فهرست مطالب mohammad reza khatibi

Neo-urbanism has been formed as a new approach to urban designing and planning in criticism of contemporary urban planning, which has a scattered, inhuman, machine-like pattern urban regeneration is the concept of revitalization and urban renewal and is a subject with physical and non-physical dimensions that also includes social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, in urban regeneration and endogenous development of worn-out textures, the effort is to create balance and harmony between the foundations of social life in these textures by using people's social dynamics and their participation. This research aims to formulate a regeneration model based on socio-cultural dimensions and indicators in neo-urbanism. The research method in this research is based on the fundamental-developmental goal and based on the nature of descriptive-analytical methods. The required information has been collected using the library resources of scientific centers such as universities, organizations, institutes, and research centers, the Internet, the results of censuses and official information of relevant departments and organizations, field investigations and questionnaire data, and interviews with people and local officials and observation according to the dominant theory of neo-urbanism. This research calculates information resources using the SWOT table method, content analysis, and SPSS software through Cochran's formula. In the current research, three social-cultural, physical-infrastructural, and economic-institutional dimensions and their indicators were identified in the reconstruction of worn-out fabric with the perspective of urban renewal based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that Isfahan Region 7 is in an unfavorable situation in terms of the indicators of the effect of the residents of the neighborhoods on the growth and improvement of the desirable quality of life, the suitable security of the neighborhoods for the movement of citizens in a stable condition, and the index of the relationship between the citizens and the residents of the neighborhoods with local institutions (such as municipalities). As a result, social participation is one of the factors in realizing urban regeneration. This category in the current research has been taken into consideration by the research experts in the index (low level of social participation at the neighborhood level), which shows that the research results are aligned with the previous research.

The development of the city to produce urban spaces and both are intertwined with the issue of power. Power structures and processes often lead to the gradual elimination of disorganized groups and interests in favor of organized and resource-dominated groups and interests. The pressure of the powers that be is problematic and the vacuum of the powers that are not causes imbalances in society. Analyzing these power relations helps urban decision-makers to find better solutions to urban problems.

The actors of the production of the desired urban space have been identified through semi-structured interviews with the method of snowball sampling to reach the experts of the target community of the research, as well as frequent field observations and documentary review to complete and verify. Then, the power relations between these actors were measured and analyzed through the flow analysis method using Ucinet software and the power of the actors was measured and analyzed through the interaction analysis method using MicMac software.

Geographical area of research:

The study area is a unique and highly populated urban space of Abbasabad lands with an area of 554 hectares is located in the central part of Tehran metropolis.

The output of software analysis and analysis of the results obtained a level of communication and power of actors in the production of urban space in Abbasabad, which showed that there is no balance in the power of actors and citizens are at the lowest level of influence and role and influence in none They did not participate in the preparation, approval and implementation of the plan, and the independent private sector is not present in this process..

Among the innovations of this research: 1- Using two softwares, MacMac and Ucinet, to identify and analyze the power of urban space production actors in a study sample. 2- In the field of developing the existing knowledge in urban planning, in order to make the production of urban spaces more citizen-oriented, using the latest ideas of thinkers in the field of urban planning and power, proposing the "government-space-people" model and forming a "public institution of spacemen" Urban "(executive-operational) and the presentation of the PIUS theory is proposed.

urban morphology has different functions in various fields such as heritage and tourism. By the aid of this knowledge there will be more accurate study in urban fabrics of cities specially in historical urban fabric of cities. So it will be better to discuss about how to interrupt and improve the historical urban fabric.

surveying urban morphology knowledge and its attitudes which are three schools (British school , Italian school and French school) and integrated one which is ISUF and how to use the urban morphology knowledge for better and more systematic analysis of urban fabric specially in heritage and tourism fields to lead a better decision making to interrupt in urban fabric of cities.

In this research the Conzenian method have been used. This method is acceptable for most of attitudes of urban morphology. In this method the elements of the form of city are four elements: the natural context, the streets system, the plots system, the buildings system. The historical urban fabric of Qazvin city has been studied by these four elements to find the features of it. 

By surveying the historical urban fabric of Qazvin city according the four elements of city form it was concluded that using this way is very effective to find out the characteristics of city more clearly.

The paper concluded that in surveying the urban morphology knowledge and choosing British method as the common method among the urban morphology schools can be an effective way for better and more clear identification of the features of urban fabric.

How to produce urban spaces and discover what has happened in this process over time makes the type of space production transparent and allows for better planning and management and filling gaps through existing potentials.The purpose of this study is to present a model of urban space production of Abbasabad lands of Tehran metropolis with a magnifying glass of actors and current power relations between them.The methodological approach of this research is qualitative approach. The sampling method is based on the chain method. In order to increase the reliability of quality data, a period of twelve months and individuals in three different executive, scientific and scientific-executive areas related to the production of Abbasabad space were collected. Responsive validation technique has also been used to increase the reliability of quality data. The innovation of this research is the development of a theoretical model of producing a unique urban space with grounded theory and qualitative analysis with Atlasti software.Findings show that the algorithm or model of presence, position and relationships of urbanspace production actors in Abbasabad lands, in a linear-hierarchical manner between government institutions (including government and government institutions and urban management) And the private sector under the banner of the public sector is underway. In the production of this space, there was no mechanism for citizen participation and under the fundamental influence of the system of governance of urban management , the multiplicity of responsible and decision-making institutions and the invasion of interests by various groups in government and governance has led to the prevention of citizens' right to the city which can only be solved by creating integrated management and unit ownership.

The biophilic approach, a subset of sustainability, is considered the most comprehensive approach to nature; also, the components affecting the biophilic model in Maharlu Lake tourism are access to water zones, leisure time spent in green spaces, and per capita green spaces, which can contribute to the biophilic model development. This study investigated the indicators of biophilic urban development to promote the quality of life. This study is applied in terms of purpose and falls under descriptive-analytical and exploratory research in terms of nature. To gather data, we used documentary and survey methods. The data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, interviews, and in-depth observation. The sample of this study consisted of tourists visiting Maharlu Lake, ordinary people, and experts.The most effective components affecting the biophilic model of Maharlu lake tourism were access to water zones, leisure time spent in green spaces, and per capita green spaces, respectively. Of all dimensions affecting development, structural, managerial, and social-cultural dimensions had the most effect on the biophilic model of Maharlu lake tourism.

This research seeks to answer what process should be done for a comprehensive analysis and study of producing urban space. The research method of the present study is influenced by the qualitative nature of the research question and to explain a conceptual framework. It has been prepared based on the analytical-descriptive method and sources. Data collection was done by documentary and library methods, and a three-step process was performed. In the first stage, document analysis and direct observation of urban spaces and review of some of the latest research and global experiences of urban space production have been used, which makes the reliability and validity of the research guaranteed by triangulation of evidence sources. In the second stage, an analytical framework related to producing and reproducing urban space, which includes four general layers, has been developed by summarizing and analyzing them. Then, in the third stage, the sub-layers of this framework with emphasis on power relations (influence) of related actors have been refined, and the proposed model of space production has been developed. The production and reproduction of space in the city consist of 4 layers. These four stages must be examined to study the production or reproduction of a specific area. 1-Geographical context (natural context), 2-Time, 3-Formal urban planning system, 4-Social organization or networks of actors (or stakeholders). In this study, a model for studying the production of different urban spaces has been proposed from the collection of findings and analyses.

Urban cohesion has always been one of the most basic structural qualities and one of the central principles and concepts in cities. Urban structure of a metropolitan area of Karaj, with many problems in the field of participation, growth of informal housing, managerial, physical, irregular growth of the city, lack of coherent and efficient planning, inequality of income distribution, social harms, inadequate distribution of urban services, environmental and political problems Are facing the performance of urban management, etc .; Therefore, paying attention to the space and body of the city and finding solutions to get out of the current situation and how to integrate into the body of the city and how to control and guide the city from different aspects is of special necessity and importance. The present study has been compiled with the aim of investigating and evaluating the causal components in integrating the body of the city of region one of Karaj municipality. The descriptiveanalytical method used is based on documentary-survey sources. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. Factors affecting physical cohesion were examined in the form of management structure, participation and physical. Based on DI-RI values in the physical part, the sociability index of urban spaces is the most effective criterion and uniform views are the most effective criterion; In the participatory part of the index, the compliance of decisions, programs and activities of city managers with the wishes and needs of the people is one of the most effective and increase public participation through their material and spiritual uses and use of positive empowerment of citizens' facilities for environmental and functional diversity. Criteria and finally the management part of the index of organizing the abandoned tissues within the central tissues of cities and density sales have been identified as effective and efficient criteria, respectively.

Planning regardless of the different dimensions of the urban entrances, has caused the aggregation incompatible land uses, scattered and worthless buildings, widespread and soulless streets in the main city entrance axes. Since the urban entrance is the first urban space that people deal with and creates the first image of a city among residents and newcomers; therefore, attention to the user preferences of the urban entrance spaces and its qualities with emphasis on environmental criteria is very important and needs to be regulated. Considering the capacity of the traditional gardens around the eastern entrance of Qazvin and the visual significance of the city entrance axis, this research, is specifically looking at the effects of environmental criteria on the users’ selection and preference of the city entrance axis. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical nature with matter of survey.

In this present study, 30 expert questionnaires were distributed in urban organizations and finally, by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), overall criteria and sub-criteria were weighted and prioritized.

The results show that the most important criteria in terms of urban experts in order to increase the users’ preferences from the urban entrance spaces is related to Readability criterion. Subsequently, the Vitality, Sense of invitation, Individuation, and Environmental Health criteria are respectively in the users’ preferences of the urban entrance spaces.

The status of each qualitative criteria of user preferences from entrance space in traditional gardens of the eastern entrance of the Qazvin has been surveyed and finally, some suggestions have been made to improve the quality of entrance through entrance sequences.

Urban space production is a complex concept that has been studied by different thinkers from different angles. Power is one of the main factors influencing the production of urban spaces. This research seeks to determine the criteria and indicators and provide a method for measuring the power of actors    in the production of urban spaces.

The present study is fundamental according to the purpose of the research and descriptive-exploratory according to the research question. Documentary and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Sampling was performed using snowball method to reach the subject experts. Analytic Network Process (ANP) and SuperDecision software were used to analyze the data.

In this research, a community of urban planning experts and officials and executive experts in the public, semi-public and private sectors (including 30 people) has been conducted.

Criteria and indicators for measuring the power of urban space production actors have been identified and by analyzing the network, the weight of each has been obtained and a method for measuring the power of actors in the form of a scoring table has been developed.

This study was conducted in order to develop the methodology of power relations analysis of urban space production actors. According to the obtained results, the criterion of “access to power resources”, has the highest weight among the criteria of power of actors, and the criteria of “influence in space” and the “degree of participation and presence in space” are in the next category of importance.

The world is getting closer, thanks to major innovations in the field of communication, information exchange and access, the possibility of more exchanges of cities and countries. Accordingly, the cities of world can create networks, organizations and independent organizations to benefit from each other's knowledge and experience, which is possible through urban diplomacy. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of urban diplomacy with regard to globalization capacities in Tehran. The research method was qualitative and after analyzing the qualitative content and coding with a questionnaire of 80 university experts and city managers as well as interviews with 20 experts, the indicators were extracted and screened. These comments were entered in the 2020 MAXQDA software. At first, free coding was done in the form of scattered concepts considered by experts. The results of this analysis have been done in three stages including free coding, axial coding and finally selective coding.

Even though the dearth of water has long been a permanent challenge in Iran, a large majority of Iranian cities have managed to survive by harvesting underground water through the Qanat system. All these cities share some special features in terms of urban morphology and their traditional water infrastructures have influenced their urban texture to a large extent. Of these cities, the historic city of Qazvin has been selected as a case study.
Research

This study attempts to examine the contribution of water to urban morphological elements. Since water as a natural element of the urban context determines urban forms (street, plot and building systems), this study seeks to identify such effects on these systems.
Research

The historic city of Qazvin was selected as the research site. Data related to the elements of the urban form of this city in the Qajar era were collected through field observation and interviews with old citizens of Qazvin and experts. Also, relevant documents were examined and analyzed. For data analysis, related software programs were used.

Examining the presence of water in four elements of urban forms shows that water as an independent factor has had a large effect on urban morphology. It mainly affects street systems but this effect for building systems was much lesser. However, this effect on the plot systems has been very slight. Overlooking this effect while carrying out intervention in the historic urban texture might lead to some misunderstanding and result in an incorrect decision in the historic urban texture.

One of the prominent features of rural textures, is its organicness. Organic rural texture does not mean that there is no established plan for the physical growth of the village, but that it has been foreseen and means the growth and development of each village based on the specific social, economic and climatic characteristics of the village. Currently, due to the irregular construction, the local landscape of the villages is threatened and the specific rural peace and identity is disturbed. The purpose of this research is to improve the resilience of villages that have suffered from instability in various fields and systems in recent decades due to their mere attention to physical issues. The purpose of the research in this article is practical in purpose, because it intends to solve a particular problem and has local character. On the other hand, the research method is descriptive in nature and method. Accordingly, Rajai Dasht and Falar villages in the western Alamut area of Qazvin will be studied as a case study in this study. The results indicate that if the development proposals of each village are presented based on the socio-cultural, economic and environmental components specific to that village, Also in the landfill site, attention is paid to environmental factors and the organic texture of the village, and attention to the indigenous items and materials of the village in the part of building construction and its physical aspects, is the basis of action, considering the stability of the texture.

Today, level of knowledge and awareness is one of the most effective factors in promoting the level of citizens' participation in different activities. Comprehensive, universal, and lifelong learning are concepts to be realized in a place that is commonly interpreted as a learning city. In this study, the dimensions and components of a learning city were firstly identified through examining the documentary sources and subsequently these dimensions and components were completed. Accordingly, three dimensions of the learning city, namely the context, space, and domain of learning, were worked out and through descriptive-analytic method and elite survey, the most important elements of each dimension were identified. In the next step, using a survey of 360 persons from the statistical population selected from the citizens of Qazvin the city, the relationship between these components and these citizens' social, economic, and scientific participation was examined. Using the Tao B. Kendall correlation test and SPSS software, our findings showed that there is a significant relationship between the two variables. These findings also indicated that social participation has a significant relationship with formal education, physical-psychological and political-institutional and economic contexts and learning contexts while economic participation has such a relationship with formal education, cultural and political-institutional contexts and lifelong learning. Also, scientific participation is significantly associated only with formal education and cultural, technological, and physical-psychological contexts.

The learning city has been a new concept aimed at the mobilization of the resources for the learning of all the citizens throughout their lives and in all places to promote the individual and economic development, and the social cohesion. This concept has various dimensions and components, extracted by the researchers and institutions. In this research, the dimensions and indicators of the learning city from the viewpoint of the Canadian Council for Learning, the European Commission and the UNESCO Institute of Lifelong Learning, with emphasis on the concept of the lifelong learning would be investigated. It was a descriptive-analytic research. The research sample included 20 formal education experts and the University professors at the study area of Qazvin city. The final learning city components in five dimensions, including »the formal education system«, »learning in the communities and families«, »learning at work«, »technology and the learning quality« and »the learning culture« have been extracted and analyzed using AHP analysis method and the priorities have been identified in each dimension. The results showed that the most important dimensions of the learning city are the formal learning and learning in the communities and families. Accordingly, the most important components of the learning city are: »the extension of the formal education«, »the use of the trained educators«, »support for the education of the disadvantaged groups«, »encouraging the continuous learning in the family and society« and »learning through the media and cultures« which can be prioritized according to our country's conditions to achieve the learning city.

The expansion of the state apparatus in the Sassanid period and the significant increase in the number of teachers did not reduce the prohibition of mass participation in higher education and science education centers, and it was rarely possible for an individual to exceed the limits and limits of the class system, and to a class other than the class Self Improvement.
It was as if there were pre-schools in the fireplaces located in the city's neighborhoods. And these elementary schools seem to be the center of elementary education (Sultanzadeh, 1364). There is no information available on the class status of the inhabitants of these neighborhoods, and the materials and materials that were used by the children in these elementary schools.
After Islam, education was removed from the monopoly of the privileged classes, and the possibility of studying secondary and higher education was more or less available to many. The sciences such as medicine and astronomy were still concentrated in centers like Jundishapur, but religious science was taught in the early centuries in mosques and scholars' homes.
Gradually, along with the development of religious sciences and the prolongation of their education and the need for resettlement, the foundations for the emergence of schools were provided. The location of these schools was mostly around, mosques, markets, residential neighborhoods, and sometimes squares and main streets or streets. The method of doing this research is a historical research as well as a descriptive-analytical method. Content analysis method has been used in descriptive research method. The method of data collection has been used through library and documentary studies, and in the studied samples (Qazvin and Isfahan), the places of the establishment of the schools of theology are discussed. The functional and social role of the city as well as the attention to religious phenomena, independent variables and the way schools are established, is the dependent variable of this research. Result and Discussion: According to studies conducted by the religious and religious schools in cities near the Jami Mosque, there were some markets, inside the neighborhoods, and sometimes around the streets or squares. The point to consider is that schools are considered as one of the most important elements in the spatial structure of Islamic cities, either directly with other important functions such as the mosque or the core of the city's core market, or through the intermediary The endowments of the lords and elders of the city were formed inside the neighborhoods. By examining case studies, it was concluded that most religious and religious schools in Isfahan were formed during the Safavid period of the market and bazaar of Isfahan, while the religious schools of Qazvin during the Qajar period were mainly in the neighborhood and adjacent to the main streets of the city of Settlement they have found. Historical data show that, as a rule, in large cities and capitals, on the one hand, worldly and cultural investments could well be done in the development of religious sciences and the socio-historical conditions were such that the education of a large number of religious schools required a great deal, then a significant number of religues schools was built, which was first deployed in or near by its proximity to the central mosque. And in the second place, partly due to the fact that the school was a public and masculine space, it was part of the marketplace. In the third place, because some of the scholars, or the lords and the Rijal of the city who wanted to build a school, would prefer to act in their own neighborhood. To some extent, they have contributed to the development of their neighborhood, a number of schools in residential neighborhoods, along with the main ways of the neighborhood and points close to the market and far from the inner passage of the neighborhood, which are examples of them In the text of the research, as well as in some cases, a number of schools were set up next to or near the city streets or streets that were the direct route.
In this research, two cities have been considered as different from the historical-social aspect and the function-demographic in different conditions, and as a result of the location of the religues schools were different. First of all, Esfahan, which twice as a populated city, the capital and an important political administrative center in the country, and in which there were many schools in it, was the first time of the Seljuk period, in which there were religious conflicts between Islamic sects. And the second Safavid period, in which these conflicts existed between religious groups inside and outside of Iran, and in both cases, it was necessary to educate the number of students and build schools. Of course, the place of the establishment of schools in the Seljuk period is not easy due to the historic distance and urban transformation, but the location of the Safavid period schools has been investigated. But despite the fact that in the era of Shah Tahmasb and his successor for nearly half a century the city of Qazvin, the city of Qazvin has not yet developed historically, socially and demographically to a single point, and the most important center of religious phenomena and training Religiousness could play a role and, as a result, at that time, a large number of schools were not built.
But during the Qajar period, due to the transfer of the capital to Tehran, it became a relatively minor city; on the other hand, the government and the Rijal of the Qajar period seemed to have a slightly different religious ideals than the Safavid period. As a result, a number of mosques-schools were built in Tehran and in other cities such as Qazvin, many of them along the main roads of residential neighborhoods. In addition, it is necessary to add to the movement of the old Qazvin bazaar due to the relocation of the city's administrative and administrative center and the formation of a new market for the establishment of the schools.

City is the greatest symbol of human civilization and has been built for safety and comfort. However, uncontrolled urban growth regardless of urban patterns caused some anonymous and unsightly images of the cities and also increasing expansion of cities made urban entranceindustrial applications and irrelevant with this rapid development in its placeand does not have any spacial sequence with urban identity. Accordingly, this space became one of the most meaningless parts of the cities. This issue has an important impact on concepts such as Urban Identity, Urban Morphology, social and ecological aspects of cities. Thus, sustainable development tries to solve these irregularities from Human life. The aim of this investigation is the identification and evaluation of principles and aspects of sustainable development on city entrances identifying the concept, with a focus on urban landuse beside the project with approaches in urban lost spaces, then with preservation of environmental quality, mixed urban land use, tries to respond human needs for making good role for urban identity. The case study of this article is the entrance of Gorgan city, and the method of this research is   Descriptive and analytical.

Cough is a common complication after anesthesia can lead to serious complications. This study carried out to evaluate the effect of intravenous and intra-cuff hydrocortisone on the severity of cough after anesthesia using endotracheal tube.
In this RCT study, 135 patients with distal limb were selected and randomly assigned in A, B and C group. After intubation, in group A, 100 mg diluted hydrocortisone is injected IV in group B, endotracheal tube cuff is filled with 100 mg hydrocortisone and for group C, cuff is filled by 5-10 ml distilled water. Frequency and severity of cough using VAS at 2, 6 and 24 hours after anesthesia were measured.
No significant difference revealed in the frequency of cough at 2, 6 and 24 hours after anesthesia in all three groups (P>0.05). In the group hydrocortisone intravenously, at 2 and 6 hours after anesthesia, equal frequency of cough (4.35%) and at 24 hours after anesthesia, reducing the frequency of cough (2.17%), compared with the control group, was observed. In the hydrocortisone group, at 2 hours after anesthesia, in the experimental group (6.67%) compared to control (6.82%) decreased frequency of cough and at 6 hours after anesthesia in experimental group (8.83%) compared to control (4.55%), increasing in frequency of cough and at 24 hours after anesthesia, the same frequency of cough (0%) was observed.
Using intravenous hydrocortisone instead of intra-cuff hydrocortisone to reduce the frequency of cough after intubation and further studies in this area is recommended.

Quality of life is an important indicator for the assessment of individual health, decision-making, and passing judgment on the overall health of the community.
This study aimed at comparing the quality of life among fertile and infertile women and the factors affecting it.
In this cross-sectional study, the quality of life of 511 infertile women and 1017 fertile women was assessed using the Persian Version of SF36 quality of life questionnaire in 2013. To examine the relationship between demographic variables and quality of life, chi-square test and analysis of variance were used. The relationship between the factors affecting the quality of life was evaluated using multiple regressions.
Almost 10.1% of the participants reported low and very low quality of life, 38.6% reported average, and 51.3% reported good or very good quality of life. No significant difference was observed in the level of quality of life in fertile and infertile women (P = 0.8). The subscale mean scores of physical functioning and physical role limitation were significantly lower, and the mean scores of mental health and general health were higher in the fertile women than in the infertile.
The results of the present study revealed that infertile women had significantly lower mean scores in the subscales of mental health and general health than the fertile women.

Identifying and modifying factors such as inadequate dialysis and consequently disability and mortality that may influence hemodialysis patient's quality of life can cause more appropriate level of health in these patients. This study is done with the aim of "determining relationship of quality of life with dialysis adequacy and laboratory parameters in hemodialysis patients". In this cross-sectional study, 99 hemodialysis patients were investigated through convenient sampling in 2013. The tools of the study included: quality of life questionnaire specialized to dialysis patients, KT/V for determining dialysis adequacy and albumin, Hemoglobin, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), creatinine, Bilirubin, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium and Phosphorus laboratory parameters. After collecting data, the relationship between them was determined. SPSS16 software, Pearson correlation and ANOVA statistical tests were used for data analysis. quality of life and dialysis adequacy of the subjects of the study were not in an appropriate level. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between quality of life and dialysis adequacy. Also there was a significant statistical correlation between the score of quality of life and albumin, hemoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine, potassium, calcium and phosphorus parameters (p<0.05). But there was no significant correlation between FBS and Sodium with the score of quality of life. more appropriate level of quality of life can be achieved for these patients through planning and implementing nursing interventions regarding increase of dialysis adequacy and improvement of some parameters.

Information and communication technology (ICT) has become a major development axis of the third millennium. A city changes due to the evolution of the urban space and emergence of the underlying concept of the new ICT. Important achievements of this era are more than its means (Internet، GPS and…). E-City provides the possibility of combining reality and cyberspace and makes being present beyond the time and space possible. Therefore، the city space which depends on physical and non-physical space and culture will change because of the new technology. Hence، realizing the necessity of the effect of E-City could be clearly seen in Iran as a new and efficient topic in urban areas. “Electronic City” is a term that still has no clear definition. Many local، municipal and central governments around the world، after being introduced to the discussions of the “information society summit”، are holding “regional summit. They have started moving toward the realization of E-City with the guidance and support of the “United Nations”. Each country implementing parts of it has on its agenda to finally realize the global determination to achieve “E-City”، “Information City” and the “Information society”. The term “E-City” has been around for less than a decade. The leading countries in ICT speak of the concept of new electronic services and optimum use of computer and internet. Of course، experts say that such concept appeared during the late 70’s when the theory of “intelligent systems” was introduced for the first time. It became more formal with the advent of electronic services in the late 80’s. But the reality is that using computer services is not the only key for improving E-Cities. Today، urban science theorists have concluded that the new definition for “city” must be provided، i. e.، city can’t be called a city without having communication technology and information standards. Urban theorists believe that if science wants to talk about this theory today، it should new criterion collection indices which separate the city from the other units such as village that certainly has an added element called “communication”. Mastery of computer in our lives today is associated with the information and communication technology. This is changing a major part of the basic human beliefs about the urban life. On one hand، ICT offers a new solution for the permanent conflict existing between the mankind’s need to “be together and create a society” and “the need to have privacy of undertaking various activities” using different spaces and places” on the other hand. Today، ICT is an inevitable reality affecting all areas of human life، especially in the urban communities. Fast exchange of information، communication and access to digital resources has added a new dimension to the collective and individual human life. This has led to the emergence of concepts like globalization and the global village which used to be a part of the human spatial limitation and could now be deleted in the framework of a “cyber space”. Experiences of developed countries regarding the effects of teleworking on city and work in urban life show that the amount of official working hours in countries is reducing. Increased hope of life is the direct result of these changes. Furthermore، new opportunities for choosing alternate lifestyles are provided. Development of these opportunities has led to formation of demand for a different mold in the city. Such that people’s longevity and lifespan increasing and less of their time is spent working. Thus the extra free time can be devoted to leisure، cultural development and continuing education. In other words، most of the free time is spent outside the home (spatial interpretation of this change is more need for places allocated to recreational، cultural، educational، artistic and sport activities in city). Furthermore، the houses should be more compatible with the changing needs of the people who have free time to spend at home. At first، homes should be equipped with the latest communication facilities. Secondly، since most of the family activities will be carried out within the home، it is necessary for the form and content of the homes be more diverse and have more quality. Hence، yards and private green spaces are found to be important in the design of the houses. This Research studies the first steps in this way، and tries to introduce a way to further study this category. Furthermore، it considers the status by analyzing the expert opinions on Fardis where a comprehensive plan which provides E-City services is achieved.

Adolescence is one of the most critical periods in human growth during which nutrition plays an effective role. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status of adolescent middle school girls in Shahroud. In this cross-sectional study, 418 middle school girls were selected via a two stage cluster sampling method in 2009. The data were collected through interview and measurement of anthropometric values (BMI). Data collection instruments included a demographic data questionnaire, interview, and 24 hour recall and food frequency. Anthropometric values (BMI) were computed and compared with CDC2000 standards. Comparison of BMI with standard values showed that 12/9%, 12.7% and 1.7% of participants were under and overweight and obese respectively. Moreover, it disclosed that BMI had a significant relationship with family size. The results also showed that 35.4% of participants consumed milk 2-3 times a week and 71.8% of them had between-meals- snack at school and almost half of the students (56.8%) had breakfast. Calcium intake was notably less than standard values. The results showed that there was malnutrition among the participants, so surveillance and providing nutritional services for the members of this age group proved to be necessary.

Accidents are second cause of disabilities and could lead to physical and psycological disorders and even death. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and causes of hospitalization in victims that admitted to emergency department of Imam Hossein hospital in Shahroud. This study is a descriptive analytic and cross-sectional research that has been done on 3027 victims of different accidents referred to emergency department of Imam Hossein hospital in Shahroud. Necessary data were obtained through questionnaire and archived file during one year in hospital.The data was analyzed by using descriptive and analytic statistic methods. Upon to results, from all 3027 victims, 73.7% were male and 26.3% were female. Also, the majority of victims had 15-20 years old and the most of them were married. 42% of accidents were included traffic accidents and from 51.3% of accidents that their placed were determined, 83.4% of them were happened in street and in summer and in September and also in evenfall. In this study, significant correlation have seen between accident type and age, sex, accident place, season and month and accident time (P<0.05). Statistical tests didn,t revealed significant correlation between accident type and accident day (P>0.05). Accidents are preventable and require improving knowledge of people about importance of safety principles during driving and also increasing the safety factor in roads and streets. Effective heath and therapeutic planning in medical and emergency centers is essential for decreasing the rate of mortality from accidents.