mohammadreza gholizadeh

The era of Shahrukh (1409-1446) witnessed peaceful relations with the neighbors, including India. Thus he began to expand relations with the local governments of South India. In this regard, Abd al-Razzaq Samarkandi was sent to Calicut and Vijayanagar through Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. Due to the extensive influence of King Hormuz in the Persian Gulf and the many problems that faced Ab al-Razzaq both during his journey and during his stay in the two aforementioned destinations, it is necessary to investigate his embassy to better understand the process and results of Shahrukh's foreign policy. The present study seeks to answer the question, "What was the purpose of the embassy of Abd al-Razzaq Samarkandi and what was the reaction of King Hormuz to it?" The method of this research is historical with a descriptive-analytical approach, and a library method was used in data collection.This study shows that the embassy of Abd al-Razzaq Samarkandi, contrary to the religious and preaching appearance, was more of a political and economic nature and was done with the aim of opening the doors of direct trade relations and increasing the influence of the Timurid government in South India; But since the kings of Hormuz traditionally had the monopoly of trade between southern India and Iran, they considered this embassy as a threat to their interests and tried to thwart it. In this way, the objectives of the Timurid government were not fulfilled from this embassy due to the extensive disruption of the king of Hormuz.

The expansion of the relationship between Iran and Europe since the end of the Qajar period and especially after the constitutional revolution, caused Europeans to pay attention and even interest in Iran, and as a result, there was an increase in visits to Iran. One of the consequences of this flow was the expansion of Iranian Studies in the West and the writing of important scientific works in this field. The works made interested Iranians make more efforts to carry out very rare research about Iran and Iranian studies. Mohammad Qazvini is one of the most important of these enthusiasts who has a decisive role and contribution to the evolution of Iranology knowledge in Iran and the West. His long and arduous journey to the West, in addition to showing the Iranian culture and civilization to the Europeans, has had a two-way impact on the personalities of Western Iranologists and his attitude. Therefore, he can be considered the beginning of a revolution in Iranian Studies in the West. Therefore, this research aims to, apart from expressing the importance of Mohammad Qazvini in this trend, deal with his relationship with the most important Iranologists of that time and his influence on modern scientific and research works and methods and their transfer to Iran.

Examining the factors affecting the firm performance is one of the most important strategic issues, because the survival of companies depends on their proper performance. In the meantime, having a good competitive advantage in the firm, it ensures good performance. Also, one of the important factors in creating a competitive advantage is marketing capabilities, which play a key role in advancing the goals of firms. It should be noted that the market orientation of firms can also affect the severity of the relationship between these variables. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of marketing capabilities on firm performance with mediating role of competitive advantage and moderating role of market orientation. The statistical population of the study is companies active in the field of food and beverages located in industrial towns of Tabriz with a history of more than three years. This research is an applied studies that data was collected through a questionnaire and 90 companies participated in this study. Also, this study was performed by structural equation modeling method, which tested the research hypotheses through Smart PLS software. The results show that the impact of marketing capabilities directly on the firm performance is not significant, but is significant through the creation of competitive advantages. Also, the results showed that market orientation can’t moderate the intensity of the effect between marketing capabilities and firm performance. In general, the companies surveyed can have a positive impact on competitive advantage and performance by emphasizing marketing capabilities.

Although by the end of the first century AD the Mediterranean Sea had become a purely Roman sea, in later periods following the rise of the Sassanid, as they sought to reclaim the lands of their ancestors, this empire's confrontation with Byzantium became inevitable. By developing and consolidating their dominance over the political-commercial sphere of the Persian Gulf, Sassanid held an important part of the main transportation and trade axes of the ancient world. This was while on the borders of the other two areas, namely from Mesopotami to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and the general area of the Caucasus, with their aggressive policy, they had a serious competition with the Byzantines, which was to get the main home, the conflicting ligaments.This research intends to deal with the main causes and factors of the Iran-Byzantine conflict between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf by descriptive-analytical method. In order to answer this question, the geopolitical and commercial-economic importance of the disputed areas is discussed. It will also show how the geopolitical position of these lands led the two great powers of that time into a series of land and sea battles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of service quality variables and perceived fair price on customer satisfaction directly and indirectly through the company image. Based on theoretical and empirical background, the conceptual model of the research is formulated in four hypotheses. The statistical population is the users of the Irancell Company in Iran and Turkcell in Turkey, the sample was selected among them by simple random method. The sample size is 315 for Irancell Company and 295 for Turkcell Company. The data gathering tool was an electronic questionnaire and its content validity was confirmed by CVI and CVR methods. Also, its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that the quality of perceived service has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction either directly or indirectly and through the image of the company. The results also showed that fair price perception directly and positively affects customer satisfaction, but its indirect effect was not confirmed by the mediating role of the company's image. Finally, using T-test two independent samples, the average customer satisfaction was compared with Irancell's operators in Iran and Turkcell in Turkey. The results show that there is no significant difference in customer satisfaction with the services of these companies.

Decision-making is a complex process, and many factors are involved in it. Identifying consumer decision-making styles provides insights that can serve a basis for managers to make decisions about how to deliver goods and services.

This study aimed to investigate the decision-making styles of patients referring to specialty and subspecialty clinics in Iran.

In this study, a qualitative-quantitative approach was used. In the qualitative phase, through the Delphi method, important factors in patients’ decision-making in selecting different clinics were identified in three rounds. In the quantitative part of the study, a questionnaire consisting of 48 questions was prepared using factors identified in the qualitative section. Finally, 460 questionnaires were collected. Exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation was used to summarize factors and extract decision-making styles.

The results identified 10 decision-making styles among patients referring to specialty and subspecialty clinics in Iran.

Compared to previous research and the list of decision-making styles (CSI), the results showed that the two styles of being/inclining and paying attention to entertainment/recreation were not found among patients referring to clinics in this study. Each of the three styles of perfectionism/high-quality sensitivity, brand sensitivity, and habitual loyalty shopping was identified in two separate dimensions, and the style of coercion/lack of choice was identified in this study for the first time.

During World War I, Southern Iran was in a chaotic situation, affected by the rivalry and animosity of the trans-regional warring parties. In this regard, being influenced by the presence and the interactions of two trans-regional superpowers, the measures of the patriotic forces in general political and security atmosphere of Fars are worthy to be analyzed and evaluated. How the Qashqai Il-Khani interacted with the trans-regional forces and his procrastination in collaboration with the national and popular forces and on the other hand the reason for his appeasement with the British forces at the beginning of the war and combatting them after the Event of Khaneh Zenyan, is this study's main question. The hypothesis that the danger of being removed from power, motivated the Qashqai Il-Khani to finally enter into direct confrontation and a war with the British forces was evaluated in this study. Based on new and recent documents and data, contrasting them with new research and existing documents, the findings indicated that the Qashqai Il-Khani not only refrained from taking a clear stance towards cooperating with the southern patriots but also got involved with a complicated political game against his old enemies and rivals.

One of the concepts in the history of Islam and Iran which requires more examination,particularly in Safavid era, is Siyadat (an honorific conception denoting individuals accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet). Although this concept experienced a contraction from its outset until the Safavid era (Hashemi, Talebi, Alavi and Fatemi), new perspectiveshave also appeared concerning Siyadat appointment. The authors of this article attempted to examine two treatises named Understanding Siyadat written by Seyyed Hussein ibn Mojtahed Korki in 1001 (AH) and ATreatise on Siyadat of Female Descendantscompiledby Seyyed Ahamad Ibn Zeinolabedin Alavi Ameliin 1060(AH). In both treatises, authors proposed a different approach to the appointment of Siyadat in comparison to their dominant contemporary discourse. In this research, we aimed at investigating and introducing these two manuscripts by means of content analysis and the analysis of the historical concepts in these treatises and examining the opinions of their authors concerning the concept of Siyadat.

In this paper, according to the mechanisms, political structure, foundations and legitimacy of exercising power in traditional societies; specific and differentiated aspects of Achaemenid rule system of government than other traditional societies are discussed. Also relying on the religious and territorial policies Achaemenid, is shown that founder of the Achaemenid kings, influenced by notions such as "Izadi splendor"(Farah-e Izadi) and “DAD” (justice) were formed the Thought "Iranshahr". To avoid harm to collapse and cosmic order, sacred, and the uncontrolled exercise of power outside the above concepts are settled away. Resorting to attention and follow the concepts, norms and customs of society, distinct way the Achaemenid rule was, with "Eastern dictatorship" and "tyranny" Iranian government "Motghlbh" (dominant).

Job satisfaction is considered to be the most significant invariants in the domain of organization behavior and the realization of organization objectives without job satisfaction is impossible. One of the most important tasks of managers in organization is to identify the employees potential and provide the field for their growth and self actualization and thereby provide the field for optimization of productivity. Regarding the significance of managers roles in creation and advancement of organization employees job satisfaction, in this article the relation of different leadership styles (fielder leadership style) and employees job satisfaction have been research by studying descriptively and statistically the leadership style questionnaires and the completed job satisfaction questionnaires of Iran police department of programming and planning personnel. Sperman coefficient test was used to examine the relation between two invariants and the data analysis by SPSS soft ware showed that there is a meaningful relation between leadership style and job satisfaction. In Iran police department of programming and planning there is also a positive relation between relational leadership style and job satisfaction.

Considering literature as a mirror reflecting the ups and downs of culture and thought in a society, one is expected to give leading roles to both traditional and modern literary trends. This very position is the possibility of dealing with structural and meta-structural factors of literature, studying the phenomena of "evolution" and "decline" and the reasons for the formation of these phenomena.Since the poetry of Mashrooteh is closely linked to the social, political and revolutionary context, it can be a true reflection of the society from which it is originated. The poetry of this period is "the poetry of transition" that farewells the traditional outlook in order to welcome the modern one. Familiarity with the history of this period and the principles of its poetry, besides searching for the lines of connection between the poetry and the revolution of Mashrooteh are the main concerns of this article.