiveness of the interventions under study on stress levels, the combined method was more effective than using each method separately. Regarding the rumination variable, there was no significant difference between the mindfulness-based stress reduction method and the tDCS method in reducing the level of rumination (P>0.05), and only the difference of this mindfulness method compared to the control group was significant (P<0.05). The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance along with the post-hoc tests indicated that there were no significant differences between the post-test and follow-up stages for stress and rumination variables (P>0.05); hence, the results were stable.

Based on the results of the current study, counseling and psychology units established in hospitals and oncology clinics need to be more aware of the mental health of adolescents with cancer and should use the combined method of mindfulness-based stress reduction with tDCS to improve stress and rumination in adolescents with cancer.

This study has been done with aim of effectiveness trans diagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency, cardio-vascular reaction, sleep quality and psychological flexibility of the prisoners with PTSD. The research method was semi-exprimental with pre-test, post-test and the control group with monthly period follow-up. The statistical population included all patients referred to Sadr psychiatry hospital in Tehran in the years 1400-1401, from which 30 people were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner and randomly assigned to exprimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups In order to gathering data, efficiency emotion scale (EES-2), depression scale, anxiety and stress (DASS-21), psychological flexibility form and Pitesbourg sleep quality index (PSQI) and estimate vital signs by pressure gauge device were used Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance The result of analysis showed that, there was significant difference between the exprimental group and control group in terms of dependent variable in pre-test phase towards post-test in monthly period follow-up The examination of the follow-up periods showed that, there was no significant difference between monthly follow-up and post-test periods. The presistence of the treatment effect over time and a month after end of meetings From the above findings, it can be concluded that, transdiagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency has been a remarkable effect on decrease of depression, anxiety, stress and cardio vascular reaction signs and less effectiveness in psychological flexibility.

Skin diseases, such as psoriasis, are associated with significant psychological and social disabilities. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of classical cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) of patients with psoriasis.

The present study was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with psoriasis who referred to skin treatment centers in Tehran, Iran, between December and February 2019. From among them, 60 people were selected using a convenience sampling method and after matching them, they were assigned to three groups (20 people in each group). The participants of experimental group 1 received 10 sessions of classical CBT and the participants of experimental group 2 received 7 sessions of CFT, but the control group did not receive any training. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 and K6‎; 2002) and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL‎-BREF; 1996) questionnaire were used for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software.

The results showed that the effectiveness of both therapies on reducing the psychological distress and increasing the QOL of patients is significant (P < 0.01), but the effectiveness of the CFT was greater.

It seems that CFT as a selected treatment can help improve the psychological distress and QOL of patients with psoriasis by increasing kindness to self and others and managing emotions.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between a mother's attachment style and aggression of children aged 3-6 years with the mediation of a mother's mindfulness. The research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation model type. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the mothers of children aged 3 to 6 years in preschool centers and kindergartens in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020, and 290 of them were selected as a sample. The tools of this research included the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (RAAS, Collins and Reed, 1990), the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS, Merrell, 1994), and the Five-Dimensional Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ, Bauer et al., 2006). The research data were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method. The results showed that the model fitted well. Based on the findings of the research, the relationship between the mother's attachment style and the child's aggression was positive and significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) and also mother's attachment style was indirectly related to the child's aggression through the mother's mindfulness. (p < 0.05). According to the above findings, it can be concluded that mothers' mindfulness plays a mediating role in the relationship between their attachment style and children's aggression.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of self-care training and regulation of the emotional process on the quality of life of caregivers of the elderly with dementia. This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a 4-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all caregivers who were referred to the Dementia Treatment Center in Kerman City in 2021. The statistical sample included 45 people who were selected as available and randomly replaced in the control group and two experimental groups. The experimental group of self-care training and regulation of emotion process received interventions during 8 sessions of 45 minutes, once a week. The data were collected using the WHOQOL-BREF quality of life questionnaire, World Health Organization, 1996) and analyzed using the analysis of variance method with repeated measurements. The results showed that the difference between the averages of both experimental groups was significant compared to the control group (P<0.05). Comparing the effectiveness of the two experimental groups to each other, the difference in means was reported to be significant at the 95% confidence level, and it was shown that self-care training was more effective than regulating the emotional process in improving the quality of life of caregivers of the elderly with dementia (P<0.05). It can be concluded that self-care training and regulation of the emotional process are effective in increasing the quality of life of caregivers.

The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on the evaluation of body fitness and concern about not accepting the application of women for cosmetic surgery. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group, and a 2-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this research was all the women who were referred to cosmetic clinics for cosmetic surgery in Tehran in 2021, and 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. Data were collected using the Cash Body Image Scale (MBRSQ, 1990) and Sensitivity to Rejection (RSQ, 1996). Schema therapy intervention was performed during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that schema therapy is effective in reducing fitness evaluation, worry about not accepting the request, and waiting for a response in women applying for cosmetic surgery (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that this effectiveness is permanent in the follow-up period (p<0.05). It is concluded that schema therapy is an effective treatment in reducing the evaluation of fitness, worry about not accepting the request, and waiting for a response in women applying for cosmetic surgery.

Lung cancer is one of the most common and life-threatening cancers in men around the world. Therefore, it is important to pay particular attention to the psychological status of patients with lung cancer due to their greater vulnerability during treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on the quality of life of patients with lung cancer.
This quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest design and a three-month follow-up, was conducted in the summer of 2019. Thirty patients with lung cancer, who were referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran, were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. In the pretest stage, the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was completed by both groups. The experimental group received mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy for eight sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. In the posttest stage, both groups were examined again, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 by repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups after mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy. In other words, the mean score of quality of life increased in the experimental group as compared to the control group (P<0.001).
Based on the results of this study, the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy in increasing the quality of life of patients with lung cancer was confirmed. Therefore, psychological screening is suggested to improve the quality of life of patients by taking advantage of clinical trials and appropriate intervention models during medical treatment.

In this paper, the effect of magneto-hydrodynamic flow on two aerodynamic geometries (2D & 3D) is investigated. The results (Lift and drag coefficients) for two and three-dimensional geometries, which have been tried to be similar to rocket wings, at high altitudes where the pressure is high and the temperature low, as well as Machs at 6 and 8 and at 9 different angles of attacks, are obtained in two modes with and without magnets. At the end, it was observed that adding a magnet to the problem increases the lift coefficient which maximum increment (77.5%) occurred for 3D geometry at Mach 8 and 50000 m height. Also, comparing the two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometries, it was observed that the stall angle did not occur in the two-dimensional geometry at 9000 altitude and Mach 6, but in the three-dimensional geometry and the same conditions, the stall angle was observed for the non-MHD mode, which is due to flow line of two-dimensional geometry. However, it was further observed that this angle was delayed by adding a magnet to the 3D geometry with the mentioned solution conditions.

 Chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) can lead to hopelessness, negative emotions and thoughts, and reduced quality of life. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of spirituality therapy and mindfulness-based training in increasing the resilience of MS patients.

 The present study was a quasi-experimental study adopting a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all patients referring to the MS Association of Tehran in 2018. Using a convenience sampling method, 60 patients were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Data were collected using the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) and analyzed adopting repeated measure analysis of variance. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software.

 The results of repeated measure analysis of variance showed that spirituality and mindfulness-based interventions exerted effect on resilience (P≥0.008). Comparing the results also revealed that spirituality therapy had more powerful effect on resilience (P≥0.001).

 It was concluded that spirituality therapy and mindfulness-based training were both effective in promoting resilience in MS patients; however, spirituality therapy was found to be more effective in increasing the MS patients’ resilience.

Recently, psychological therapies increasingly used as complementary treatment along with medication to help patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This present study compared the effectiveness of gestalt therapy (GT) behavioral activation (BA) and placebo on the anxiety in women with MS.

This study was a clinical trial (pre/posttest with control group and 3-month follow-up).Using the inclusion criteria and implementation of Beck's anxiety inventory (BAI),60 women with MS who had an active case in MS clinic of Rasool Hospital in Tehran, were randomly blocked and assigned into four equal groups including 3 interventional groups and a control group. The psychotherapy groups were received GT and BA intervention for 8 weekly sessions. During this period, in the placebo group, capsules containing rice flour were used once a day. The control group was placed on the waiting list. Again, at the end of interventions, all of participants were retested with BAI and 3-month after the post-test, follow-up test was performed. Data was analyzed using SPSS25 and the repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results showed GT and BA in comparison with placebo and control groups decreased anxiety mean scores in post-test and follow-up stages (p=0.001). GT and BA had no significant difference.

GT and BA are equally effective on anxiety reduction in women with MS. Placebo had no effect on reducing the anxiety of these women.

This study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on the dimensions of fatigue, self-criticism and emotional avoidance in patients with multiple sclerosis. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and follow-up (2 months). Subjects with an age range of 20-40 years and with a scale of physical disability (EDSS) 1 to 5.5 and purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental group (cognitive self-compassion training) and control. Both groups answered Fisk (1994), Thompson & Zuroff (2004) levels of self criticism scale (2004) and Kennedy (2015) Emotional Avoidance Scale in the pre-test-post-test and 2-month follow-up stages. The experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive self-compassion training once a week for 1.5 hours. The collected data were analyzed using mixed analysis of covariance with repeated measures. The results of covariance analysis mixed with repeated measures showed that cognitive self-compassion training is effective in reducing the dimensions of fatigue, self-criticism and emotional avoidance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, the effects of the intervention were maintained after 2 months of follow-up on reducing the scores of fatigue, self-criticism and emotional avoidance. Based on the results of this study, cognitive self-compassion training can be used along with drug interventions to reduce fatigue, self-criticism and avoid emotional experiences of multiple sclerosis patients in medical centers.

</span> Asthma is a psychosomatic disease with different physical and mental dimensions, each of which can aggravate the other. Properly treating this disease requires appropriate medical and psychological measures. Psychologists are interested in the widespread prevalence of psychological disorders, especially anxiety and depression, among patients with asthma. Research shows that people with asthma who report more symptoms of anxiety are more likely to need medical treatment, frequent hospitalizations, and emergencies. These people are more incapable of daily activities and show more behavioral problems. One of the most critical issues among patients is adherence to treatment because non –compliance is always an important and multifaceted problem in the field of health. So, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of stress inoculation and positive psychology on anxiety and adherence to treatment in patients with asthma.</span></span>

</span>The present quasi –experimental study employed a pretest –posttest and three –month follow –up design with a control group. The statistical population included all patients with asthma referred to the specialized and sub –specialized center of Milad Hospital in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. Of whom, 45 eligible individuals (based on inclusion and exclusion criteria) volunteered to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: positive psychology training, stress inoculation training, and the control group. Data were collected using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988) and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (Morisky et al., 1986). Positive psychotherapy training was conducted in fourteen 90 –minute sessions twice a week for two months. Immunization training against stress was conducted during nine 90 –minute sessions. No intervention was provided for the control group.</span> Central and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance, Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests, analysis of variance, and the Chi –square test were used in SPSS.22 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. </span></span>

</span> The analysis of variance of variables of anxiety and adherence to treatment was significant for time effect (p<0.001), group effect (p<0.001), and time*group effect (p<0.001). Positive psychology training and stress inoculation training were effective on anxiety (p<0.001) and adherence to treatment (p<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the two types of training in variables of anxiety (p=0.017) and adherence to treatment (p<0.001). In the experimental groups, the mean scores of variables of anxiety and adherence to treatment in the posttest and follow –up stages were significantly different from the pretest stage (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow –up stages in the mean scores of variables of anxiety (p=0.105) and adherence to treatment (p=0.804), indicating the durability of the effectiveness of the two types of training over time.</span></span></span>

</span> Based on the findings of this study, positive psychology training had a greater effect on reducing anxiety and increasing adherence to treatment of patients with asthma than stress inoculation training.</span></span></span></span>

According to previous research, several psychological interventions effectively improve feelings of loneliness, negative body image, and sensitivity to rejection in women applying for cosmetic surgery. Women who are constantly concerned about their appearance in their community create a culture about appearance that is reinforced and modeled by the norms and expectations in society. These experiences shape and reflect individual behaviors and attitudes about their body image and that of others. Dissatisfaction caused by this inconsistency leads to high depression, anxiety, and low self–esteem, ultimately damaging the person's mental health. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and therapy based on self–compassion on feelings of loneliness, negative body image and sensitivity to rejection in women applying for cosmetic surgery.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design, two experimental and one control group. The statistical population included all women who referred to cosmetic clinics for cosmetic surgery in Tehran in 2019, and 45 women (3 groups of 15) were selected as a research sample using the available sampling method and by simple random method in Two intervention groups of schema therapy and therapy based on self–compassion and a control group were divided. First, the meeting announcement and initial registration conditions were informed to the clients, and then through the preliminary interview, women applying for cosmetic surgery were selected (according to the entry and exit criteria). The criteria for participating in the study included the desire to perform cosmetic surgery, having at least a diploma, being in the age range of 25–45 years, a history of performing at least two cosmetic procedures, informed consent of the subject to participate in the research, and obtaining written consent. Exclusion criteria are having mental disorders requiring immediate treatment (such as psychotic symptoms and substance dependence) and severe physical, motor and sensory disorders, absence of subjects for more than two sessions in training sessions, receiving any other type of training by the subjects during the intervention period and receiving any drug treatment. Moreover, psychotherapy was in the intervention period. For one experimental group, schema therapy training was implemented during eight weekly two–hour sessions; for the other experimental group, therapy based on self–compassion was implemented during eight weekly two–hour sessions. Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (Cash, 1990), UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1978) and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey and Feldman, 1996) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and statistical software SPSS version 22. The significance level for all tests was 0.05. The research data analysis was done on two levels of descriptive statistics (prevalence, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics using analysis of variance, chi–square test, analysis of covariance, and post hoc Bonferroni test by SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that after removing the effect of the pre–test, there was a significant difference between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the post–test in the variables of feelings of loneliness (p=0.002), negative body image (p=0.005) and sensitivity to rejection (p=0.005). Therapy based on self–compassion was more effective in reducing sensitivity to rejection compared to schema therapy (p=0.017); However, no significant difference was observed in the variables of feeling of loneliness (p=0.635) and negative body image (p=0.404) between the two treatment methods.

According to the results of the research, there is no significant difference in improving the feeling of loneliness and negative body image between the two interventions of schema therapy and therapy based on self–compassion; But in the variable of sensitivity to rejection, the effectiveness of therapy based on self–compassion is more than schema therapy.

Considering the chronicity and long duration of multiple sclerosis and the importance of self-criticism and fatigue in these patients, the need to pay attention to the use of cognitive behavioral therapy and its third generation in these patients has been neglected. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral training based on fatigue and cognitive self-compassion on the dimensions of fatigue and self-criticism in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a post-test and follow-up design (2 months). Subjects with an age range of 20-40 years and with a scale of physical disability (EDSS) one to 5.5 and targeted sampling and voluntarily selected and randomly divided into experimental groups and evidence of division Were. Both groups answered the fatigue Impact scale (1994), Thompson & Zuroff (2004) in the pre-test-post-test and 2-month follow-up. The collected data were analyzed using mixed analysis of covariance with repeated measures.

The results of analysis of covariance mixed with repeated measures showed that cognitive and behavioral training based on fatigue and cognitive self-compassion are effective on the dimensions of fatigue and self-criticism in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, the effects of the intervention were maintained after 2 months of follow-up on the reduction of fatigue and self-critical scores.

Based on the results of this study, cognitive-behavioral training based on fatigue and cognitive self-compassion can be used along with drug interventions to reduce fatigue and self-criticism of multiple sclerosis patients in medical centers.

A numerical study is executed to analyze the steady-state heatlines visualization, fluid flow, and heat transfer inside a square enclosure with the presence of the magnetic field. The enclosure is divided into three layers, the right and left layers are filled with (Cu-Water) nanofluid while the center layer is sinusoidal porous and filled with the same nanofluid. Constant hot and cold temperature is applied to the right and left walls, respectively, the top and bottom walls are adiabatic. Galerkin finite element approach based on weak formulation is applied to solve the governing equations. The parameters studied are the number of undulation (N=1, 2 and 3), Rayleigh number (103≤Ra≤106), Darcy number (10-5≤Da≤10-1), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤100) and volume fraction (0≤φ≤0.06). Three cases were provided depending on the number of undulations of the porous medium layer. The results obtained that the absolute value of the maximum stream function decreases with the increase of the Hartmann number and the decrease of the Darcy number for all three cases of the wavy porous layer. Heatlines and isothermal lines increase as the Darcy number is increased. The average Nusselt number grows by increasing the Rayleigh number and decreasing the Hartmann number. The enhancement of heat transfer occurred for case (2) as the Darcy number increased at a constant Ra=105, Ha=40. Also, It can be concluded that there was an excellent agreement between this study and those of Hamida and Charrada, by an approximately maximum absolute error of 2.062%.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic and debilitating neurological disorders in which patients have low sense of security and low self-efficacy due to physical disabilities. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and process model of emotion regulation on the self-efficacy of patients with MS.

The present study was a quasi-experimental type with pretest-posttest design and follow-up. Twenty patients (with medical records in the Tehran MS Association in 2020) were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The training groups underwent CBT or process model of emotion regulation for three months, but the control group was placed on a waiting list. Self-efficacy was measured by Sherer's Self-Efficacy Scale before, after, and three months after the intervention. At the end, the data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that two methods of CBT and process model of emotion regulation increased the patients' self-efficacy (p<0.01). Tukey post hoc test showed that process model of emotion regulation had a higher mean compared to CBT in both post-test and follow-up stages, which was not significant at 95% confidence level.

It can be concluded that both CBT and process model of emotion regulation are effective in improving the self-efficacy of patients with MS, and both approaches can be used to reduce the psychological problems in such patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing in the world. Due to the reciprocal effects of psychological conditions with the severity and recurrence of the MS, it is important to choose the appropriate treatment approach. The aim of study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of gestalt therapy (GT), behavioral activation (BA) and placebo on depression in women with (RR-MS).

This clinical trial study was done on 60 women with (RRMS) who referred to MS clinic of Tehran’s Rasool Hospital in 2019-2020. The participants were randomly allocated to four groups including GT, BA, placebo and control. GT and BA groups received eight 90-minute sessions of psychotherapy once a week. placebo group used 250 mg rice flour capsules once a day. The control group did not receive any intervention. All groups fulfilled the Beck depression inventory (1996) in the pre-test, posttest and follow-up stages. Data was analyzed using SPSS-25 and repeated measures analysis of variance method .

The implementation of GT and BA compared to placebo and control led to reduction in depression scores in the post-test and follow-up stages (p<0.05). While GT and BA did not have a significant difference.

GT and BA were effective in reduction depression in women with RR-MS and did not differ from each other. Placebo had no effect on reducing the depression of these women.

Infertility, as a cause of psychological stress, can lead to a crisis in patients. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior training on health-promoting behaviors and the quality of life of infertile women.

This was a semi-experimental study with pretest, post-test, and follow-up designsand a control group. The statistical population included 30 infertile women selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 6 sessions of 90 minutes of the theory of planned behavior training. Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile and WHOQOL-BREF quality of life were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA using SPSS-22.

Theresults showed that the theory of planned behavior training significantly improves health-promoting behaviors (P<0.001) and quality of life (P<0.0001) in infertile women.

It can be concluded that the theory of planned behavior training can improve health-promoting behaviors and quality of life in infertile women by changing their attitudes and cognition.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the leve of effectiveness of pre-marriage educational- psychological package (Olson's model) on problem-solving styles of couples applying for marriage.

The research method is quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. The statistical population of the research includes people who referred to health and treatment centers for pre-marital counseling in Tehran, who applied for marriage in the first half of 2020. Ten centers were randomly selected and taking into account the possibility of dropping subjects, 20 people from each center (10 couples) were selected. The instrument of data collection was Cassidy and Long's problem solving style questionnaire (1996). Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

The results indicated that the educational-psychological package before marriage has an effect on increasing problem-solving styles (self-confidence in solving the problem, avoiding the problem/closeness to the problem method and personal control) of couples applying for marriage, and this effect is stable in the follow-up phase.

According to the results of the research, this psychological training package could be used to strengthen the problem solving skills of couples.