فهرست مطالب mohammadreza zamiri

In recent years, the study of socio-spatial segregation has gained increasing importance within the fields of urban and social sciences, especially with the advent of advanced computational tools that facilitate more precise measurements and analyses. Socio-spatial segregation at the neighborhood level represents one of the most visible and impactful forms of spatial inequality and social injustice within urban settings. By providing tools for effective measurement, researchers and policymakers can better evaluate and analyze the extent and severity of these inequalities, gaining insights into the distribution of resources and opportunities across different social groups.Moreover, tracking the evolution of segregation over time within a specific geographical area allows for a deeper understanding of how urban development, migration patterns, and policy interventions influence the spatial organization of populations. This,in turn, sheds light on the degree to which citizens have equitable access to essential services, such as education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, as well as the overall quality of life in different urban neighborhoods.

Theoretical Framework:

The primary goal of this research is to measure the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within the neighborhoods of Bojnord and to analyze how these patterns have evolved over time. The central research question that guides this study is: What are the socio-spatial dimensions of residential segregation among ethnic groups in Bojnord, and how are these dimensions changing in response to broader social, economic, and political factors?Since Bojnord's designation as the capital of North Khorasan province in 2003, the city has undergone rapid growth and transformation. Its population has nearly doubled, and its physical area has tripled by 2021, largely due to significant waves of migration from nearby villages, other cities, and even regions beyond the provincial borders. These demographic changes have inevitably led to shifts in the social and spatial organization of the city, raising important questions about the nature and consequences of residential segregation in this context.

The research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing the latest population statistics, along with data on the ethnic and religious composition of Bojnord's neighborhoods. This data was collected and analyzed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of residential segregation in the city. In addition, the study draws on population statistics and compositions from previous census periods, particularly those following Bojnord's designation as the provincial capital, to track changes in segregation patterns over time.To measure the socio-spatial dimensions of residential segregation, the study utilizes the Geo-Segregation Analyzer software, which generates detailed maps to visualize the distribution and concentration of different ethnic and religious groups within the city. These maps provide a clear representation of how various social groups are spatially organized within Bojnord, highlighting areas of significant ethnic clustering and isolation.

The analysis reveals that the distribution of populations, particularly those who have migrated to Bojnord in recent years, is heavily influenced by the city's ethnic and cultural diversity. Among the 26 districts of Bojnord, the highest dissimilarity index was observed between the Turkmen and Tat ethnicities, indicating a pronounced level of segregation between these two groups.Despite the high concentration of Turkmen and Tat populations in certain neighborhoods, the Tat group does not exhibit significant spatial isolation compared to other ethnic groups. However, the clustering of the Turkmen population within Bojnord's neighborhoods increased markedly between 1385 and 1395, coinciding with a substantial influx of Turkmen immigrants during this period. This trend has continued in subsequent years, although at a slower pace, as immigration rates have declined recently.The results of this study offer valuable insights into the extent and intensity of segregation among different social groups, both ethnic and religious, within Bojnord's neighborhoods. Various indicators were employed to measure the dimensions of residential segregation, revealing that much of the population growth in Bojnord over the past two decades has been driven by immigration rather than natural population growth. Immigrant groups, particularly those belonging to specific ethnic and religious communities, have tended to settle in neighborhoods where others of similar backgrounds are already concentrated, further reinforcing the spatial concentration of these groups in specific areas of the city.

The findings of this research indicate that since Bojnord's designation as the capital of North Khorasan province, residential segregation among ethnic groups has intensified, with the Turkmen ethnic group showing the most significant growth in segregation indices. If this trend continues, it may lead to heightened social tensions and conflicts, as the spatial separation of ethnic groups can exacerbate existing inequalities and contribute to social fragmentationGiven Bojnord's status as a provincial capital and its diverse ethnic composition, the social and spatial segregation of ethnic groups within urban neighborhoods poses significant challenges for urban planners and policymakers. Addressing these issues is crucial for improving the quality of life for all residents, ensuring equitable access to housing, support services, and opportunities in key areas such as employment, education, and healthcare. Policymakers must consider strategies to promote greater social integration and cohesion within the city, fostering a more inclusive and just urban environment for all its inhabitants.

Considering important role of housing in contemporary urban areas, evaluating urban housing quality has become one of the most popular topics in recent researches. Housing has vast conceptual perspectives which include many aspects of urban life beside the dwelling purpose of it, such as recreation, primary schools, and play yards and so on. The most efficient tool for achieving such purposes is evaluation of qualitative and quantitative urban housing indicators. Using quantitative, objectivistic, positivistic methods and models frequently observes in Iranian scientific journals recently. This article aims to study and evaluate such researches, using scientific analytic methods which have accepted and published in domestic scientific journals. The emphasis of this article is to review papers which studied urban indicators in any area in Iranian urban areas which published between March 2011 and September 2019. To do so, the PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) has introduced and applied and 39 papers have selected. These papers selected among all papers had indexed in Scientific Information Database (SID.ir) and Comprehensive Iranian Humanities Portal (ensani.ir) which include one of these keywords: housing indicator, urban housing. Complete information of these papers has cited and method, data resources and conclusion of each paper discussed briefly. Some criteria introduced and measured to evaluate different aspects of selected papers considering PRISMA suggestions. The most cited sources (papers, books, dissertations and statistic reports) have identified and applied in conclusion. The results have shown that applying quantitative methods on urban indicators led to analogous assessments in various contexts and using novel methods and models, especially applying qualitative and mixed methods would resulted in novel and efficient perspectives to future urban housing programming and applying the PRISMA method would increase quality of survey reviews and strongly recommend to achieve comprehensive and qualified study of similar researches.

The comparison of the thoughts of Allama Tabatabaei and McNaughton concerning the moral motivation can be conducted in two domains, i.e. origin of motivation and the internality and externality of the sources of motivation. In the domain of the origin of motivation, McNaughton only refers to the situation of the action and personal understanding of it while Allama highlights three factors of attention to worldly benefits, attention to otherworldly benefits and acquisition of divine satisfaction and he has also reduced the person’s understanding of the situation into one of these three factors. The point that deserves to be reflected in the the approach of McNaughton is his negligence of religion and the ethics/ religion relationship; what is undeniable in the perspective of Allama. In the domain of internality or externality of the sources of the moral motivation, one should mention the point that Allama considers the sources of motivation to be external, because paying attention to the worldly benefits, attention to the otherworldly benefits and acquisition of divine satisfaction are objectives that lie outside the human existence; but McNaughton believes that the person’s understanding of the situation is based on his internal motive.

The present article aims to explain and philosophically criticize the epistemological foundations of Huntingtonchr('39')s theory of the clash of civilizations as an Islamophobic paradigm. Huntington believes that the fault lines between the eight civilizations - Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic, Orthodox, Latin American - will be the source of future world conflicts and, as critical points of crisis, will replace the political and ideological boundaries. For this reason, he considers the borders of Islam as a serious threat to the West as well as peace and security, which indicates the need for carrying out a research. The main question of this study is "what are the cognitive foundations of this theory and its contradictions with the documents of Islamic history?"  Using a descriptive-analytical method, the research findings refer to the four components of democracy, human rights, modernity and peace and security.

The relation between science and religion has been one of the most important disturbance of scientists in recent centuries. Expressing thus issue was started in west countries since renaissance seriously and it expanded to all countries even Islamic countries. Mesbah as a philosopher and an Islamic scientist chooses completion idea which is based on his basis; e.g.  philosophical foundations with reasonable relativity, paradigm acceptance which means thought basis, experience acceptance which means revelation and inspiration by innocent, monopoly on legitimacy acceptance with salvations pluralism and behavioral pluralism, general rules of conversation acceptance agreement and required backgrounds and transcendent wisdom. Also, Ian Barbour as a philosopher and a western physicist chooses compilation idea which is based on his basis; e.g.   science and religion methodology parallelisms, critical realism, paradigm acceptance which means mindset, religious experience, religious pluralism, philosophic hermeneutic and scanning philosophy. Mesbah leads to separate levels of knowledge in case of its value recognizing and to accept that knowledge is multilevel and is necessary to face systematically in phenomena analysis, but Barbour works on relativity.

Based on his viewpoint of particularism as well as functionalism (in his own sense of the word), McNaughton believes that the elucidation of moral motivation as well as stating the reasons for moral weakness must be assessed on the basis of the situation in which the action takes place. He believes that when the person gets into a situation to act, he can have two kinds of perception of his situation: i.e., the general and the limited. He attributes the general perception of a situation to pious people and believes that if the person achieves a general perception, he would never get entangled in moral weakness. McNaughton has studied moral weakness in the field of limited perception and viewed such factors as the attractiveness of immoral acts, domination of sensation over reasoning and the immoral consideration being stronger as the causes for limited perception of the situation and moral weakness. On the other hand, Allama Tababtaba'i has also taken into consideration the person's perception of a situation in the formation of moral concepts and this very issue has provided the ground for a comparison of the two thinkers' opinions on elucidation of the reasons for moral weakness. Allama points out two types of general and limited perception, too. He attributes the general perception to the strongly faithful people and considers weakness of faith, voluntary ignorance, prioritizing pleasures of faculties of lust and anger, and weakness of determination (resulting from emotions, moral dispositions, and social atmosphere) as the reasons for weakness of faith. Consequently, both thinkers have pointed out two types of general and limited perception of situation concerning elucidation of moral weakness and have attributed general perception to pious people. They have also examined moral weakness concerning limited perception.

Understanding the ultimate goal and desire in life is very important in meaning and lifestyle. Rational arguments, Qur'an and intuition can be used to understand the best ultimate goal for life. The research method was descriptive-analytical in the library resources that we examined one of the rational arguments that had a psychological nature and we used Quranic propositions as a complement and confirmation; Thus, according to Sadra's philosophical foundations, we concluded that the world is the theology and God Almighty is both the origin of beginnings and the end of goals;If our ultimate goal (s) in life is not nearness to God and deep knowledge of God, but only material desires, we will inevitably face at least three basic problems in worldly life: feelings of failure and deprivation, feelings of insecurity, and feelings of boredom. So we must have a demand that is available, sustainable, immortal and unlimited.

Islam is a comprehensive religion that considers all the individual and social aspects of human life. The realm of Islamic rules and teachings is not just related to individual affairs. Paying attention to social dignity is one of the most important issues of concern for Islam, and in addition, social control theories hold that all people have the potential to evade the law, and modern society has provided many opportunities for illegal activities. This study with a descriptive method and an analytical-critical approach seeks to answer the question “what are critiques on Hirsch's social theory from the viewpoint of hadiths?” The results show that Islam has teachings that will lead to human perfection and the consolidation of human society and in the light of divine laws, the growth, and solidity of society can be brought about. However, Hirsch's theory is a complete American thought along with criticism. The studies that have been conducted on social control have not been examined based on Hirsch's theory and considering the religious teachings and extracting appropriate solutions for social control are some of the new findings of the current study

The purpose of this study is the comparative analysis of the exegetical views in al-Manar and al-Mizan about the tradition of Istisal (instant punishment) in the Ummah of Muhammad (PBUH). In this regard, the present research seeks an answer to the question on whether the tradition of instant punishment can be practiced in the Ummah of Muhammad (PBUH). Therefore, the theoretical principles of the discussion are first mentioned; and then the relationship between the tradition of Istisal and other divine traditions such as Imhal (giving opportunity to the wrongdoer), sending prophets, and repentance are explained. Afterwards, by classifying verses on the tradition of Istisal, the viewpoints in the exegetical books al-Manar and al-Mizan are comparatively analyzed. The results of this comparative analysis show that there is disagreement between Allameh Tabatabaii and Rashid Riza on the interpretation of the verses about Istisal tradition. According to the views of Allameh Tabatabaii, the tradition of Istisal is viable in the Ummah of Muhammad, while form the standpoint of Rashid Riza and other renown commentators, it is not possible due to some reasons. In conclusion, the two aforementioned arguments reach one common result, that is to say, Istisal or instant punishment cannot be practiced in the Ummah of Muhammad. Received: 3/10/2018   |   Accepted: 22/4/2019

Soft Power Theory is among the latest theories in the field of contemporary thoughts. First introduced by Joseph Nye, "Soft Power" means "the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction rather than coercion and payment”. This ability is accomplished through cultural attractions and political ideas, and shapes the preferences of others. One of the soft power manifestations of the Qur'an is " Effective Miracle of the Qur'an" ,which is presented in various sources with different titles such as “Sensual Miracle”, “Conscience Miracle”, “Spiritual Attractions”, “Glory of Quran”, “Inner Harmony” and the like. Effective miracle of the Qur'an is a conscientious and transcendental attractiveness, and has a transhuman nature which is not found in any human works. It is also different from the well-known raptures of the material world. According to available sources, this miracle was first introduced by "Khatabi".  This research uses a type of library-analytical-descriptive method to introduce “Effective Miracle” as a manifestation of the “soft power” of the Qur'an.

It is needless to say that the lack of spirituality and peace, cultural and moral decline of human values are among key global challenges and unfortunately we are also encountered with these problems. Finding the best goal for life is one of the pillars of a desirable culture and is of paramount importance in lifestyle and life purpose. After knowing the life purpose, we must provide an exact and long term plan in order to come up with suitable strategies in line with the purpose at issue. To know the best ultimate purpose one can make use of rational arguments, revelation and intuition; Mull Sadra has used diverse (rational, traditional and intuitional) methods in his philosophical system. He believes that man in view of his mode of creation and free will have the potentiality to be a mirror that reflects the Divine Names and Attributes and becomes God's vicegerent on earth (Sadra, 1999, vol. 1: 2). In the current article, we have made use of rational arguments and intuitive findings (primordial introspection and mystical intuition) and by means of library based method in descriptive and analytic form collected the propositions resulted from reason and intuition about life goal in Transcendent Theosophy in order to reach the following conclusions As to the application of reason and intuition in Transcendent Theosophy, one can say that they are both necessary but none of them is sufficient alone (Transcendent Theosophy is an interdisciplinary study). Mystical intuition must be formulated in the form of arguments because substantial proof is the basis and measure of mystical intuitions. Some teachings are trans-rational and are known to be irrational and undependable visions; but intuition through reason is much more dependable and certain though prophetic and revealed intuition is the most dependable way for knowledge acquisition as compared to other visions of mystical visions. From the point of view of rational principles and arguments, the telos of world and man is God and we must choose the knowledge of God as our own purpose in life. But reason alone is not sufficient for reaching perfection and it needs to be associated with vision and intuition in order to reach certain truths. By referring to primordial consciousness and approaches and realizing the initial primordial nature, one can reinforce his internal enthusiasm and love and via a deep and extensive intuition conceive the existence of God so that the Divine Names and Attributes to become reflected in us and we reach real pleasure and peace. Then, realization of primordial potencies and the perfection of intuition must be chosen as the ultimate goal of life. According to Sadra, intuition is compatible with rational proof and they are not opposing. There is also harmony in the field of their application. Having analyzed the data and studied the harmony elements (including coherence, convergence, enlightenment, leading to end, leading to purpose, argumentization and combined association), we prove the way that reason and intuition are used in line with each other as regards the problem of ultimate purpose of life. Thus, it became clear that the epistemic system in Transcendent Theosophy enjoys higher degree of coherence which can be found in no other epistemic system.

The aim of this study is investigating the role of religion on the mental health, identity and social security. From all students in University of Qom were choosen 556 students as a samples by cluster sampling. In this study were used of some questionnaires as a religion, identity, mental health, behavioral problems and social security. In this study for describing data and other results was used Spss-22 and for examining goodness of fit of model was used Amos-22. For examine of fit of model was used Amos-22, which results showed model fit the data was good. Results of Amos showed direct path from religion to identity (0.34), and behavioral problems (-0.38) were significant but to mental health and social security were non-significant. Too, from identity to mental health (0.51), and behavioral problems (0.11) were significant but to social security was non-significant. And direct path from behavioral problems to social security was significant (0.35). Analysis of data by MANOVA showed that in terms of gender there were significant differences in religion, behavioral problems, and social security. Too, with attention to marital situation there were significant differences in religion, identity, mental health, behavioral problems, and social security.

Missing spatial approach in urban planning is one of the most important weaknesses which have been observed in urban settlements of Iran. Using quantitative methods in analyzing spatial distribution of urban land uses have been considered increasingly in recent years, which have been used and experienced throughout the world. Ripley’s K function is a statistical method which examines and estimates the spatial distribution pattern of geographical features in specified area. Here in this article the first time this function is applied to evaluate and analyze trend of spatial development in Bojnord especially the form and quality of land use distribution. Methodologically this can be considered as an applied research which uses descriptive and analytical methods to achieve its goal. So, required data have been collected through studying formal documents, surveying existent planes and analyzing maps and other visual references to derive needed information. In ArcGIS the Multi-Distance Spatial Cluster Analysis (Ripley's K-function) tool determines whether a feature class is clustered at multiple different distances. Bojnord with about 200,000 populations (2011) in the recent years has experienced a rapid and sudden growth in population and space. These changes lead to some problems in the urban area such as rising informal settlements around the city, wasting natural sources and lands and result in reduction of quality of life. In this study, the urban area divided into 26 separated zones which cover all over the city. These zones conform to the districts of municipality administration.
The results show that beside the population, other observed data such as urban land uses (residential, cultural, green space etc.) have no determined pattern and generally can be considered as random distribution. To prove the results of Ripley’s K function in Bojnord and examine the efficiency of this index, the Moran’s global coefficient also has applied to the same data. This method shows same results. Population in Bojnord is generally clustered especially in center of the city. Other observed data have no specific pattern and randomly distributed in the urban area. It is shown that the results of two method match with each other. So Ripley’s K function can certainly be used to evaluate spatial distribution of geographical features and it can be considered as a quantitative method in urban and regional planning and spatial development.

The tradition of change" in the verse "إن الله لا یغیر ما بقوم حتی یغیروا ما بانفسهم" has been mentioned and has always been of interest to social commentators in contemporary times. This paper tries to compare the viewpoint of social commentators with the descriptive-analytical method while explaining the exact "tradition of change" based on the eleventh verse of Rā'ud's sura. Reviews reveal that the precise definition of the "tradition of change" is based on an interpretation that is presented about. There are two perspectives on this: first, the "we" of the first principle of "blessing" and "us" of the second principle returns to "relative", hence the tradition of changing "from a desirable to an undesirable" meaning. In the second view, "us" of the first principle of "blessing" and "us," the second principle, is meant to be "relative and return of suffering", hence the meaning of the tradition of change as "transformation from desirable to unfavorable and viceTherefore, in explaining the verse, the first group refers to this verse with verse 53 of the Anfal and has given a special meaning, but the second group has provided a general and extraterrestrial meaning of the verse. The results show that the second viewpoint and approach are more precise, because in the extraction of a verse from the verse there are many important fruits, including: the discovery of the social laws of the Qur'an, the question of the Qur'an, the referral of the community to social problems, and the observation of.

Discussion on Divine word has an extremely significant impact on the individual and social lives of believers as they originate from a Divine source. The present article aims to investigate Divine word from Ashatrites’ point of view. To this end, following introductory notes, the Asharites’ views on divine word, the nature of God, eternity, non-verbality, the one existent as distinct from knowledge and will are delineated with adequate reasons. In their narrative reasoning, the Asharites have drawn on the surface meaning of the verses of the holy Quran and in their intellectual reasoning, they have made an attempt to use the methods of division and allegories in their reasoning. The critique of their views has focused on their foundational reasons case by case. The conclusion is that their views on divine word are successive and interdependent. In other words, they moved from attributing concreteness to divine words to reach eternal word and spiritual word and to other divine characteristics. Consequently, by the revocation of the initial principle, other subsequent principles are successively revoked. In addition, their intellectual and narrative reasoning is poor and short of supporting their claims. Above all, the theory of spiritual word and its consequences which are opposing to the Muslims’ accepted principles lead to the denial of revelation and to the degradation of the divine word to human word.

It is beyond a shadow of a doubt that the issue of Devine knowledge is one of the most important and complicated issues in Islamic theology and philosophy. Islamic theologians and philosophers have engaged in various aspects of this issue, including how to prove and quality of that, and present different arguments. Mulla Mahdī Narāqī was one of the great figures who has discussed regarding two above-mentioned aspects of Devine knowledge and innovated new ideas. The quality and argument in favor of Devine knowledge in the view of Narāgī, are the main questions which this paper concentrate on. Analyzing several books of Narāgī, such as Jami' al-Afkār wa Nāqid al-Anzār, we came to following First: The correct aspect of proving omniscience upon the "Any unphysical entity is thinker of itself" rule would be that any unphysical entity which stands on its essence has the capacity of perception and thinking. But actuality of thinking is subordinated to actuality of the most powerful interest between thinker and which has been thought, and that would exactly be the presence of its essence in its essence, that is knowledge by presence.
Second: for the quality of omniscience, the best view would be that to make the presence of god's essence in its essence the criterion of God's detailed knowledge to all entities, even before as after creation. It is the total presence and all discovering for all entities, in their inclusion and causality. The presence of God in its essence is more powerful than the presence of entities to God.

The aim of this research Showing importance the position and approach of islamic texts And the views of sociologists relative to the structure and foundations of social changes. research questions: one: How has the theme of "tradition of change" been explained in the Quranic interpretations? Two: How is the structure of social change in Islamic texts and the words of sociologists analyzed? exploratory research and an analytical descriptive approach, With the content analysis tool, In response to the first question, studies show: The first group of commentators ,The tradition of change is "transforming society from desirable to unfavorable. "The second group of commentators, The tradition has changed the meaning of "transforming society from desirable to unfavorable and vice versa." In response to the second question four issues have been discussed .First Social change factors: According to interpretative doctrines, Divine prophets are the main cause of the movement of history. Second Social change conditions: According to the teachings of the Quran, the fundamental conditions of change are :Correct opinion, Faith with action .Third Elements of social change: Two elements People (as components of society) and time (the time needed to change),attitudes to communities must be taken into consideration .Fourth obstacles to social change :From the perspective of the teachings of the Quran and sociologists, Social changes for reasons such as :Imitation, prejudice, resignation and social indifference faces a slowdown.

One of the important subjects in the range of moral dilemma, Tarz¬Ha Yi is sometimes placed among the moral duties. In addition to examining aspects of ethics philosopher David Ross intuition-oriented, he also paid to the analysis and theory According to the head of epistemology, ethics, moral principles to achieve that called prima facie duties.
And for moral judgment justified in certain circumstances to determine the actual duties, only intuition that Kargshast; This extract is head of training and compliance great location, big and small criticism and praise is located proliferate. The famous philosopher in the realm of ethics, because he belongs to the school of intuitionism.. To the head of the intuition, is the source of knowledge, understanding and non-inductive and mind through the preparation does not seem to result. Serious criticism because humans are very different moral intuitions and sharp disagreements about ethics, Intuitive late to the education of ethical and brought rationality. Considered by many to believe in the existence of prima facie duties of the auditor general is the head of ethics Of course, like any other serious critique theory has also come on it. Ross perspective due to defects in explaining the series of tasks and thus its irrationality and lack of comprehensive criteria for preferred Mtzahm actions, in fact, is not a suitable solution for solving this problem.

Appropriate shelter and affordable housing as an essential and vital human need and as one of the main and important elements in forming and physically developing cities have become the most important subject in spatial development and planning in contemporary urban areas. Housing, which by definition means a set of houses, streets and related facilities, is the most important component of a city and its development affects environment, economy, culture and social issues in an urban area. There are many indicators and criteria to evaluate housing conditions such as building quality (i.e. materials), property types, age, and density and so on. Nowadays the importance of spatial approach for studying urban aspects has become increasingly evident. Therefore, quantitative methods should be introduced and used to evaluate development trends in such spatial approach. Studying spatial aspects of urban housing development and analyzing distribution of its features does not have a long history in Iran.
In this research, as an applied research, descriptive and analytical methods were used. Thus, the required data was collected from statistical almanacs and results of a recent comprehensive census in 2011 and construction licenses which were authorized by the Bojnord municipality council during the 2004-2014 period. The general trend of spatial development of urban housing was studied and evaluated using quantitative methods such as Shanon's Entropy and Moran's Global Coefficient. The area of the city was divided into 26 subdivisions according to the approved detailed plan (2004). Then, spatial distribution of three main types of housing (one and two-store buildings, three and four-store buildings and more than four-store buildings) was derived through collected data and entered into a GIS database to apply the models. In addition, correlation analysis was used to clarify parameters which influence spatial changes in housing distribution in Bojnord.
This research is one of the first experiences in spatial analysis of distribution of housing properties at city level using quantitative methods. Bojnord is located in North-East Iran and is on average 1,070 meters above sea level and has a population of over 200,000 inhabitants. Current center of the city was formed during the Qajar dynasty, 350 years ago. Since upgrading to the center of North Khorasan province, Bojnord has experienced a rapid and sudden growth in physical, economic and social aspects and as a result in urban housing. Studying quality and process of urban housing growth and development in Bojnord during the aforementioned period using a spatial approach is the main goal of this research. After establishment of the new province, Bojnord has evolved in terms of shape and type of housing development trends. Except for the center of the city and margin areas (which are considered as informal settlements), it seems the trend of housing development in Bojnord aims toward more centralization and density. Such changes might be observed in emerging residential complexes and growing number of apartments in the city which can also be considered as evolving lifestyle in Bojnord.
Based on the results, increasing construction and housing development causes a more centralized pattern in urban housing. Such trend was caused by national elements such as inflation or deflation rather than local parameters such as population and land prices. On the other hand, it may be concluded that urban sprawl has not occurred in Bojnord in this period of time. In conclusion, all kinds of housing planning at all levels (national, regional or urban planning) should take spatial approach instead of leaning on merely physical aspects, and cannot be implemented and evaluated based only on internal factors and parameters.

The personality and tradition of the prophet, as messenger of Islam, have always captured the attention of scholars. Orientalists have also been concerned about this issue by maintaining different motivations. The main purposes of the Evangelical Christian Orientalists have included fighting against the true religion of Islam as well as denying the Prophet’s mission which have been always on the agenda of church leaders. They have made attempts to deny the Prophet’s mission by determining forged teachers for him and arbitrary commentary of the holy Quran. This paper aims at discussing and analyzing some reasons proposed to deny the Prophet’s mission and also based on the intra-religious evidences and valid outer-religious reasons it states that these skepticisms have been due to their incorrect presuppositions. In addition, this group of orientalists, in many cases, has distorted the historical realities and has discussed the Quran verses contrary to the commentary regulations.

The problem of good and evil is one of the profound issues in philosophy and theology that continued to draw the attention of thinkers and has been subjected to critical examination. Islamic philosophers particularly advocates of Sadra’s theosophy, among others, endeavored to deal with the problem rationally and justify the sufferings and evils of the world on well-established arguments. Depending on three bases of fundamental reality of being, privation of evil and the idea of the best possible world Mulla Sadra attempted to give response to the problem. Since the notion of privation of evil has serious critics among western philosophers as well as Muslim thinkers, the present article tries to respond the related objections and defend the nature of evil as privation by explaining the relation of good and evil with fundamental reality of being in the eyes of Sadra and such followers of transcendent philosophy as Hakim Sabzawari and Javadi Amoli providing sound arguments for privation of evil through new method and by consulting the main references such as Asfar and Masha`r and other works by Mulla Sadra.

Through a non-religious approach to the Holy Quran and its teachings, many orientalists have highlighted the presupposition of”the non-divine nature of the Qur’an” and carried out a lot of research on finding the origin of the Quran and its stories. They regard the Quran as a human book influenced by the other holy books especially the Torah and the Bible. They also believe that the Quranic stories are adapted from the previous holy books. Among their reasons is the similarity of stories in the Quran and the Testaments, a logical and well-reasoned answer to these doubts proves the divinity of the Holy Qur’an. By virtue of the religious evidence, the content of the historical propositions of the Qur’an and the Testaments and differentiating the artistic effects of the Quranic stories and those of the testaments, and also the valid non-religious reasons, the archeologists’ findings that confirm the Quranic stories and reject some of the statements of the testament. This paper, seeks to reject and repudiate the supposition that the Quranic stories are adapted from the Testaments.

In Islamic texts, endowment of money has appeared, mostly in the form of the "endowment of dirham and dinar" because money in the early Islamic era has been confined to these two types. The definition provided by the jurists for Waqf (religious endowment) caused to dedicate some important things whose advantage do not waste them. And thus, expanding the circle of Waqf and equipping many assets in its frame have been impossible. Due to the Contractual Nature of money, this question is raised: "Is endowment of money legitimate?" Some Imāmī, Hanbalī and Shāfi'ī and most of the Hanafī jurists, among the community of Shiite and Sunnī scholars, have permitted the endowment of money and many of the Mālikī jurists have agreed absolutely with this issue. These reasons can be cited by the jurists; being the same sentence of Waqf with loan and hire of money, endowment of money's capable of being owned, no contradiction between endowment of money and its remaining, Wise people's view and applying its reason, etc. In the article, we write about it.

Definitely physical plans and chasing comprehensive development pattern in the development trend of cities has proven no successful and reliable results. Urban sprawl, wasting resources and increasing city management costs and urban services are some of these unpleasant results. Therefore, it is necessary to study all aspects of city life. Spatial planning emphasizes distribution of population, activity and employment and land uses all over the city. Identifying form and trend of spatial development in cities beside the physical trend is a favorite topic for urban planners and managers. Introducing some quantitative indicators for evaluating compactness or sprawl in spatial development trends in cities is so important. Because there is not one definition for sprawl and without using some quantitative indicators, it’s impossible to evaluate and describe development of cities. For this purpose, global coefficient of Moran, coefficient of Geary and Shannon’s entropy have been used in this research. Results show that this coefficients and indicators can describe spatial development trend in cities and make evaluation of that trend quantitative and reliable.

One of the main elements of social pcychology is the issue of lidership. Lidership is a universal concept that includes the ruling and management of a society, organization and group. In classic works, ther is some points about lidership. This article contains a comparative study of lidership in saadies worh and social pcychology. It results that som points of saadies work about libership is consistent with the new facts about the subject in modern social pcychology.