mohammadali khosravi

One of the most significant issues related to international migrants is their Collective identity and how they integrate into host societies or tend towards their society of origin, possibly forming separate communities within the host society. This issue has attracted the attention of researchers, intellectuals, and policymakers for several decades, resulting in extensive studies and investigations in different countries. The present study, which addresses the theoretical dimensions of the issue of foreign migrants and relies on some field studies in Iran and globally, pursues two goals: first, to identify the most important identity issues related to international migrants, and second, to examine the factors affecting their collective identity. The main issues are categorized into four dimensions: Historical Contexts, Issues Arising from the Society of Origin, Issues Arising from the Host Society, and Generational Challenges including cultural transmission, identity deficiencies, and globalization. The conclusions of the article are as follows: 1. The behaviors of immigrants in the host country largely arise from their collective and historical identity, 2. Immigrants always struggle with cultural similarities and differences in the host society; 3. Immigration causes gradual changes in the identity of new generations of immigrants; 4. Governments influence the identity of immigrants through the formulation and implementation of immigration, education, and employment policies; and 5. In identity issues, the second and third generations of immigrants are more inclined to accept the culture of the host society than that of the society of origin.

The term dual citizen or dual national refers to an individual who is legally recognized by two countries at the same time. Dual citizenship has been a challenging issue in the Islamic Republic of Iran for many years. The current study aimed to evaluate the existing approaches towards Iranians with dual citizenship, focusing on the principle of state responsibility. Key issues in this context include the implementation of laws concerning Iranian nationals, moral responsibility for providing compensation, fostering hope and preventing feelings of discrimination, building capacity, and looking for international capacities. Additionally, using the experiences of other countries is crucial in fulfilling the state responsibilities towards Iranians abroad and those with dual citizenship.In this respect, the research sought to answer the following questions: What are the existing approaches towards Iranian dual nationals? And what is the state responsibility towards them? The study is based on the hypothesis that the predominance of either a purely threatoriented or purely opportunityoriented perspective over the past few decades, rather than formulating moderate policies that capitalize on opportunities while minimizing threats, has not only complicated the issue of Iranian dual nationals but has also alienated Iranians abroad from their homeland. This has resulted in significant costs to the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, both domestically and globally.

Literature Review:

In his Persianlanguage book titled Citizenship and Dual Citizenship From the Perspective of International Law and Iranian Judicial Procedure (2018), Farahdoost examines the Iranian legal system, particularly its jurisdiction on these issues, and assesses the similarities and differences between international law and Iranian judicial procedure in this respect.Similarly, Boll (2007), in Multiple Nationality and International Law, adopts a political perspective and provides a comprehensive review of governmental practices about dual citizenship in more than 75 countries, including Iran.

While classical approaches to the concepts of citizenship and dual citizenship are based on a hard perspective, the current research adopted an innovative qualitative approach to explore the evolution of major conceptions about citizenship and dual citizenship. To collect the data, the study relied on library resources, including relevant books, articles, and laws. Concerning the theoretical framework, the analysis utilized the concept of state responsibility to provide the necessary groundwork for evaluating the evolution of citizenship and dual citizenship. Concerned with the role of states as the main decisionmakers in both domestic and foreign arenas, the state responsibility encompasses safeguarding national interests and protecting citizens both at home and abroad.

An estimated five to eight million Iranians live abroad, with some holding dual citizenship. At the beginning of the Islamic Revolution of Iran or during the Iran–Iraq War, a group of Iranians emigrated to avoid military service or to secure better education and future prospects for their children. In recent decades, most of them have obtained the citizenship of another country. They significantly differ from those who left Iran for political reasons and obtained citizenship in another country. It is not justified to ban all these individuals from participating in Iran’s political, economic, social, and cultural activities simply due to their dual citizenship.In this respect, there are three perspectives on Iranian dual nationals. First, some believe that dual nationals represent an opportunity rather than a threat to the country. They argue that these individuals should be leveraged for the nation’s benefit. The state must understand their unique conditions and pave the way for using their capacities. In fact, immigration and dual citizenship are common in the age of globalization. The state is obliged to create a favorable economic situation for everyone.When the situation is far from favorable, dual citizenship should not be criticized for economic reasons. Moreover, when the state fails to fulfill its responsibility to create competitiveness among talents, criticizing Iranian dual nationals is unjustified. Some individuals have become dual citizens simply because they were born outside of Iran, and this should not be viewed negatively. The second perspective views dual citizenship as a threat to the country, emphasizing that citizenship and political loyalty to the government are inseparable. According to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, no one has the right to dual citizenship.They argue that it is very difficult for a person to fulfill their duties to two states simultaneously. Adopting a middle stance, the third perspective criticizes the lack of comprehensive and integrated policies, which has resulted in underutilization of the human and financial capital of Iranians abroad. It calls for the development of a systematic and sustainable strategy to create and maintain social capital.Considering the high level of human capital and the educated population in Iran, it is natural for them to seek job opportunities abroad if enough opportunities are not created at home. Iran’s low ranking in competitiveness, as well as in social and political opportunities, contributes to the phenomenon of dual citizenship.

As highlighted by the third perspective, it is the state’s responsibility to pursue and protect the rights of its citizens both domestically and internationally. It is thus essential to create the necessary groundwork for the social and economic engagement of all Iranian dual nationals. This involves building capacity for training skilled and efficient work force, minimizing threats, and increasing opportunities in the international arena. Balancing the negative and positive views of officials, fostering trust between the government and dual nationals, and learning from the experiences of other countries can provide a solid foundation for coherent and effective policymaking.This approach can help develop an optimal model for addressing the challenges faced by Iranian dual nationals and leveraging their potential to secure national interests.The initial steps toward this goal include issuing national identity cards to Iranians abroad regardless of their dual citizenship status, establishing electronic systems to answer their inquiries, and developing an automated system to inform and reassure those planning to visit Iran. A crucial step is dispelling the perception among dual nationals that they might be detained if they travel to Iran and used as political leverage against Western countries. Additionally, formulating a strategic and comprehensive policy to address the issues faced by dual nationals represents a key final step in achieving this objective. These measures will help fulfill the state’s responsibilities toward its dual nationals.

The aim of the current research is to investigate the position of NGOs in improving the economic, political and social conditions of citizens in Tehran Municipality between 2010 and 2018. The statistical population of this research is the managers and senior experts of the 22 districts of Tehran and their related 121 districts, of which 220 people including the mayors of each district and its districts and senior managers will be selected as a statistical sample in the order of position priority. The required information was also collected through a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed, and the results were obtained based on Friedman's test, quadratic factor analysis method, and using SPSS and Lisrel software. The obtained results indicate a significant difference in the components of urban management and confirm NGOs' role in improving urban management (urban social sciences, urban economics and urban politics) in Tehran Municipality from 2018 to 2019. Based on the Friedman test, the significant difference in the components has been investigated. The result of the ranking shows that the urban economy component has the highest rank and is the component in which NGOs play a more effective role. Finally, after performing the exploratory factor analysis, the fitting of the model and second-degree confirmatory analysis were done, the findings of which show that NGOs played an influential role in the component of social sciences, urban economy and urban policy improvement in Tehran Municipality between 2010 and 2018. has it. The main role of NGOs is related to the urban economy component. Considering that providing citizens' needs, and providing welfare services, are basically infrastructures that are established by municipalities. All of them ultimately lead to the dynamism of the city's economy and the improvement of the citizens' well-being.

The strong presence of the government in the economy will cause the exit of the private sector. which will lead to inefficient and non-optimal allocation of resources and as a result reduce economic efficiency. The government should intervene in the economy when the market mechanism alone is not able to optimally allocate resources and create efficiency in the economy and balance in employment. What is the pathology of the government's interventions in economic policy-making according to the fourth and fifth plans of economic development? The findings of the research state; The absence of a long-term policy system and the political elite's lack of belief in a structured and targeted policy system has provided the space for government intervention in Iran's economy. Therefore, in this research, in order to explain the research hypothesis from the point of view of neoliberalism, we examine the development goals of the fourth and fifth economic development programs in order to show that the government's interventions in the economy have caused the development goals not to be realized. To collect data from field studies, sources library and internet have been used.

In the years after the military occupation by America, Iraq has faced signs of crisis, security instability and chaos. The main challenge of the Iraq’s government can be considered the use of democratic government building mechanisms. Any democratic government formation in Iraq can have an impact on the country's security policy. Based on such an idea, the process and nature of the government's policy-making in Iraq has a decisive role in political decision-making and its structural formation. State building will be the main axis of political and structural decision making in Iraq. Any political development in Iraq will be directly related to the type of political structure of the country. Iraq's social, economic and strategic policy-making will not have much meaning without considering the nature of the government. It is for this reason that the construction of the government will have a direct relationship with the pattern of its political behavior. Democratic state building can be explained based on different approaches. The main question of the article is that "security and strategic politics of Iraq are achieved under the influence of what factors?" The hypothesis of the article refers to the fact that "the political structure of the Iraq’s government will have a direct relationship with the country's social, economic and security policies." In the preparation of the article, the "theory of structural state building in chaotic countries" is used. The explanation of the article is based on the method of data analysis and content analysis.

The subject is to identify and explain the effective factors in the policies of the Iranian diplomatic system in the disputes between them.The researcher intends to answer the question that what are the effective factors in the strategies of the Iranian diplomatic towards Saudi and how can it be evaluated.The researcher mainly tries to investigate the key factors causing tension from two perspectives,referring to documents and interviewing experts in this field, i.e. political science, in order to achieve key indicators with the help of phenomenological method.This research emphasizes on two main references to understand the tension factors.First:the paradigm governing the country's political behavior and diplomacy and second:the spatial behavior and pattern of Saudi political thinking in the region.The research method in this research is explanatory,with the help of Claizi's method,to explain and interpret the subject.At the same time,it is trying to identify and classify the main drivers of tension with the help of the Mic-Mac model.Based on the research problem,this hypothesis comes to mind that the effective factors in Iran's diplomatic system in categories such as Iran's regional influence,influence on the resistance front Saudi's view of Iran can be explained and evaluated through the lens of America.The results of the research showed that in relation to the effective factors in the policy-making of the diplomatic system in the occurrence of differences between them,not only the political behavior of Iran,but also the occurrence of regional and global events and the ruling political thinking,especially on the part of Saudi have't been unaffected.

Programmable nucleases are powerful genomic tools for precise genome editing. These tools precisely recognize, remove, or change DNA at a defined site, thereby, stimulating cellular DNA repair pathways that can cause mutations or accurate replacement or deletion/insertion of a sequence. CRISPR-Cas9 system is the most potent and useful genome editing technique adapted from the defense immune system of certain bacteria and archaea against viruses and phages. In the past decade, this technology made notable progress, and at present, it has largely been used in genome manipulation to make precise gene editing in plants, animals, and human cells. In this review, we aim to explain the basic principle, mechanisms of action, and applications of this system in different areas of medicine, with emphasizing on the detection and treatment of parasitic diseases.

Civilization consists of two parts: the software part which is culture and the hardware and tool part which is technology. Worldview is the way of attitude and insight towards the universe and the philosophy of life. Based on the worldview of atheistic and materialistic modernism, which is the worldview that dominates the West. The ultimate goal of life is to achieve the maximum power and wealth and material benefits and worldly pleasures and conquer the whole world and dominate all people and nations, by any means and even by using technology, and on the other hand, man is at the service of technology. While based on the Islamic worldview; which is a monotheistic and divine worldview, the goal of life; The growth, perfection, and improvement of the material and spiritual condition of human life is on the path of truth and straight path, good life, worshiping God, and being close to God, and in this direction, progress; It involves the use of science and technology and at the same time rationality, ethics, spirituality and justice and providing the basis for improving the quality and quantity of life for all people and human beings, and technology is at the service of man and human perfection, in addition to comfort and material well-being; The mental and spiritual peace and the afterlife happiness of man has also been taken into consideration and the use of technology has also found meaning and is acceptable in this direction.

One of the principles of favorable governance is the respect of citizens rights, and in citizenship, The issue of freedom has a special place so In this regard, the realization of freedom has been one of the basic slogans and goals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran; Therefore this issue is essential in order to maintain and Continuity of the Islamic Revolution. In this study, the subject of the role and the effect of political freedoms on citizenship is discussed by an analytical-descriptive method. The findings of this researcher show that the religion of Islam includes many rules and teachings about human rights and freedoms ,and the principles of the Islamic Republic of Iran have also been emphasized and the issue of freedom has been taken into consideration and the favorable governance and participation of the people in society's affairs and indicate that It requires respect for citizenship rights and freedom.

Security as a bedrock for human life, growth and development in various fields is essential and the sustainability of national security as a way to ensure national security now and in the future is considered by governments. Also, "good governance", which is introduced in the form of 8 indicators, and has a functional meaning in a way with sustainable national security, is an option selected by the researcher to examine its relationship with the stability of national security. On this basis, the researcher has chosen his subject in relation to "good governance" and "stability of the security of the Iranians". The main purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between good governance and the stability of Iran's national security. The research method is applied-developmental in terms of purpose type and descriptive-analytical in terms of approach. Data collection is through libraries and questionnaires. The data of this study were analyzed using SPSS software. The statistical population was 130 people and the sample size was equal to Cochran's formula 69 people and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by repeated measures test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 by SPSS. In conclusion, it was found that there is a significant, direct, reciprocal and two-way relationship between good governance and the stability of national security in Iran, so that the stability of Iran's national security in the stability of good governance in Iran , Has a direct and reciprocal relationship.

Since 2001, the anti -terrorism policy making of European Union unlike United States of America has concentrated over the reinforcement of existing domestic law enforcement instruments and on multilateral action internationally creating at least the outlines of a specific European model. Structural models either realist or culturalist provide partial explanations for this. Neither to say that the drug trade, organized crime and terrorism into the general category of internal security issues and to pose as an organizing question whether a European Model encompassing a generalized security response to these three problems might be emerging. West of the Atlantic, at least since the elections of 2000, terrorism has been emphatically removed from the category of internal security issues to be reframed as an external , and primarily a military threat , As such, it has led to a thoroughgoing reorganization of the command structure or the armed forces, with a renewed emphasis on unilateral pre-emptive and even preventive action and a defense of the "homeland" as well as militarization in style if not always in institutional responsibility on internal security. European states, including UK, on the other hand, have continued to treat the threat of terrorism first and foremost as a matter of internal security to be dealt with by courts and law enforcement agencies, Action beyond borders for the states of Europe has typically taken place in multilateral contexts, with an emphasis on collaboration among intelligence and law enforcement agencies.

For about a century, the relationship between the two big Muslim neighbors in the Middle East has always had ups and downs and a trend of distance and closeness in the relations between them. Before the victory of the Iranian revolution, these two countries had a conflict with a lower slope, and after the revolution, they had a conflict with a steep slope and were in opposition to each other and in the last decade, they have experienced a complete distance and disconnection. Therefore, the main question of this research is that which approaches of interaction or confrontation can be effective in line with the national interests of the two countries? In fact, we examine and analyze the ways to achieve a peaceful and stable coexistence between the two countries by identifying their proximity and distance factors. However, the main factors of conflict in their one-hundred-year-old relationship have been caused by ideological differences and mutual destruction.

This paper examines the humanitarian effects of US sanctions against Iranian from the perspective of food and nutrition security and is to find appropriate answers to the two questions of: What are the signs of the threat to food security in Iran after that Washington imposed nuclear sanctions against Tehran? Why and how have the American sanctions against Iran have endangered the food security and nutrition of Iranians? This paper is descriptive-analytical type and applies inferential methodology. The findings, mainly implemented through utilizing reasoning and qualitative analysis under the “Naïve Theory” of Sanctions by Johan Galtung, show that vital humanitarian goods (including food) during the past years have been subject to the laws and regulations of sanctions against Iran, due to the impediment’s sanctions have imposed trade and transportation of goods and international financial exchanges. These restrictions increased the price of food by 200 percent, and the highest has targeted food categories (including vegetables, meat and fruits). The minimum average cost of a healthy diet for an Iranian family is 3 times more than the amount of which an Iranian family can spend on food and tobacco. The percentage of Iranian urban and rural households prone to food insecurity (very high, high and moderate) has also increased between 1396-1398, respectively from 8.84% and 25.17% to 11.2% and 29.2%.

This article aimed at investigating the political perspectives of the 4th generation of Islamic Republic of Iran revolution toward initial ideals of the revolution which were independency, freedom and social justice. The present study was a survey research. The population of this study were 18 to 29 years old youths of Shiraz city in 2020, which 400 individuals were used from them as the statistical population. This study was a survey research This research use from Manhaim though .he did alot of speak about generation gap . the result of hypotheses of the present study showed that the perspective of the 4th generation of the revolution about freedom is that the individuals should be free in thoughts and expressing those thoughts, and should have freedom in choosing jobs and the way of clothing. independency was not their priority and they were looking for social justice.keywords: 4th generation of the revolution, ideals of the revolution, independency, freedom, social justice.

Cultural policy indicators have focused on aspects of culture, but in policy structures, parameters such as education, social institutions, historical trends, and especially the economy, the basis of culture have been introduced and are important when evaluating cultural policies. The purpose of this pathological research is to evaluate Iran's cultural policies in banning the use of satellite networks. The current research is a quantitative study in terms of purpose, practical and in terms of data collection, and the statistical population of the research was 15 media policy experts. First, indicators related to the evaluation of cultural policies regarding the type of operation of satellite networks were identified with the gray Delphi technique, and the importance of the approved indicators was determined with the Savara-based expert technique. The results showed the lack of evaluation indicators related to economic, educational and social policies in the heart of cultural policies, the lack of convergence regarding the formulation and implementation of the country's cultural engineering plan in the past, the lack of formulation of a policy model in the face of satellite networks, the lack of attention and evaluation of perception wars. and cognitive, lack of evaluation of the alignment of formulated policies with intellectual diversity and generational gap in the society, lack of effective researches regarding the explanation of Imam Khamenei's intellectual system (Madazleh al-Aali) in the formulation of cultural policies, is one of the most important harms of evaluating cultural policies related to satellite networks.

Cultural policy indicators have focused on aspects of culture, but in policy structures, parameters such as education, social institutions, historical trends, and especially the economy, the basis of culture have been introduced and are important when evaluating cultural policies. The purpose of this pathological research is to evaluate Iran's cultural policies in banning the use of satellite networks. The current research is a quantitative study in terms of purpose, practical and in terms of data collection, and the statistical population of the research was 15 media policy experts. First, indicators related to the evaluation of cultural policies regarding the type of operation of satellite networks were identified with the gray Delphi technique, and the importance of the approved indicators was determined with the Savara-based expert technique. The results showed the lack of evaluation indicators related to economic, educational and social policies in the heart of cultural policies, the lack of convergence regarding the formulation and implementation of the country's cultural engineering plan in the past, the lack of formulation of a policy model in the face of satellite networks, the lack of attention and evaluation of perception wars. and cognitive, lack of evaluation of the alignment of formulated policies with intellectual diversity and generational gap in the society, lack of effective researches regarding the explanation of Imam Khamenei's intellectual system (Madazleh al-Aali) in the formulation of cultural policies, is one of the most important harms of evaluating cultural policies related to satellite networks.

For constructivists, strategic culture is the product of norms and culture-bearing units such as norm entrepreneurs. They believe that the United States invaded Iraq to replace the dominant strategic cultural norms under the logic of the Cold War with a new approach, i.e., democratic regime change through preventive war. However, during the Iraq War, the proposed paradigm, advocated by neoconservative norm entrepreneurs and traditional conservatives in the Bush administration, could not take the place of the Cold War-era strategy for multilateral containment. This norm was a part of a larger revolutionary strategy that advocated the policy of preventive war and the hegemonic paradigm, promoting the US hegemon of democracy through force. The US sought to spread this new view by piloting it in Iraq in order to prove the viability and effectiveness of preventive war. New international groupings such as “coalitions of the willing” and the national security strategy of 2002 provided the documents legitimating these new policies. However, the publishing of these documents encountered strong opposition at domestic and international levels. Therefore, the American strategic culture and national security policy briefly worked with the proposed opposing neoconservative paradigm, but presently they are returning to a version of the Cold War normative paradigm. In constructivist view, the Iraq War not only was not able to show the validity of a new vision of American strategic culture, but also undercut the paradigm it was supposed to underpin.

Today, the transition from abstract urban planning and its connection to the field of implementation through the necessary preparations in the field of organization, leadership; Monitoring and optimal allocation of urban resources with the aim of reducing tensions and cultural conflicts and educating participatory and local citizens has taken place in the macro-policies of urban management. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method of neighborhood-oriented policy indicators effective in social and cultural development was carried out through a field study based on setting up a questionnaire by referring to an expert community of 30 people. With the analysis done on 45 selection indicators in the framework of the content validity ratio (CVR) questionnaire, all indicators qualified to achieve the minimum value of CVR, i.e. 0.33. Based on this, the content validity index was calculated based on 45 indices, the minimum value of which was calculated as 0.67. Next, on the basis of this index, the CVI questionnaire, which was a 4-item Likert spectrum questionnaire designed to evaluate the items of relevance, clarity and simplicity, was evaluated and all the indicators qualified for the minimum CVI value, i.e. 0.67.

The present research is trying to verify the anti terrorism and extremism normative strategy of the European Union within the international order. Terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous menaces against the entire human community and civilization. Terrorism has the potentiality to train a group of individuals which have no consideration for tolerance and for a peaceful coexistence of different nations. The most tangible contact of the European countries with the brutal aspects of terrorism regards the different conflicts in the Middle East where a note vole group of European terrorists that are actually the native citizens of these mostly western European countries that at the end of conflicts could try return to their native countries bring inning with them the extremist ideologies that could destabilize the above mentioned European countries. Inconsideration of such danger the anti terrorism policy of European Union represents a priority for this important international structure and because of that the collaboration with the other countries and between Parliaments of different countries is extremely important especially in consideration of fact to block the financial resources of terrorist organizations.

Among the goals of the political polling system in Iran, it is possible to produce information related to the views of the people on various electoral political issues, with the accuracy and speed necessary for users and stakeholders to put it, as well as the establishment, maintenance and expansion of public confidence in the polling system. named.With the advances made, the political polling system in Iran is still facing a lot of problems. The Pathology of the Political Polling System in the Islamic Republic of Iran is the main question of the research that the researcher has examined with regard to the status quo.In this research, the research data of the foundation data has been used. To answer the questions by referring to the research community, 42 research interviews with 24 experts and elites were conducted.The results of the research show that the damage of the political polling system in Iran is considered by the internal and external factors of this field. Internal injury factors directly affect survey work, but external factors are influenced by the political environment of the community and are from social cultural factors. In sum, some of the problems in this area are state-owned and pessimistic about the majority of polling organizations, the small share of the private sector in the polls market, the lack of competition between polling organizations, the non-publication of poll results, the lack of scientific knowledge of managers and experts, and the lack of a critique of polling conditions.

The great commentary of "al-Mīzān" written by ‘Allāmah Ayatullāh Seyyed Muhammad Hossein Ṭabāṭabāī, due to its fame and popularity, does not need to be introduced and described. This commentary, while covering various topics, has a special approach, which is its focusing on the education and spiritual development of the individual and society, so it can be said that "al-Mīzān" is an educational and social commentary. This precious commentary, translated by the late Ayatollah Mousavi Hamdani, has been printed and published many times in the form of twenty thick volumes or forty normal volumes. Its voluminous size and number of volumes is one of the obstacles that prevent interested researchers from using and studying it. Also, the multitude of daily problems and occupations of people today, causes people not to study such voluminous books. So it is possible to simplify this work and make more people interested in studying it by summarizing it in a way that does not harm the essence of the topics.  Before this, some scholars have tried to summarize this book, but each of them has flaws that cannot be ignored. One of them is a book that an Arabic writer summarized from the original Arabic text of al-Mīzān according to his own understanding, and then it was translated into Persian. And another one is a selection and a summary of the commentary of some verses, not all verses. Anyway, there was not a complete summary of al-Mīzān in Persian language. However, after six years of continuous work, its summary along with scientific and literary editing was completed and published. While examining this summery, I came across many verbal and content problems, the description of which requires an independent book. In this article, some problems with the book have been mentioned. It should be noted that in the translation of the verses of the Qur'an, which was composed and penned by the late Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqer Mousavi Hamdani, some problems in the literary and writing forms were detected. In addition, in some cases, the interpretation presented by the translator was in serious conflict with the opinions of Allāmah. I tried to correct the translation of the verses based on the Allāmah's opinions and remove its problems. In fact, a complete revision has been made in the translation of the verses by preserving the special style and literature of the translator.

This paper compares the economic and socio-political consequences of pre- and post- JCPOA sanctions ‎imposed on Iranian society with the aim of assessing the role of the resilience as one of the main ‎components of Iranian strategic culture in neutralizing the impact of sanctions. The question to be answered ‎is: “what lesson may be concluded through comparing the similarities and differences between the imposed ‎sanctions on Iran under the administrations of Obama and Trump in comparison while considering their ‎consequences on the socio-political and economic conditions of the country and why? To properly answer ‎this question, the intentions and actions of the sanctioning party, the mechanisms of the sanction and the ‎way the sanctioned party reacts to sanctions as well as the intersection of these three dimensions have to be ‎recognized. The initial response (hypothesis) in terms of these three dimensions is: “despite being more ‎severe the sanctions imposed to Iran during the administration of Trump have only worsened Iran's ‎economic situation compared to sanctions under the Obama's administration, and the country's socio-‎political situation is largely insured against tougher sanctions, which traces back to the rally- around -the- ‎flag." This paper is descriptive-analytical and utilizes inferential methodology. The analysis of findings, ‎mainly conducted through reasoning and qualitative analysis intensifies the validity of the hypothesis.‎

Considering the increasing importance and necessity of urban management in achieving sustainable and coherent development, the present study investigates the role of cements in urban management of Tehran Municipality. According to the research design, the present study is of field and applied type. The population and statistical sample size include municipal managers and experts of 22 districts of Tehran and 121 districts, of which 220 are mayors of each district and senior managers. The results were obtained based on Friedman tests and quadratic factor analysis. In this field, 6 components in the form of urban law, accounting and financial management, urban engineering, urban planning, environment have been considered as components of urban management. The results of Friedman test indicate that accounting and financial management has the highest rank, followed by urban economics with the next rank. Urban law is in third place and environment is in fourth place. Urban social sciences, urban planning and urban engineering are in the next ranks, respectively. The findings showed that NGOs, as an intermediary between the municipality, the people and the government, can play an irreplaceable and vital role and transform the municipality from a passive organization to a dynamic and empowering institution through communication, public participation and efficient management. .

The main question of this article is about socio-political symbolism in contemporary poetry and its impact on the developments of the Islamic Revolution. The scope of research is limited to two poets (Shamloo and Akhavan). Symbolism is a school of art that has created numerous works in poetry, literature and painting. Symbolism means the use of the word in a symbolic-metaphorical sense. Political symbolism generally and often grows in an atmosphere of political obstruction and creates a revolutionary public atmosphere. In the second Pahlavi oppression, symbolism peaked in poetry and eventually influenced revolutionary discourse. This study, by examining the symbolism in the poetry of Shamloo and the Brotherhood, has come to the conclusion that the emergence of aspects of revolutionary discourse is rooted in the same literary atmospheres that have prepared the general mentality of society for the storm of revolution. The qualitative research method was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was library.

Corruption has different forms and effects, both on the economy and society in general, because it prevents economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investment. Therefore this article will investigate the effect of corruption spread factors on economic indicators and providing confronting strategies. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the issue, it will examine the factors influencing the spread of corruption. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method in this research is library. The findings of the article are: First, the most important factors influencing the spread of corruption can be the political and economic environment, habits, customs, traditions and demographics, religion, lack of e-government, bureaucracy and dysfunctional administrative and political structure, and civic participation and Freedom of the media pointed out that, secondly, in the field of the impact of corruption on economic indicators, we can mention "the effect of corruption on jobs", "the effect of corruption on investment", "talent allocation" and "the effect of corruption on taxes" and thirdly, in the solutions section. He pointed to the promotion of ethics in the form of public culture, publicizing the culture of fighting corruption, strengthening public awareness, strengthening the religious attitudes and beliefs of employees and managers, legalism of employees and managers, and institutionalizing a culture of criticism.