mohammadreza ardalan

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene, which encodes the PD1 protein, is one of the many genes involved in susceptibility to SLE. The PD1 protein is an inhibitory immunoreceptor that plays a key role in maintaining immunological tolerance to self-antigens. The PD1.5 C/T polymorphism (rs2227981, c.804 T > C) alters the expression and function of the PD‐1 receptor.

This case-control study aimed to determine the association between the rs2227981 polymorphism of the PDCD1 gene and susceptibility to SLE in the northwestern population of Iran.

The rs2227981 genotype was determined in 52 SLE patients and 53 controls using the PCR-RFLP method with the Pvu II restriction enzyme.

The study found a significant association between the rs2227981 polymorphism and susceptibility to SLE in the study population.

The rs2227981 polymorphism appears to be a risk factor for SLE in northwestern Iran.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the inevitable complications of surgery. The evidence shows that fingolimod, with its anti-inflammatory effects, can play a protective role in renal IRI. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the role of fingolimod against renal IRI in the heart tissue.

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (220±20g) were treated with a single dose of fingolimod (1mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection before the induction of kidney IRI. At the end of the reperfusion period, the oxidative stress biomarker (malondialdehyde) and antioxidant biomarkers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity) were evaluated in the heart tissue.

Fingolimod pretreatment could increase cardiac glutathione enzyme activity in the fingolimod+IR group compared to the IR group, which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The level of total antioxidant capacity in the heart tissue was also significantly increased in the fingolimod+IR group in comparison to the IR group (P<0.05).

Fingolimod was able to prevent oxidative stress damage in the heart caused by kidney IR induction by increasing the level of total antioxidant capacity of the heart tissue. It is suggested that future studies evaluate the effects of this drug in clinical trials.

The total antioxidant capacity of the heart, as a distant organ affected by kidney IRI, is increased following fingolimod pre-treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between talent management and social capital. The research population of all primary teachers in District 1 of Shiraz was 3,000. Of this population, a sample of 341 people was selected through simple random sampling method and morgan table. The research method is quantitative, descriptive and correlational study type. The research tool was a questionnaire. Therefore, the talent management questionnaire (2007) and Social Capital Nahapit and Ghasal (1998) were used. To determine the reliability and validity of the tool, Cronbach's alpha techniques and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results showed the reliability and desirability of the tool. For data analysis techniques described, canonical correlation and multiple linear regression using SPSS 25 software was used. The results showed that: talent management dimensions have a positive and significant focal correlation in alpha 0.01 with a value of 0.778 with social capital and talent management dimensions can explain 451% of the variance percentage of social capital variables

Introduction: 

Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) can be considered biomarkers of kidney diseases. EVs derived from podocytes may reflect podocyte damage in different glomerular diseases. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) characterized by proteinuria and hematuria. This study aimed to analyze the uEVs of IgAN patients to understand the pathophysiological processes of the disease at the protein level.

Methods:

 Patients with GN [biopsy-proven IgAN (n = 16) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN, n = 16)], and healthy controls (n = 16) were included in this study. The uEVs were extracted, characterized, and analyzed to evaluate the protein levels of candidate markers of IgAN, including vasorin precursor, aminopeptidase N, and ceruloplasmin by western-blot analysis.

Results:

 Higher levels of both podocytes and EVs-related proteins were observed in the pooled urine samples of GN patients compared to the healthy controls. In IgAN patients, uEV-protein levels of vasorin were statistically lower while levels of ceruloplasmin were significantly higher compared to MGN (P = 0.002, P = 0.06) and healthy controls, respectively (P = 0.020, P= 0.001).

Conclusion:

 Different levels of the studied proteins in uEVs may indicate podocyte injury and represent a direct association with the pathology of IgAN and MGN.

The aim of the research was to investigate the role of teachers' organizational learning in teachers' willingness to change by mediating their professional development. The research population was all primary school teachers in Kurdistan province. , which was selected from this population by proportional stratified random sampling and based on Cochran's formula, a sample size of 364 teachers. The quantitative research method is correlation studies and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. To collect data from the organizational learning questionnaires of Garcia Morales and colleagues (2006); Nova's (2008) professional development and Dunham et al.'s (1989) willingness to change were used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked with Cronbach's alpha techniques and confirmatory factor analysis. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used by Lisrel software. The results showed that teachers' organizational learning and their professional development have a direct positive effect on teachers' willingness to change at the 0.05 level; Teachers' organizational learning through their professional development has a positive indirect effect on teachers' willingness to change at the 0.05 level; Also, teachers' organizational learning and their professional development are able to explain 0.23 of the variance of teachers' tendency to change. Organizational learning of teachers creates a suitable environment for the desire to change teachers and provides the environment for accepting new thinking and using new ways, which causes the professional growth of teachers.

The aim of the current research was to test the mediation of coaching leadership in the relationship between the involvement culture of schools and the lean behaviors of school principals. The research population was all the primary school teachers of Ilam province, and a sample of 339 teachers was selected from this population using proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. The quantitative research method was correlation studies and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. To collect data from Dennison's participatory organizational culture questionnaires; The coaching leadership of Pilaz Zuborbuehler et al. and the researcher-made questionnaire of pure behaviors of school principals were used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha values of the questionnaires were calculated as 0.91, 0.93, and 0.81, respectively, and the content validity ratio of the questionnaires was calculated as 0.97, 0.83, and 0.72, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis using Lisrel 10.30 software. The results showed that the Involvement culture of schools has a positive effect on the lean behaviors of school principals at the level of 0.05; The Involvement culture of schools has an indirect positive effect on the lean behaviors of managers at the level of 0.05 through the coaching leadership of principals; Also, the Involvement culture of schools and the coaching leadership of principals are able to explain 41% of the variance of lean behaviors of school principals.

Abstract
The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of adaptive organizational culture on the lean behaviors of school principals with the mediation of their coaching leadership. The research population consists of all primary school teachers in Ilam province in academic year 2020-2021, among whom a sample size of 339 teachers was selected by stratified random sampling method and based on the Cochran formula. The research method is quantitative- correlative study type, and the modeling approach is covariance-oriented structural equation. Dennison's adaptive organizational culture questionnaires (2000); the coaching leadership of Peláez Zuberbuhler et al. (2021), and the researcher-made questionnaire of lean behaviors of school principals were used to collect data. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis using Lisrel 10.30 software. The results showed that adaptive organizational culture has a significant positive effect on the lean behaviors of school principals at the level of 0.05; adaptation-oriented organizational culture has a significant positive indirect effect on the lean behaviors of managers at the level of 0.05 due to the coaching-oriented leadership of managers; also, adaptive organizational culture and coaching leadership of principals are able to explain 40% of the variance of lean behaviors of school principals.
Extended Abstract
The activity of educational centers has always been associated with a percentage of wastage, which has caused poor performance, delays in the change process, a drop in the quality of education, an increase in costs, and a waste of resources (Hashemi, yari Haj Atalou, Malekiavarsin, 2021:82); therefore, the educational system requires the use of new management tools and approaches. One of these approaches is lean leadership, which, from a behavioral point of view is the behavior whose main characteristic is to help create added value to the organization (Hussein & Al-Zubaydi, 2020: 410).
The emergence and growth of lean behaviors is influenced by various factors, the most important of which are organizational culture (Grigg, Goodyer & Frater, 2020) and coach-oriented leadership style (Berg & Karlsen, 2016). Adaptive organizational culture promotes norms and behaviors used by the organization to be able to discover, translate and interpret environmental symbols and new behaviors. This type of culture provides a favorable environment for the organization to create new opportunities, understand and meet the needs of customers and adapt to environmental changes, and therefore it is believed that it can create a favorable environment for creating and strengthen lean behaviors in the organization. Another factor affecting lean behaviors is coach-oriented leadership style. Examining various researches shows that relationship-oriented leaders pay attention to the needs and motivation of subordinates and improve personal, group, and organizational needs, and provide new opportunities for the organization in order to identify effective methods of working (Fazlail & Moazzami, 2023).
As a social organization, Schools are facing unpredictable environmental complications, among which are the spread of the Covid-19 disease, and the move towards virtual and combined education. Schools need to adapt to these complexities in order to survive. The effectiveness of adaptation requires an adaptive organizational culture on one hand, and pure behaviors on the other. Therefore, the problem of the current research is to answer the question in a scientific way: Can an adaptive organizational culture with the mediation of a coaching leadership lead to lean behaviors of school principals?
Theoretical foundations
Adaptive culture is described as a range of cultural characteristics that enable an organization to be more adaptable to environmental changes by helping organizations anticipate and adapt to those changes (Sharma & et.al, 2021).
The leader's approach of using coaching is a new paradigm (Hagen & Aguilar, 2012). Coaching skills are fundamental behaviors of the leader that help organizations create a competitive advantage (Lee, Idris & Tuckey, 2019). Some researchers believe that coaching leadership refers to a type of positive leadership behavior in which the leader motivates employees through appropriate coaching techniques and provides sufficient resources and support to enhance the employee's ability to study and work (Wang, Yuan & Zhu, 2017: 1656).
Lean behaviors are behaviors whose main feature is helping to create added value for the organization. Among these behaviors, we can mention courtesy, calmness, wisdom, patience, objectivity and trust (Hussein & Al-Zubaydi, 2020:406).
Tortorella et al, (2020) studied the role of organizational culture and leadership styles in lean production. Their findings indicated a meaningful relationship between organizational culture and leadership styles with lean production. Also, in that research, coach-oriented leadership style was identified as an effective style in lean production.
Kołodziejczak (2015) studied the role of coaching in organizational culture in the study titled "Coaching Along Organizational Culture". The results showed that the use of coaching in organization management can gradually model or change the organizational culture. Also, the findings indicated that in favorable conditions, coaching may provide the possibility of changing from traditional culture to innovative one. This change is possible because coaching creates changes in people's behavior; stimulates their creativity; and has a positive effect on employee motivation.
The research community consists of all primary school teachers in Ilam province in the academic year 2021-2022 as many as 2909 people; (1907 women and 1002 men). Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size consisting 339 teachers (222 women and 117 men). Proportional stratified random sampling method was used. Dennison's adaptive organizational culture questionnaires (2000); the coaching leadership of Pilaz Zuborbuehler et al. (2021); and the researcher-made questionnaire of lean behaviors of school principals were used to collect data.
In order to check research hypotheses and data analysis, structural equation modeling was used using Lisrel 10.30 software. The results of the correlation matrix analysis showed that the variables of adaptive organizational culture of schools (0.65) and educational leadership of school principals (0.63) have a positive and significant relationship with the variable of lean behaviors of school principals at the level of 0.05. Adaptable organizational culture variable has a positive and significant relationship with school principals' educational leadership variable (0.72) at the 0.05 level. The results of the analysis of structural equations show that: the adaptive organizational culture variable with path coefficient of 0.41 and t value of 7.18 has a positive and significant effect on the variable of lean behavior of school principals at the level of 0.05; the variable of adaptive organizational culture of schools with path coefficient of 0.52 and t value of 19.50 has a positive and significant effect on the educational leadership variable of school principals at the level of 0.05; the educational leadership variable of school principals with path coefficient of 0.34 and t-value of 5.93 has a positive and significant effect on the lean behavior variable of school principals at the level of 0.05; and the adaptive organizational culture variable of schools has a positive and significant effect on the lean behavior variable of school principals at the level of 0.05 due to the pedagogical leadership of school principals (0.1768) and the T value of 5.66. Also, the results of the analysis of structural equations showed that: adaptive organizational culture of schools has a positive direct effect (0.41), a positive indirect effect (0.1768), and a significant positive total effect (0.5868) on the lean behaviors of school principals at the level of 0.5. Also, the variables of adaptive organizational culture of schools and educational leadership of school principals are able to explain 40% of the variance of the variable of lean behavior of school principals; the amount of explained variance of pure behavior of school principals according to its t value (10.56) is significant at the level of 0.05.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of adaptive organizational culture on the lean behaviors of school principals with the mediation of their pedagogical leadership. The results regarding the positive relationship between adaptive organizational culture and the lean behaviors of school administrators are aligned with research results of Tortorella et al, (2020), Paro & Gerolamo (2017), De Castro Freitas et al, (2017), and Bortolotti, Boscari & Danese (2015). Research studies show that lean behaviors can maximize cost reduction in any organizational culture environment (Tortorella et.al, 2020). The adaptive organizational culture of schools and the coaching leadership of principals are able to explain 40% of the variance of lean behaviors of school principals. This finding is consistent with the results of the studies of Tortorella et al, (2020), De Castro Freitas et al, (2017), Kołodziejczak (2015) and Bortolotti, Boscari & Danese (2015); while contradict with the study results of Paro & Gerolamo (2017). The existence of an adaptive (flexible) organizational culture and an inspiring leader can lead to the emergence and strengthening of lean behaviors in the organization. Coach-oriented leaders help employees reduce wastage and rework, reduce waste, and contribute to transparency in the organization through questions and answers, provide useful and constructive feedbacks, and plan for improvement, and this is what Lean is looking for. The adaptive organizational culture of schools has an indirect positive effect on managers' lean behaviors through the coaching leadership of managers. This finding is in line with the results of the study of Tortorella et al, (2020). From a theoretical point of view, there is a conceptual connection between organizational culture and coaching. If there are underlying assumptions and support for the benefits of a manager's use of a coaching style, then we would expect to see evidence of the coaching style being used (Nieminen, Biermeier-Hanson & Denison, 2013). According to the results of the research, the following suggestions are presented: encouraging the spirit of accepting the criticism and avoiding partisanship in decision-making, attention of the officials of the educational system to teachers through intelligent questions and providing feedback to them, reviving the spirit of law in the body of the organization and transparency in doing things.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between level five leadership and distributive leadership with organizational excellence in schools through structural and psychological empowerment of teachers. The research method was descriptive-correlation with emphasis on structural equations. The statistical population of the study consisted of all primary school teachers in Fars province in the academic year 1399-1400 with 16264 people, according to the classes of the research community such as the type of region (privileged, semi-privileged and deprived), the number of cities / districts (39) and gender (male and female) by stratified random sampling method based on Cochran's formula The volume of 375 people was selected. Data collection was based on five questionnaires of level five leadership Cham Asmani, Almore distributive leadership, psychological empowerment of Spritzer, structural empowerment of Kordanij, Bakhshizadeh and Fatehalahi and Amarloo organizational excellence, whose Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.96, 0.92, 0.94, 0.93 and 0.91 were obtained, respectively. The construct validity of the questionnaires was determined through confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. The results showed that: level five leadership has a direct, positive and significant relationship with psychological empowerment and organizational excellence of schools; Level five leadership has an indirect, positive and significant relationship with the organizational excellence of schools through psychological empowerment; Distributive leadership has a direct, positive and significant relationship with structural empowerment and organizational excellence of schools; Distributive leadership has an indirect, positive and significant relationship with the organizational excellence of schools through structural empowerment. In fact, level five and distribution leaders, along with the mediating role of psychological empowerment and structural empowerment of teachers, have an effective role in the excellence and organizational excellence of schools. Therefore, if school principals and leaders use Level five leadership and distributive leadership strategies and in this process use strategies such as psychological and structural empowerment, they can create favorable conditions for cooperation and participation of teachers as much as possible to grow and improve the level. Provide schools in all dimensions and organizational excellence of the school.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of digital leadership in intelligent decision making with the mediation of team reception. The method was descriptive and of the type of correlational studies. The research population of primary school principals in Kermanshah province in 2022 was 1902 people, from this population, based on the Cochran formula, a sample of 320 people was selected using stratified random sampling according to the population of the research classes such as the type of region (privileged, semi-privileged and deprived), city/district (24 cases) and gender ( male and female) was selected. Collecting data from questionnaires; Digital leadership and intelligent decision-making developed by the researcher were used in addition to team reception (Sultani, 2007). Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that digital leadership had a direct and significant effect on team reception and intelligent decision-making in elementary school principals. Also, team reception had a direct and significant effect on intelligent decision-making in elementary school principals (p≤0.01). In addition, digital leadership through team reception had an indirect and significant effect on intelligent decision-making in elementary school principals (p≤0.01). It seems that team reception among elementary school principals has a mediating role in the relationship between digital leadership and intelligent decision making.

The existence of intelligent decision-making in educational managers increases their recognition skills and they find the ability to identify the decision process, check possibilities, make correct judgments, and plan carefully. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of studying the mediating role of intellectual ethics in the relationship between digital leadership and smart decision-making among elementary school principals in Kermanshah province.

The research is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling of the correlation-covariance matrix. The statistical population includes all the elementary principals of Kermanshah province in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=1902). The sample size was estimated based on proportional stratified random sampling and Cochran's formula (n=320). The tools included intelligent leadership, intellectual ethics and smart decision-making questionnaires, whose content validity was confirmed by experts and professors, and their construct validity was confirmed by factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated through Cronbach's alpha as 0.85, 0.93 and 0.95 respectively. Pearson's correlation test and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis, and SPSS and LISREL software were used.

The relationship between digital leadership and intellectual ethics, digital leadership and intelligent decision-making, and the relationship between intellectual ethics and smart decision-making were significant. Finally, it was found that intellectual ethics can play a mediating role in the relationship between digital leadership and smart decision making.

The results of this study show that educational managers can make smart decisions through the digital leadership style and, of course, considering intellectual ethics, and in this way, take steps in the direction of advancing educational goals and missions.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of school organizational culture on the lean behaviors of elementary school principals by the mediating role of their coaching leadership. The research population was all primary school teachers in Ilam province, from which a sample of 339 teachers was selected using proportional stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. This is a quantitative correlational research study through covariance-based structural equation modeling approach. For data collection, Denison's (2000) organizational culture questionnaire; Pilaz Zuborbuhler et al. (2021) coaching leadership questionnaire as well as, the researcher-made questionnaire of lean behaviors of school principals were used. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were investigated with Cronbach's alpha techniques, content validity ratio, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In order to analyze data and test research hypotheses, correlation matrix analysis and structural equation modeling were used with SPSS.v25 and LISREL.v10 software. The results indicated that: 1) the four types of organizational culture (involvement, adaptability, mission and consistency) had a direct, positive and significant effect on the lean behaviors of school principals 2) the four types of organizational culture had an indirect, positive and significant effect on the lean behaviors of school principals through mediating role of their coaching leadership. 3) Four types of organizational culture and coaching leadership of school principals estimated 59% of the variance of their lean behaviors. They were elementary. 4) Among all types of organizational     culture, adaptability culture had the highest effect on principals' lean behaviors

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of digital leadership and technology flexibility in intelligent decision-making with the mediation of intellectual ethics and team reception. The research method is quantitative, descriptive and of the type of correlation studies based on the covariance-oriented structural equation modeling approach. The research population was all the elementary principals of Kermanshah province, of those 320 principals were selected through stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. To collect data, researcher-made questionnaires of digital leadership, technological flexibility, intelligent decision-making, intellectual ethics and team reception Soltani (2008) were used. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, supervisors and consultants. The reliability of the questionnaires according to Cronbach's Alpha was 0.94 for digital leadership, 0.91 for technology flexibility, 0.95 for intelligent decision making, 0.93 for intellectual ethics, and 0.89 for team reception.  To analyze the data, the descriptive as well as inferential analysis techniques were used through SPSS and LISREL software. Structural equation modeling showed that digital leadership has a direct effect on team reception, intellectual ethics and intelligent decision making. Moreover, digital leadership has an indirect effect on intelligent decision-making through team reception and intellectual ethics. The flexibility of technology has a direct impact on intellectual ethics, team reception and intelligent decision making. Technology flexibility has an indirect effect on intelligent decision-making through intellectual ethics and team reception. Intellectual ethics has a direct impact on team reception and intelligent decision making. Intellectual ethics has an indirect effect on intelligent decision making through team reception. Team reception has a positive and direct effect on intelligent decision-making. Finally, the research model has a good model fit

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) such as tacrolimus are a major immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation, which inhibit cytokine expression. The pharmacokinetics of such drugs is influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, multi-drug resistance-1 (MDR-1), and C25385T pregnane X receptor (PXR). This study aimed to investigate the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in these genes on the ratio of tacrolimus level per drug dosage (C/D ratio), acute graft rejection, and viral infections.

Kidney transplantation recipients (n = 65) under similar immunosuppressive treatment were included. Amplification refractory mutation systempolymerase chain reaction (ARMSPCR) method was applied to amplify the loci containing the SNPs of interest.

Overall, 65 patients with a male/female ratio of 37/28 were included. The mean age was 38 ± 1.75 years. The variant allele frequencies of CYP3A5*3, MDR-1 C3435T, and PXR C25385T were 95.38, 20.77, and 26.92%, respectively. No significant correlations were found between the studied SNPs and the tacrolimus C/D ratios. However, there was a significant difference in the C/D ratios at 2 and 8 weeks in homozygote CYP3A5 *3/*3 carriers (P = 0.015). No significant association was found between the studied polymorphisms and viral infections and acute graft rejection (P > 0.05).

Homozygote CYP3A5 *3/*3 genotype could influence the tacrolimus metabolism rate (C/D ratio).

COVID-19 disease is the cause of daily morbidity and mortality worldwide due to its high transmissibility and pathogenicity. To date, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) injection has been used as one of the various treatments for this disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of IVIg injection on the treatment of patients with Coronavirus-induced cytokine storm.

A total of 174 patients with COVID-19 were included in this study based on their clinical characteristics and laboratory findings and were divided into two groups of IVIg recipients and non-recipients according to the treatment they received. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

IVIg was used to treat merely 20 patients and Kaletra and hemoperfusion drugs were used more among IVIg recipient patients (P=0.003 and P=0.001, respectively). COVID-19-positive PCR tests were significantly more frequent among IVIg recipients (P=0.026). The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count (P=0.007) and sodium level (P=0.007) were significantly higher in the IVIg recipient group on the first admission day. Moreover, INR levels in the IVIg recipient group were significantly lower on the seventh admission day (P=0.020). The median of total intensive care unit (ICU) duration of hospitalization among IVIg recipients was significantly higher (P=0.001).

It seems that the use of IVIg in COVID-19 patients should be further investigated.

IVIg injection could decrease mortality and slightly increase the survival rate among COVID-19 patients.

MYH9-related diseases (MYH9-RD) are clinically represented by thrombocytopenia, large platelets, proteinuria and various degrees of renal dysfunction. We present a 25-year-old male with thrombocytopenia, large platelets, renal dysfunction and proteinuria. Gene sequencing of whole exons of MYH9 gene confirmed the diagnosis of MYH9-related disorder and revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the introns 13 (rs3752462) and 14 (rs2413396) and a mutation in exon 26 of MYH9 gene. Our result supported the possibility of non-coding SNPs involvement in the pathogenicity of the MYH9-RD disease and successful renal transplant in this patient.

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:

this article reports a persistent dehydrated case with mild proteiunuria due to tubulointerstitial involvement that suddenly failed his renal function and underwent peritoneal dialysis.

Please cite this paper as:

 Jahangiri D, Ardalan M, Mubarak M, Alimohammadi S, Jahantigh HR, Saeifar S, Ragati Haghi Y. Chronic dehydration-related nephropathy; an under-recognized cause of renal failure in tropics. J Nephropathol. 2023;12(1):e18391. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2022.18391.

 Increment in cancer prevalence and subsequent need for chemotherapy leads to distinct kidney-related diseases such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin is a common chemotherapeutic agent that has been used in many cancers; however, it can damage renal cells. Capparis spinosa is an important therapeutic plant in Persian medicine that encompasses high amounts of bioactive antioxidant components. The current study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of Capparis spinosa seed hydroalcoholic extract (CSSE) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo through histopathological evaluation.

 Forty Sprague Dawley rats weighing within the range of 230±20 gr were randomly divided into eight groups including sham, a single-dose cisplatin intraperitoneally (IP) injected group (7 mg/kg), toxic dose CSSE (200 mg/kg) group, and groups with cisplatin 7mg/kg IP and different doses of CSSE. Histopathological changes in the kidney tissues were quantified by the image-J program and analyzed by statistical methods.

 Cisplatin-induced glomerular and tubular injuries in the kidney tissue. A single-dose cisplatin decreased the glomerular area and Bowman's capsule area, increased Bowman's space, and induced tubular loss of brush borders, tubular dilatation, tubular cast formation and tubular necrosis. All of the changes were reversed by CSSE significantly.

 Post-CSSE (50 and 100 mg/kg) treatment could protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo. More clinical studies are needed to confirm its protective effects on the prevention of kidney injury in chemotherapy receiving patients.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of authentic leadership on skill development, emphasizing the mediating role of teachers' professional self-efficacy. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational data collection. The statistical population of the research included all managers and teachers of the three levels of Nahavand city. 331 of them were selected for the study using stratified random sampling method. The statistical sample size estimation method was Morgan's table. To collect research data, three standard questionnaires of authentic leadership, skill enhancement and professional self-efficacy were used. Research data after collection were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural modeling in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software. The results showed that the effect of authentic leadership and professional self-efficacy on skill enhancement is positive and significant, it was also found that the effect of authentic leadership on skill enhancement with the mediating role of professional self-efficacy was positive and significant. As a result, attention to authentic leadership and professional self-efficacy can be one of the influencing factors on improving teachers' skills.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of Machiavellianism in reducing interpersonal trust by mediating hypocritical behaviors in interpersonal communication. The research population was all female teachers of Ilam city, which was selected by simple random sampling method and based on Cochran's formula of a sample with a volume of 221 people. The research method is quantitative, descriptive and correlational studies and especially structural equation modeling. Khald Sharafi and Shiri Behavioral Behavior Machinery Questionnaire (2015), Haddavi Nejad Interpersonal Behavioral Communication Questionnaire (2011) Questionnaire and Interpersonal Trust Builder Questionnaire were used. . To determine the reliability and validity of the instrument, Cranbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used. For data analysis, the confirmation path analysis technique was used using lisrel software. The results showed: Machiavellian variable has a direct negative effect (-0.42), a negative direct effect (-0.92) and a total negative effect (-0.512) and is significant on the interpersonal confidence variable at the level of 0.05. . The variable of hypocritical behaviors has a negative direct effect (-0.25) and is significant on the interpersonal trust variable at the level of 0.05. Machiavellian variables with indirect path coefficient due to hypocritical behaviors (-0.92) and T-value (3.29) have an indirect, negative and significant effect on interpersonal trust at the level of 0.05.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic. There is an urgent need for finding efficient medical treatments to diminish the high mortality rate of the mutant variants of the virus. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of edaravone in patients with moderate COVID-19.

This single-center non-randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19. The patients were divided into two groups of intervention (n=17) and control (n=16). Patients in the intervention group received three doses of edaravone (30 mg) for three interval days (Days 2, 4, and 6). Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), need for intubation, and mortality were the primary outcomes.

All cases had 15-60% lung involvement. Although edaravone reduced the admission to ICU, need for intubation, and mortality rate in patients with moderate COVID-19, the results were not statistically significant. Baseline characteristics, admission days, and clinical parameters were similar between the two groups (P>0.05).

Administration of edaravone 30 mg for three days had no significant effect on the overall outcome of patients with moderate COVID-19. Practical Implications. In this study, none of the COVID-19 patients receiving edaravone had ICU admission, intubation, and mortality. However, no significant difference was found between the clinical outcomes of the control and intervention groups.

Beyond the adverse effects of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD(, hypophosphatemia has also been proposed as a common challenge after dialysis. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the serum phosphate level immediately after hemodialysis (HD) and its association with some clinical complications in CKD patients.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 54 eligible CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. Blood samples were taken, prior to the start and immediately after the end of hemodialysis to determine the serum levels of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, PTH, blood sugar and albumin. Moreover, the clinical complications of patients including muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, weakness and inability to speak are assessed by a questionnaire, before and after HD.

As we expected, the mean of serum creatinine, urea and phosphate levels significantly decreased after dialysis. Post-dialysis hypophosphatemia was graded as mild (3.5 > P ≥ 2.5 mg/dl), moderate (2.5 > P ≥ 1 mg/dl), and severe (<1 mg/dl) based on serum phosphate levels. The frequency of mild and moderate hypophosphatemia was 39.2% and 45.1 %, respectively. None of the participants had severe hypophosphatemia and 13.7% had normal phosphate levels. There was a significant correlation between post-dialysis hypophosphatemia and incidence of nausea and confusion after adjusting for confounding factors.

To our knowledge, this is the first time that the possible association of some of the post-dialysis clinical complications with hypophosphatemia was investigated. Future large-scale studies are required to confirm the association of post-dialysis hypophosphatemia with clinical complications.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of toxic leadership of principals on creating organizational trauma mediated by emotional exhaustion, organizational cynicism and hypocritical behavior in schools. The research was a descriptive correlational study. The study population was 16750 people in all secondary school teachers in Khuzestan province in 1400-1399, from which a sample of 407 people was selected based on Cochran's formula by stratified random sampling. For data collection, Schmidt (2008) Toxic Leadership Questionnaire, Vivian & Horman (2015) Organizational Trauma Questionnaire, Hills Emotional exhaustion Questionnaire (2019), Nafee Organizational cynicism Questionnaire (2013) and Hadavi Nejad (2011) were used. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.96, 0.93, 0.94, 0.91 and 0.97 respectively. Structural equation modeling through LISREL10.30 software was used to analyze the data. Results Toxic leadership of principals have a positive and significant effect on organizational trauma in schools (0.32), on emotional exhaustion (0.31), on organizational cynicism (0.28) and on hypocritical behavior (0.34) (P value<0.05). Emotional exhaustion (0.48), organizational cynicism (0.42) and hypocritical behavior (0.45) had a positive and significant effect on organizational trauma (P value <0.05). Toxic leadership of principals had an indirect, positive and significant effect on organizational trauma in schools mediating emotional exhaustion (0.148), organizational cynicism (0.117) and hypocritical behavior (0.153).

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological contract fulfillment in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior and creative performance. The study population was all 735 employees of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan, from which a sample of 252 people was selected by simple random sampling method based on Cochran's formula. The research method was quantitative, descriptive and of correlation studies and structural equation modeling. For data collection from ethical leadership questionnaires, psychological contract fulfillment and creative performance, and for data analysis from descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential techniques (confirmatory factor analysis and confirmatory path analysis) It was used using Spss and Lisrel software. The results showed that ethical leadership has a direct, positive and significant relationship with organizational citizenship behavior, psychological contract fulfillment and creative performance. It was also found that psychological contract fulfillment plays a mediating role in the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior and performance creatively

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most prevalent infections among kidney transplant recipients. Due to the use of immunosuppressive medications in kidney transplant recipients, their immune system is low and complications of CMV infection such as transplant rejection are observed in them. The MICA gene encodes a stress-related protein that is involved in responding to the virus in virus-infected cells and cancer. One of the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MICA gene is rs1051792. This polymorphism leads to a non-synonymous mutation which classifies the MICA alleles into strong (MICA-129 Met) and weak (MICA-129 Val) binders of the NKG2D receptor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between MICA rs1051792 polymorphism and susceptibility to cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients in the northwest of Iran.

This study included 51 cytomegalovirus-infected kidney transplant recipients as cases and 50 kidney transplant recipients without cytomegalovirus infection as control subjects. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP technique.

The percentage of frequencies of the genotypes AA, AG, GG was 17.64%, 45.09%, and 37.25% in the cases and 16%, 48%, and 36% in the control group, respectively. The statistical analysis did not indicate significant differences between the case and control groups (p>0.05).

 The results do not support the association between MICA rs1051792 and susceptibility to cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Findings emphasize the need to evaluate other candidates of the genetic polymorphisms in the study population.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing every year, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and even death. In Cardiorenal syndrome type 2 (CRS2), chronic cardiac dysfunction causes renal dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate Doppler ultrasound of renal veins, calculate venous impedance index (VII) and determine their associations with the prognosis of CRS2 syndrome in patients with a history of chronic heart disease and CKD with a good forward function.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 49 patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz with heart failure and renal dysfunction were selected. Renal status, VII and ejection fraction (EF) were evaluated.

Mean age of the patients was 61.83±12.39 years, 42.9% of which were women and 57.1% were men. The durations of heart and renal failure were 33.16 ± 13.8 and 11.76±5.1 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between VII and EF of the right and left kidneys (P=0.01 and P =0.03, respectively). But there was no statistically significant relationship between renal function and EF (P =0.54). With increasing edema rate, both VII and EF were decreased; however, these associations were not statistically significant (P >0.05).

According to the results, significant associations were found between VII and EF of right and left kidneys, however, no statistically significant correlations were observed between edema and VII mean and EF.