mohammadreza hakak zadeh

As a supporter of individual and social rights, the judiciary has obligations to protect people's rights, which is within the legal jurisdiction of this branch. Part of the judiciary's obligations in this regard are carried out through the prosecutor. The public prosecutor is a judicial official who officially accuses people of committing a crime and prosecutes them in court. The purpose of this article is to examine the question of what duties and obligations does the prosecutor have in the legal system of Iran and the United States of America in the pursuit of public rights? The present article is theoretical and by using the descriptive-analytical method and in a library form, it has explained the tasks and actions of the prosecutor in the preservation of public rights and citizen's rights. The findings indicate that according to the Constitution of the Judiciary, and accordingly, the prosecutor and the related cyber authorities in this branch should guarantee public rights and deal with the factors that violate these rights in line with their duties. In fact, the feeling of justice and trust in the judicial system is provided to the people as a result of the judicial supervision of the provision and fulfillment of the rights of the citizens. In American law, the prosecutor has important duties in front of public law and civil rights, which must perform these duties fairly and impartially and seek to guarantee justice and the rights of individuals.

The globalization of communication technologies simultaneously offers multifaceted opportunities for human societies while posing significant threats to political powers. The undeniable revolution brought about by virtual social networks in the realm of communications is both an asset and a challenge. However, the boundless expansion, easy accessibility, and overall globalization of these networks in recent years have brought consequences that have posed unprecedented challenges to governments on an international level. On one hand, virtual social networks have provided the highest levels of communication between individuals by creating a platform for the free exchange of ideas and opinions, positioning themselves as tools in the service of democracy. On the other hand, by removing the monopoly on news and information control from governments, enabling rapid and instant dissemination, and emphasizing the protection of individual privacy, these networks have significantly limited governments’ authority to intervene and control them.In other words, governments are unable to fully dominate all aspects of communication technologies, which are inherently transnational. Even if such power existed, they would face critical questions about individual privacy, freedom of speech, and the expression of opinions. As a result, virtual communication spaces have shattered traditional frameworks of state control, monitoring, and restriction. The Iranian government is no exception to this phenomenon. Communication technologies have entered the lives of Iranians alongside other parts of the world, and every day, the number of Iranian users continues to grow.

Conceptual Framework:

In today’s world, the growth of new technologies and their accessibility in the realm of communications has led to a profound impact on the global village. The massive volume and high speed of information transfer have redefined the boundaries of exchange, not only between governments but also among individuals across the globe. This has led to the rapid spread of news related to internal crises, transnational tensions, terrorist attacks, political demands, and human rights violations on a global scale, generating spontaneous reactions both individually and collectively. Political decision-makers and actors are thus compelled to respond swiftly.While the diverse applications of information technology in social, economic, and professional life are undeniable, the challenge for governments lies in this new technological-political environment, where "democratized" security means that governments lose their exclusive control over information. In this sense, governments, which have traditionally acted autonomously within their national borders, now face intervention from global public opinion, whether from other governments, political actors, or individual citizens. This loss of control over the proliferation of information leaves states vulnerable. As a result, "the threat to the sovereignty of states posed by the information technology phenomenon in the 21st century appears even more serious than that posed by colonialism in the past."Human Rights Implications of Communication Technology Globalization for IranLike other societies, the increasing number of users and the multifaceted expansion of activities—including professional, economic, and political—pose new challenges for the Iranian government in terms of monitoring, controlling, and regulating these technologies. In recent years, the political and security challenges presented by these technologies have at times been very serious, as communication technologies have played a significant role in public mobilization and shaping public opinion.Decline in Political Participation: Some theorists argue that with increasing social interactions and the rise in political awareness, the likelihood of political participation also increases. However, Amir Siyahpoosh, in a study on social capital in Iran, has demonstrated that in Iran, higher levels of education and social welfare lead to a decrease in trust and political participation.The Role of Virtual Communication in Soft War during Social Movements: Like other societies, Iran has experienced unrest, protests, and movements involving groups that are in conflict with the government over ideological differences. These movements, while recognized as legitimate under the constitution and requiring permission from the Ministry of Interior, inherently reflect the citizens' right to freedom of speech. However, since the events following the 2009 elections, these movements are often analyzed through the lens of soft war, where media and communication networks serve as the primary tools.Erosion of National and Religious Identity: National identity is often threatened by the globalization of values, cultures, and lifestyles. Globalization, driven by virtual networks, promotes transnational and subnational identities, potentially weakening local cultures and values. This phenomenon explains why national identities adapt to other, more globally promoted identities.The issue of human rights in Iran, regardless of its nature, has become highly politicized. Today, virtual social networks serve as key tools for opposition groups, individuals, media, and foreign governments to advocate against Iran’s government. These actors use political events, economic problems, and peaceful protests to frame Iran’s human rights issues for global public opinion. Consequently, human rights have become a political weapon used to scrutinize Iran's actions, especially when it enacts restrictive measures on communication technologies, which are viewed as human rights violations.

Governments worldwide are facing serious challenges in the era of communication technology globalization, with their absolute power becoming increasingly fragile. The Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception. In Iran, human rights implications are particularly pronounced. On one hand, the Iranian political and judicial system does not permit the absolute freedom of speech and opinion within these virtual networks, especially when national security is threatened. On the other hand, the restrictive and censorial actions taken by the government are seen as human rights violations. The political status of Iran in the international arena, coupled with its human rights record, has transformed communication networks into a propaganda tool against the state. This dual situation results from both the restrictive policies implemented by the government and the biased utilization of human rights discourse to advance political agendas through communication technology.

Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation operates as an international organization with the aim of promoting economic development and cooperation between countries in the global economy. The purpose of this article is to examine the principles and indicators of transparency in investment in the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization.

This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

In the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization, transparency in investment and management of financial resources is very important. Transparency in the investment of the Development and Economic Cooperation Organization increases trust. When investors and countries have detailed information about the organization's projects and programs, the possibility of mistakes and errors in financial decisions is minimized and trust in the organization increases. In addition, transparency in the investment of the Organization for Development and Economic Cooperation attracts investment from countries and private companies. Investors prefer to invest in an environment where financial information and investments are provided transparently.

Transparency in investment helps to reduce corruption and misuse of financial resources. When financial information is fully disclosed, the possibility of financial violations and corruption is reduced and countries can direct financial resources to the exploitation of people and sustainable development.

The rights of criminal prisoners are important issues that have always been the subject of debate. One of the basic challenges of prisoners' rights is the amount and scope of these rights, which needs to be discussed. Based on this, the purpose of this article is the position of the rights of criminal prisoners in the scope of Islamic decent governance. This article is descriptive and analytical, and the library method was used to investigate the mentioned topic. The findings indicate that good governance by using principles and indicators such as divine education and training, knowledge and piety and piety of the rulers, realization of installments and justice, fairness in judgment. It acts as a supplement to the principles governing the rights of the imprisoned person, and the crystallization of their rights will make them more objective and accessible. The result is that the realization of the rights of criminal prisoners in the scope of decent Islamic governance requires special attention to the private sector and civil society as important elements of decent governance; Because despite the fact that most of the institutions and organizations that implement and monitor the rights of imprisoned people are governmental, the discussion of the rights of imprisoned people has been challenged both from the individual aspect and from the aspect of the world community's view of the human rights situation.

Climate change, which is caused by the greenhouse effect of heat-retaining gases, is a global problem that all countries are involved in its causes and consequences.In such a situation, in order to achieve justice in the field of climate change and prevent human being from being hurt and annoyed, it is necessary to take serious measures at the international and national level to improve the environment and also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.Also, foreign investment can help reduce carbon emissions and global warming by developing construction projects and investing in improving the climate and environment.This was clearly visible in the last global consensus, the 28th Cup meeting in the United Arab Emirates.The results of the agreements reached between world leaders indicate that the consumption and production of fossil fuels should be stopped by 2050. The implementation of measures to reduce carbon emissions is not only an obstacle to the country's development, but due to the increase of the country's income sources through the release of necessary investments to estimate the growing domestic demand and the export of saved energy resources, it opens the way for the further development of the country and the creation of prosperity, employment and security. The non-implementation of measures to reduce carbon emissions, the most important of which is the optimization of energy consumption, has not only helped the economic development of the country, but is also a major challenge to the economic development plans of a country whose economy mainly revolves around oil and hydrocarbon fuels.In fact, due to the severity of climate change and global warming, we should reduce and eventually stop using fossil fuels. Climate management and sustainable development are strongly affected by climate change. Therefore, it can be said that these two have a very close relationship. This article examines the impact of sustainable development on climate change by using the descriptive-analytical method

Registration of trademarks is one of the most important issues in intellectual property rights. The purpose of this research is to compare the laws and regulations of trademark registration in the legal system of Iran and Canada.
This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.
In the Canadian legal system, laws and regulations related to intellectual property have been set in line with the country's international obligations. Regarding trademarks, Canada has a separate document, the latest version of which came into effect in 2018. In Iran's legal system, there is no independent law for the registration of trademarks, but this is considered in the Law of Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks.
Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.
Utilizing the model of the new document of Canadian trademarks can be considered an effective step in improving the laws and executive mechanisms of registering and protecting trademarks in the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as removing some of the deficiencies and ambiguities in the relevant regulations.

the present research identified religion in interaction with science and also the will of man under the will of the Creator, in a worthy life and together with man in the vast creation of God And in another aspect and from the technological side, he considers the Artemis space program to be the beginning of an effective presence in outer space. This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. A relationship that is either formed on the basis of interaction or in its essence chooses the difference or is in conflict. It can be deduced from the 33rd verse of Surah Rahman, the influence and conquest of mankind on space and the relationship between space science and technology and religion.Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Analyzing the challenges facing human occupation of the moon, including the discovery and extraction of natural resources, respect for intellectual property rights, respect for human rights, protection of the environment and cultural and natural heritage, has come to the conclusion that the only way to guarantee the rights of The space world ruling the moon is a practical belief in the principle that it is the common heritage of mankind.

From a methodological perspective, the pathology of sanctions on states poses daunting challenges because it is not only difficult to separate the consequences of sanctions from various other factors that affect the human rights conditions of civilians, but also to collect data on the actual impact of sanctions. This research intends to answer this basic question by taking advantage of the scientific analysis approach and using valid raw data: What are the characteristics of the Western economic sanctions against Iran and North Korea and why were they applied? And what have been the most important consequences of sanctions on the economic and social structure? For this purpose, he discussed the history of sanctions, the types of sanctions and their legal bases from an international perspective, the ripple effects of sanctions and the review of the resolutions applied in the countries under study. and at the end, solutions were presented to identify the damages of sanctions on governments and citizens' rights. As a result, the findings indicate that ignoring the consequences of sanctions on future generations significantly increases their total economic costs and harms the society.

One of the new concepts in international relations is the decline of government sovereignty, the main principles of which are emphasizing the role of international organizations and new social movements and trying to establish peace, ending the conflict between nations, and establishing new combinations. The decline of sovereignty seeks to limit powers and weaken political borders and national sovereignty. The goal of global governance is under one law in a unified manner. The type and number of actors have evolved in such a way that, in addition to international great powers, regional actors also play a role, along with governments, international civil organizations, international non-governmental organizations, international intergovernmental organizations, informal multilateral organizations, parties, media, ethnic groups, syndicates, multinational companies, individuals and international public opinion have also played a role, which has led to the multilateralization of the international system, thus, according to the changing nature and process of the international system and the interconnectedness of actors and the increasing complexity of their interactions, it is still not an established order. It has not been formed, and the international system is still in a transitional and fluid state. Globalization or the decline of the central state is a thought and idea that takes place in contemporary thinking and policies and arose from the developments of the world, the thoughts of various nations and cultures. Its purpose is to reduce the centrality of state sovereignty and emphasize the role of international organizations and new movements. It has gone through a gradual and evolutionary process and is still progressing.

The media are necessary in the era of the global village and the regulator of international relations and law. The means of mass communication advance the policy of governments and introduce themselves as their means of entity. The media is called the outlet of freedom of expression and dissemination of information, and of course, the observer of human rights. However, it does not always express the norms and globalization based on international law to the extent that governments use the function of the media for their own benefit and in opposition to other societies. This technology sometimes becomes non-peaceful by invading the privacy of other subjects and endangers international peace and security. Based on this, the main question of the article is to what extent international law has been able to regularize the performance of the media in expressing and publishing hostile advertisements? Therefore, by using the descriptive-analytical method and induction from the rules of international law, the nature of political propaganda, which is not dissimilar to hostile propaganda, has been examined in the field of law and media practice. The field of action of the researcher has been the scope of the right of "freedom of expression and publication of information" taken from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and universal documents and its assumption in the working system of the media. The result of the research indicates the implicit prohibition of hostile propaganda in many international documents, but the misuse of the media by the governments in inciting or threatening belligerence and peaceful portrayal of conflicts is really evident. International law should regulate the media's functioning system because the media with extreme claims of freedom of speech can even cause hatred, violence and war-mongering or introduce any conflict as a humanitarian action by changing its nature.

Office decentralization can take the form of "technical decentralization" or "local decentralization." Decentralization means delegating the independence and decision- making power to an institution to run one or more specific public affairs. These institutions and organizations, which have the necessary legal personality and freedom of action, can operate in the form of a "public institution" or a "professional system". Having an independent legal personality, granting decision-making authority and freedom of action, administrative guardianship (supervision of the center), etc. are among the conditions for the realization of a decentralized system, and especially technical decentralization. The present study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, investigates and recognizes the dimensions of the disadvantages and challenges of the technical decentralization system in Iran. The research results show that part of these damages of the system is technical, nature and structural decentralization. At present, the administrative system of Iran does not have the necessary agility to realize the system of technical decentralization. Difficulties in the field of supervision in the system of technical decentralization are another part of the harms of this system in Iran. The existing hierarchy between different local units and government oversight of them is one of the most important of these problems. Another problem of the technical decentralization system in Iran is the budget (especially the financial resources for hiring employees). In order to achieve the condition of independence and freedom of action, it is necessary that public institutions do not have any special dependence on the government.

Professional unions or trade systems, are considered as the factors of innovation and independence of technical institutions from the central government. In this article, using a Descriptive-Analytical method based on library information collection, the realization of the professional system in Iran has been studied. Examining the constitution and ordinary laws in domestic law, it is concluded that the existing professional systems in Iran are incomplete in some structures and according to some practical policies of the central government, lack the basic principles. In this study, it was found that the Iranian professional unions or trade systems are far away from the proposed definition and policies by the central government to prevent the realization of the institutions under the management of the professional system.

The environment of communication and interaction between states is changing in line with the progress of modern science and technology. The modern means of communication, in addition to facilitation of better and fast interactions, have the potential to become destructive threats that may interfere with the internal affairs of a country, and may target the right of determination of the people of a country, for example by using Movements during the elections in the targeted countries, or in the worst case, disrupt or destroy the vital and important infrastructure of a country. This research has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical method employing library studies and using documents available on the internet. The present article, while examining the principle of non-intervention as one of the basic principles of international law in cyber operations, accentuates the Tallinn Manual 2 in its attempt to examine the characteristics of a cyber-attack and, by considering the specific features of the intervention, aims at explaining the violation of the principle of non-intervention through cyber-attacks in different conditions.

Review:One of the most important manifestations of a government's space policy is to propose the issue of space security and provide appropriate solutions. The researches carried out in this field, which are mostly foreign and less domestic, have mostly explained the space security position of the governments. But this article seeks to measure the impact or lack of impact of the behavior of the United States of America in the field of space security on the future of international space law and examine the nature of the influence of the United States of America's view in this field. Among the reliable documents in the interest of the research, looking at the United States National Space Policy document, we reached the United States National Security Space Strategy document and used these documents in a combined method to objectify the behavior of the United States Space Force and look for the result. In question, it was in the most recent document issued by the US Department of Defense through the Defense Intelligence Agency in 2022. By studying the required documents from library sources and official internet databases related to the United States government body, in a descriptive and analytical way, the research comes to the conclusion that after the end of the Cold War, especially in the last two decades, the United States in correspondence By using concepts such as deterrence, expanding space competition, maintaining its unique position and the right to legitimate defense,

The evolution and transformation in information technology has made societies undergo a fundamental change and transformation that will continue in the future, on the other hand, new technology has challenged legal concepts. Information and communication have flowed in the easiest way in the world and borders are no longer an obstacle to this flow, in addition to the fact that the development and evolution of the cyberspace has caused cybercrimes and that criminals can commit crimes without being present at the scene. be criminalized, the validity of the law in the stability of order and public security depends on the support of the governments, and the governments have drawn an indicator called territory (land - nationals) to avoid interfering in each other's affairs.In the cyber world, the sovereign territory of the states as a baseline no longer has any function, and in such a situation, it seems that the position of international treaties has been elevated and they have taken on a more prominent role, in the sense that the drawing of the cyber territories of the countries is only after harmonizing the laws for They do not advance their goals and they also play the role of international consensus laws, the issue raised in this article is to examine the point that what are the influencing factors on the drafting of treaties in cyberspace rights?

With the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations in this country and consequently Russian policy. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that state-nation building transformations in modern Iraq such as the emergence of Takfiri extremism, threatening the interests of Russian allies, and concerns over spreading instabilities to Eurasia, have led to changing the perception of Russians and as a result, adopting the policy of expanding the presence and penetration of Russia in Iraq.

The growing proliferation of UN-oriented international organizations and their role in shaping human life has led the international community to witness new horizons in international law, one of the most important doctrines presented in The new horizons of international law are the doctrine of the responsibility of support, a doctrine that has become a special place in the development of a universal normality today in the theoretical discussions of international law thinkers, which, given the importance of the subject in this The paper, while addressing the fundamentals and features of the doctrine of responsibility for support Opponents point of view and understand the meaning of it, the doctrine of responsibility to protect the fundamental question of how to operate Square has been achieved? Research findings suggest that although the doctrine has already been cited in crises such as the Darfur crisis, Libya, and even Tsunami Haiti and today in Syria, however, political restrictions are, in fact, the subject of the intervention of great powers and recourse to this doctrine to interfere with the pretext of human rights in other countries and undermine the principle of independence and sovereignty and regional instability.