morteza piri

The purpose of the current research is to identify the dimensions and components of knowledge flow processes and examine their importance in defense knowledge-based companies. The population and statistical sample of this research is 25 experts. For this purpose, using the fuzzy Delphi method, 5 dimensions and 25 components of knowledge flow processes were identified and screened. Then the weighting and prioritization of each of the research variables in knowledge-based organizations was done with the fuzzy best-worst method. The results show that the dimension of knowledge retention ranks first and dimensions: knowledge creation; knowledge transfer; Knowledge acquisition and knowledge application were ranked second to fifth in Lingo software. Then, the intensity of the relationships between the dimensions of the knowledge flow processes was evaluated using the fuzzy Dimethel method. The results of this research can provide a comprehensive view to knowledge management experts and researchers regarding the dimensions and components of knowledge flow and their prioritization in knowledge-based organizations.

IntroductionHuman resources in organizations, by sharing their knowledge, attitude, ideas and experiences, are the most essential factors in moving the cycles of the organization, the expertise and capabilities of human resources can make organizations flexible. Make it acceptable and realize strategic goals in challenging conditions (Dudokh, 2020). Knowledge sharing is a behavior in which a person voluntarily provides his knowledge, expertise and experiences to other actors inside and outside the organization (Hosseinpour, Qurbani and Vishalghi, 2018). Thus, self-censorship is a phenomenon that hinders the transfer and sharing of knowledge (Hamari et al., 2017). Self-censorship of employees is a deliberate and voluntary action that employees refrain from disclosing when they have information, and it increases the tendency of employees to provide false information (Bartel, 2017).Organizational self-censorship is a dangerous obstacle for organizational change and transformation and hinders the development of pluralistic organizations. Self-censorship in organizations can have harmful effects on the decision-making and change process (Hamari et al., 2017). The issue of organizational self-censorship and efforts to solve it are very important and require the serious attention of managers of organizations. This phenomenon can be effective in learning and discovering errors, reduce organizational effectiveness and cause pessimism and dissatisfaction among employees, so it is necessary to address this important issue.Also, due to the existence of a theoretical gap in the field of self-censorship, it is necessary to carry out research in this field and solve this existing theoretical gap. Considering the scope of the research problem and the need to use strategies to counter self-censorship, this research aims to identify and explain the antecedents and consequences of self-censorship of employees in Urmia government organizations. Research MethodsThe current research is in the field of combined and inductive-comparative research, in such a way that it is done qualitatively-quantitatively. The purpose of this research is applied and descriptive-survey. Due to the fact that the current research is a hybrid one, the tools and methods used in the qualitative and quantitative sections are expressed separately. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part consists of management and psychology professors. In this regard, using the purposeful sampling method, 16 professors were selected as samples. The sample size was determined using the principle of theoretical saturation in such a way that the interview process ended with the sixteenth participant. The tool for collecting information in the qualitative part of the research is a semi-structured interview, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed using the CVR coefficient and the Kappa-Cohen test, respectively. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative part is the middle and senior managers of Urmia government organizations, which was determined using the non-probability sampling method with a sample size of 32 people. In the quantitative part of the research, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was used, whose reliability was confirmed by retesting and its validity by content validity. In the fuzzy Delphi approach, questionnaires are distributed and collected in two stages and at different times. Therefore, based on the average difference of de-fuzzification and compatibility rate, reliability can be checked. If the difference of the de-fuzzified average is less than 0.1, it can be said that the questionnaire has the necessary reliability, and according to the result of the de-fuzzified average in two stages, it can be said that the questionnaire has the necessary reliability.ResultsBased on the results of the antecedents and factors affecting the self-censorship of employees in government organizations, organizational climate, maintaining the current position, fear of losing the job position, low job motivation, organizational structure based on bureaucracy, common perceptions, prioritizing individual interests, time monopolies, Weakness in effective communication, lack of effective cooperation, protection of the reputation and identity of the organization, compatibility with values and norms, harmony with the crowd, expediency of employees, lack of responsibility, lack of security. The results containing the identification of the consequences of self-censorship of employees show that the decrease in enthusiasm of employees, increase in stress, decrease in happiness in the organization, decrease in individual performance and efficiency, decrease in organizational agility, decrease in organizational productivity, employee dissatisfaction, job burnout, The difference in human resources hinders entrepreneurship in the organization, ineffective decisions, increases the desire to leave the service, hinders development and transformation, reduces trust in the organization, reduces timely reactions, and lacks learning. Also, the findings of the research show that the organizational atmosphere, fear of losing job position, conformity with the crowd, lack of security, expediency of employees and maintaining the current position are among the most important antecedents and factors affecting self-censorship of employees in organizations. They are government. In addition to this, factors such as lack of organizational changes, increased stress, reduced organizational productivity, reduced organizational agility, reduced individual performance and efficiency, and increased desire to leave the service of employees are among the most important consequences or consequences of self-censorship of employees in government organizations. ConclusionDutiful and authoritarian organizational atmosphere is the most important factor that creates self-censorship of employees. Spreading the culture of knowledge sharing and increasing employee participation, which is basically not a process that can be realized all at once, can lead to increasing the participation of human resources and knowledge sharing among employees. Therefore, it is necessary to spread and strengthen the culture of participation and knowledge sharing in organizations in order to become the basis for increasing creativity in the organization. By organizing brainstorming sessions, organizations challenge employees and increase participation and interactions between work groups, which leads to innovation and creativity, all of which lead to increased organizational learning, increased courage and boldness of employees in stating the truth and adopting Strategies to prevent self-censorship will be provided to employees.

The application of blockchain technology in the field of knowledge and intellectual capital management is gaining traction due to its ability to enhance key indicators such as security, non-forgery, unchangeable information, tracking, decentralization, and transparency. This technology is increasingly being utilized in knowledge and intellectual capital management, with its growth and promotion hinging on the need to prioritize the tacit knowledge and intellectual capital of employees. However, scientific contributions and successful applications in this area remain limited and are primarily in the proof-of-concept stage. The main focus of this paper is to introduce a value chain management model that emphasizes intellectual capital in medical and healthcare organizations through the use of blockchain technology. The study begins by extracting a framework for readiness to adopt blockchain technology through a review of previous studies and research. Subsequently, it identifies various areas within the value chain of medical and healthcare organizations. A questionnaire for pairwise comparisons was then distributed using a hierarchical approach. Finally, the TOPSIS questionnaire was used to rank the five identified areas of activity in the value chain and knowledge management of medical and healthcare organizations. Semi-structured interviews with experts from the organizations were conducted to provide further insights into promising methods for enhancing blockchain acceptance within the organization and to suggest meaningful research directions for future studies.

In the digital age, blockchain technology is recognized as an operational innovation that is rapidly joining the field of supply chain and humanitarian logistics. Hence, blockchain technology has the potential to fundamentally change the field of humanitarian aid, but still relatively little research has been published aimed at improving understanding of the various barriers to blockchain adoption in humanitarian logistics. The aim of this research is to provide an integrated framework for evaluating the barriers to blockchain adoption in the field of humanitarian logistics. To assess the barriers, integrated approach has been applied in three phases. In the first phase of this approach, based on the literature, 10 barriers to the adoption of blockchain in humanitarian logistics are identified and evaluated using the FMEA method. In the second phase, using the opinions of experts, the weights of the three factors are calculated. Then, in the third phase and according to the outputs of the previous phases, obstacles are prioritized using the proposed Z-ARAS method. In addition to assigning different weights to the three factors considering uncertainty and reliability in barriers is also considered in this approach through the theory of Z numbers. The proposed approach of current study was implemented in the evaluation of blockchain adoption barriers in humanitarian logistics. According to the results, the most critical barriers concern with integrating issues, risk of cyber-attacks, and technology risks. The results shown the capability and superiority of the proposed approach compared to other traditional methods such as FMEA and Fuzzy ARAS.

In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, advanced technologies are reshaping production and business models across various industries, offering new opportunities for enhanced competitiveness but also introducing challenges in terms of adoption and optimization (Wong et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2021). Notably, the convergence of advanced technology and humanitarian logistics is crucial, especially in addressing natural and man-made disasters (Ar et al., 2020; Dubey et al., 2020). This necessitates effective management and the combination of humanitarian logistics with blockchain technology, although this integration comes with multifaceted challenges (Baharmand et al., 2021).
To address these challenges, we explore the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method as a systematic approach to identify and assess barriers and risks. Traditional FMEA approaches rely on subjective evaluations, which introduce uncertainty into the results. In this context, our research aims to introduce an innovative approach that addresses these limitations by integrating the ARAS method and Z-numbers theory. This approach allows for more reliable prioritization of barriers related to blockchain technology adoption in humanitarian logistics, enhancing the robustness and effectiveness of decision-making processes. In this extended abstract, we present our method and compare its outcomes with traditional approaches to prioritize barriers and risks in blockchain technology adoption within humanitarian logistics. Also, the barriers to blockchain technology adoption in humanitarian logistics and how to prioritize these barriers are among the main research questions.

Blockchain technology is gaining traction in supply chains due to its diverse applications and unique advantages. As supply chains face increasing disruptions, blockchain technology adoption can address challenges and enhance performance (Akhavan & Philsoophian, 2022; Hald & Kinra, 2019). Blockchain structures data into interconnected blocks, ensuring the security and transparency of transactions (Akhavan & Namvar, 2021; Azizi et al., 2021). Blockchain technology is appealing for supply chains due to four main characteristics: encouraging data sharing, minimizing fraudulent transactions, ensuring data immutability, and providing asset security (Babich & Hilary, 2020; Cole, Stevenson, & Aitken, 2019; Rahimi, Akhavan, Philsofian, & Darabi, 2022).
Research on blockchain applications in humanitarian logistics primarily focuses on motivations, such as improved collaboration, transparency, trust, cost reduction, intermediary removal, and shared participation (Baharmand, Maghsoudi, et al., 2021; Seyedsayamdost & Vanderwal, 2020). However, more research is needed in this area (Sahebi, Masoomi, & Ghorbani, 2020). Existing studies have identified barriers to blockchain adoption in humanitarian supply chains, including financial constraints, senior management support, organizational readiness, technological complexity, infrastructure, technology compatibility, and regulatory issues (Baharmand & Comes, 2019).
Multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) have been used to improve FMEA's performance (Ghoushchi et al., 2021; Ghoushchi et al., 2022). These approaches often combine FMEA with methods like GRA, BWM, TOPSIS, and AHP in various fuzzy environments. Such integrated methods have been proposed for barrer identification in the context of blockchain adoption (Li, Li, Sun, & Wang, 2018; Lo & Liou, 2018; Kolios, Umofia, & Shafiee, 2017; Carpitella, Certa, Izquierdo, & La Fata, 2018; Sayyadi Tooranloo & Ayatollah, 2017). Additionally, unified methods like MOORA have been applied to address specific challenges in different contexts (Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi, Memarpour Ghiaci, et al., 2022).
The literature indicates a gap in research on blockchain applications in humanitarian logistics, as most studies focus on business supply chains. Using insights from business supply chains to inform decisions in humanitarian logistics can be misleading, given their fundamental differences (Baharmand, Saeed, Comes, & Lauras, 2021). Consequently, this study aims to address these gaps by proposing an extended FMEA approach based on MCDM methods to identify and prioritize barriers to blockchain adoption in humanitarian logistics, using Z-numbers theory.

The proposed approach of this research is presented, utilizing FMEA and Z-ARAS methods for barrier assessment. The proposed approach consists of three phases. In the first phase, barriers are identified, and the values of the criteria are scored by the FMEA team using linguistic variables from Z-number theory. In the second phase, considering the differences in the importance of criteria, the weight of each criterion is determined based on expert opinions as triangular fuzzy numbers. In the third phase, based on the results of the first and second phases, barrier prioritization is performed while taking into account the criterion weights, using the Z-ARAS method. Unlike the conventional fuzzy ARAS method, the Z-ARAS method can consider uncertainty and reliability for each criterion concerning the options. In this method, after determining the decision matrix, which comprises fuzzy numbers and reliability values (Z-numbers), these values are transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers, and then the Z-ARAS method is executed.

Humanitarian logistics is a relatively new area of research. The impact of humanitarian logistics is crucial, as it saves lives and improves conditions. Research has shown that effective humanitarian logistics is a key driver for the performance of humanitarian organizations. Currently, there exists a significant gap in humanitarian logistics research, particularly in developing countries, between theoretical research and practical implementation.
The adoption of blockchain technology will play a pivotal role in the future development of humanitarian logistics. Therefore, the identification and prioritization of barriers to adopting blockchain technology in humanitarian logistics have gained increasing importance. In this study, an enhanced approach to FMEA is proposed using the Z-ARAS method. Based on the results obtained, "Integration Issues," "Cybersecurity Risks," and "Technology Risks" have been chosen as critical barriers to blockchain technology adoption in humanitarian logistics and are given priority for mitigation and resource allocation. The use of this enhanced approach has addressed some of the limitations of the conventional FMEA method, such as not providing a complete ranking of options. While the developed FMEA approach using the Z-ARAS method is a promising and reliable method, it has limitations. This model may be complex for decision-makers, and it is expected that software tools will be developed to assist decision-makers using this enhanced approach. Additionally, the interaction and impact of barriers were not discussed in this study. Future work can analyze the interplay between barriers to identify critical barriers. Furthermore, researchers can consider multi-criteria decision-making methods like PIPRECIA, SWARA, BWM, and others to determine the importance and weights of criteria. Developing the FMEA method using multi-criteria decision-making methods such as MARCOS, EDAS, CoCoSo, and others for ranking barriers in uncertain environments, including pythagorean, q-rung, and spherical fuzzy scenarios, is also suggested for future studies. Regardless of the issue used for implementing the proposed approach in this research, this approach can be applied to identify and analyze risks and failure modes in various scenarios.

Explaining the quality of employee-organization relations in unplanned changes resulting from an event such as an epidemic in the workplace is an important concern. With this aim, this article presents a model on the effect of transparent communication within the organization on the quality of employee-organization relations. From the point of view of use, purpose and time, this research is applied, exploratory and a cross-sectional study, and in general, it is a quantitative research with a survey and gathers data by a questionnaire tool that is in the form of a matrix and with scalable closed questions resulting from literature review and interviews. The statistical population includes the employees of one of the subordinate organizations of the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Support, and the sample size, using the available method, was 95 people. Structural equation modeling and SmartPLS software have been used to test the hypothesis. The findings of the research include that clear communication within the organization directly and through the mediating variables of "control exposure strategies" and "perceived uncertainty" affects the employee-organization relationship in unplanned changes. It can be concluded that transparent communication methods provide the possibility for employees to participate in the decision-making process and receive sufficient and reliable information during unplanned change, to equip themselves with the tools to face such changes. Also, clear communication practices help manage unplanned changes by reducing uncertainty.

Businesses operating in the digital marketing domain have recognized the importance of marketing capabilities in shaping consumer perceptions and enhancing their services. As the digital age continues to evolve, it has significantly influenced business performance. This study examined the relationship between digital orientation and marketing performance in small and medium-sized virtual businesses, considering the mediating role of digital marketing capabilities. The research adopted a practical and descriptive-survey approach, falling under the category of correlational research. Data collection was conducted in the field, focusing on virtual businesses in Urmia City with a total population of 1002 businesses. A sample size of 281 small and medium-sized virtual businesses was selected using a simple random sampling technique, following the guidelines of the Morgan table to ensure robust results. The data collection tool employed a standardized questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. Reliability analysis was performed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the assistance of SPSS 26 and SmartPLS-3 software.

1- Investigating psychological resilience strategies in organizations is important because it can help organizations create a culture of resilience that supports the well-being of employees and the organization as a whole. Resilience can help employees cope with stress, adapt to change, and thrive in challenging situations. Those organizations for whom resilience is a priority can benefit from increased productivity, reduced absenteeism, and improved employee morale. Investigating psychological resilience strategies in organizations is necessary to enhance the well-being of employees and the whole organization. A culture of resilience can help organizations thrive in challenging times and support long-term success and sustainability. The ultimate goal of educational organizations that are impressive learning organizations is to make people exert relatively stable behaviors. If education and learning are means to realize other organizational goals in other organizations, educational organizations are humanizing and changing behavior. Therefore, the employees of these organizations and their human resource managers are the target of organizational psychology research more than other fields. Identification and analysis of psychological resilience strategies of human resources in educational organizations can provide a broad perspective on managing employees and controlling changes. According to the stated contents, appreciable research has not investigated the strategies of psychological resilience of human resources in educational organizations. In the research that has dealt with psychological resilience so far, research gaps in the field of psychological resilience strategies are evident. In addition to covering the existing research gap, the present research will contribute to developing literature in the research field. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and rank psychological resilience strategies of human resources.
 
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Psychological resilience is a person's ability to endure and overcome adversity without heavy damage to his mental state. Resilience, until recently, was considered a personal trait but is quickly becoming a critical skill for success in the workplace. Any stressful event or situation that makes a person feel overwhelmed and unable to handle and manage assigned responsibilities can be psychologically harmful. In addition to everyday stress, there are also severe incidents such as bullying, sexual harassment, and humiliation that can hurt a person's psychology. Psychological resilience gives a person the strength to face workplace daily stress and severe incidents without emotional damage. Psychological resilience in the workplace has the following benefits: a productive work environment, happier teams that are better equipped to manage different types of stress, a positive work culture, increased employee engagement, high employee job satisfaction, improved employee relations, self-respecting personnel, and employees with practical knowledge to balance their personal and professional lives. Many organizations have succeeded in creating a resilient workforce by creating a healthy work culture where employees thrive. A high commitment to building resilience in employees is critical for an organization.
 
3- This research is an applied study in terms of purpose, and regarding the method, it is a mixed study with an inductive-comparative paradigm. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative section was university professors and experts in educational management, human resource management, and organizational behavior. According to the purpose of the study, a sample size of 19 people was selected by conducting purposeful sampling using the snowball technique. The statistical population of the quantitative part was comprised of senior and middle managers and staff at Urmia University, which was sampled using the non-probability method.
 
4- RESULTS & In the qualitative part, analyzing the data obtained from the interviews in MAXQDA software led to the extraction of 14 psychological resilience strategies. In the quantitative phase, the analysis was carried out using the DEMATEL method. The strategies identified in the qualitative phase are as follows: perceived organizational support, coping with work-family conflict, the importance of feedback, strategic agility, horizontal management, psychological empowerment, job-employee fit techniques, tension management, improving the quality of work life, training programs, structural empowerment, dealing with cognitive distortions, effective communication, and constructive organizational culture. Based on DEMATEL analysis, strategic agility, structural empowerment, horizontal management, perceived support, and job-employee fit techniques are the most effective strategies. Psychological empowerment, flat management, tension management, and effective communication are both permeating and being influenced. Senior human resource managers at the university have paid enough attention to job matching techniques, such as fitting the tasks and abilities of people and the full description of responsibilities to improve the employees' performance and psychological health given the changes and social and work developments. Implement organizational empowerment and support requirements. The tangible attention of the organization to the employee, in addition to improving commitment and work attachment, also significantly improves productivity and job involvement.
 
5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Resilience in the workplace improves the organizational performance of employees. With the spread of emerging crises, psychological resilience has become more crucial, and human characteristics are needed to improve performance. In addition, resilience can be strengthened and developed by developing effective strategies to reduce vulnerability to stress and the impact of adversity in the workplace. According to DEMATEL analysis, stress management, feedback importance, improving the quality of work life, and effective communication were the strategies that had the most influence on others. Strategic agility, structural empowerment, horizontal management, and perceived organizational support were influenced more than the others. Psychological empowerment, flat management, tension management, and effective communication are penetrating and are influenced by other strategies. Educational and awareness programs about mental resilience include presentations, workshops, and training sessions for individuals and organizations. It is suggested that modifying the structure of work duties, responsibilities, and expectations should fit with the power and capacity of the employees. In this regard, human resource managers and supervisors of various departments should plan tasks with sufficient knowledge of functional and personality characteristics.

identifying the strategies for promoting the employability of conscripts based on Spatial planning and strengthening them leads to integration, empowerment and synergy. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to interpret the structural modeling of the strategies for promoting the employability of conscripts based on Spatial planning. The identification of strategies to promoting the employability of conscripts based on Spatial planning through semi-structured interviews with the qualitative content analysis method based on the theoretical saturation technique and the purposeful sampling method was carried out with 34 professors and experts of management, economy and policy makers of the armed forces. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed by the method of relative content validity and Cohen's kappa index, respectively. Coding of interviews using 2020 MAXQDA software led to the identification of 12 strategies. In order to stratify the identified strategies, the opinions of 89 senior officials and employees of the General Staff of the Armed Forces and managers of the conscription organization were used with the stratified random sampling method and with the help of a questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using content validity and test-post-test method. The strategies identified by the interpretative structural method led to the formation of eight levels, where better use of Spatial planning and in-service training were the most effective factors, and process reengineering and value chain analysis were the most effective factors

Knowledge flow management is a fundamental and central element in the process of management. It enables organizations to continuously transform their organizational expertise into products or services. With effective knowledge application, individuals can make fewer mistakes, improve their efficiency, reduce rework or redundancies, and ultimately develop more innovative processes or management systems. Organizations cannot innovate without knowledge, but the relationship between different forms of knowledge and organizational innovation performance is unclear. Innovation is a crucial and vital factor for organizations to create value and sustainable competitive advantage. By fostering greater innovation, organizations will be more successful in responding to changing environments and creating and developing new capabilities that allow them to achieve better performance. This article aims to provide a detailed review of the theoretical foundations and research background in the field of knowledge flow in innovative organizations. To this end, after reviewing the literature on the subject and related concepts, the article discusses innovation models and barriers to knowledge flow.

Automotive companies must consider strategic initiatives to compete and respond to dynamic customer demand. In this regard, flexible manufacturing is a strategy that is used in the productivity, quality of the final product and vulnerabilities caused by unexpected changes in the volume and mix of orders in the automotive industry. The current research aimed to identify and analyze the influenceability and Permeability factors affecting flexible manufacturing in Iran's automobile industry. This research is applied in terms of purpose and terms of research typology. It is among mixed research with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The statistical population of this research was the professors and experts of industrial management, business management and industrial engineering in the qualitative section, and according to the purpose of the research, sampling in this research was done in a targeted manner using the snowball technique and in the number of 26 people. The statistical population of this research was quantitatively senior and middle managers of Saipa group companies, who participated in this research using the convenience sampling method. In the qualitative part, the data obtained from the interviews using thematic analysis and MAXQDA2020 software led to the extraction of 11 factors affecting flexible manufacturing, and the analysis of the quantitative part was performed using the Dematel method. Based on Dematel analysis, the make-smart of lines, process re-engineering, and technological infrastructure significantly influence other factors. Professionalization of human capital, automation and technological platforms are also more permeability than other factors.

The main purpose of this study is to provide a model for recording human capital experiences based on a knowledge handbook in marine educational and research-oriented organizations. Other objectives of this research are to find the complication of efficient implementation of learning management in marine educational and research-oriented organizations and to achieve a model for acquiring tacit knowledge of experts in the form of a knowledge handbook. In this direction, challenges and solutions to improve the situation and implementation of this model are presented. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative and quantitative in terms of the data collection method. This research has been done in two stages: the requirements for implementing a knowledge handbook and the step-by-step model for developing a knowledge handbook. Finally, both models were evaluated based on the structural equation approach with PLS software, and with the approval of experts, the validation steps were performed and a suitable solution was provided. The organization knowledge handbook implementation requirements model includes 5 main components of organizational leadership, Staff culture, technology, Staff learning, and system process, which are explained by 53 items; Also, the model of compiling the knowledge handbook of the organization includes approaches of recognizing and selecting the appropriate expert, organizing discourse sessions, reasoning the results, localization of

A body of pharmacological and non-pharmacological studies have been conducted with the purpose of attenuatingmorphine side effects such as anxiety and memory impairment. It seems that there is a close relationship between resveratrol and morphine according to molecular cell pathway. Thus, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on anxiolytic-like behavior and emotional memory induced by morphine.

A basic experimental research has been designed for this study. The test-retest protocol of elevated plus-maze (EPM) apparatus was used. The male Wistar rat received subthreshold dose of resveratrol (52mg/kg), 15minutes before injection of saline (1ml/kg) or different doses of morphine (1025, 205and 5mg/kg) on the test day. Twenty-four hours after test day, the EPM’s parameters was also measured without drug injection. All drugs were injected intraperitonealy.

The data indicated that higher dose of morphine (5mg/kg) elevated Open Arm Time (%OAT, P<.25) and Open Arm Enters (%OAE, P<.221) on the test day, and also %OAT (P<.25) and %OAE (P<.221) on the retest day, indicating decrease of anxiety and impairment of emotional memory, respectively. Moreover, subthreshold dose of resveratrol (52mg/kg) restored all parameters induced by higher doses of morphine in the test (P<.25for %OAT and P<.21for %OAE) and the retest day (P<.25for %OAT and P<.221for %OAE).

The principal findings of this research showed that resveratrol can alter morphine responses on anxiety and emotional memory process. It is also postulated that the resveratrol can decrease the morphine side effects in the people using it.

The purpose of the upcoming research is to identify the dimensions and components of open innovation in knowledge organizations (universities) and provide a model for moving from closed innovation to open innovation with a knowledge management approach in these organizations, considering the effectiveness of each of The dimensions are The statistical population consists of 10 members of the practical board who are knowledgeable about the basics of knowledge management and innovation, who were selected in a targeted manner.

The research tool is the interview in the qualitative part and the questionnaire in the quantitative part. After identifying the components and dimensions of open innovation in academic organizations (universities) and selecting a number of these dimensions according to the opinions of the expert team, these dimensions were examined using the DANP decision-making and prioritization method, and the intensity and effectiveness of each of the factors Was obtained.FindingsThe results of the analysis showed that the number of 75 components was reduced to 30 after merging similar components and categorizing them, then with the opinions of the 8-dimensional expert team, it was identified for the implementation of open innovation in knowledge organizations.

In this model, the three components of management support and commitment, organizational culture and training and skilled workforce have been identified as the most important influencing factors, which also influence each other. More attention of organizations to the components of support and commitment of managers and organizational culture, according to the presented model, will cause it to indirectly affect them even with less attention to other components and finally cause The organization was promoted in the desired field. Forming departments to monitor the factors mentioned in the category of components, because promotion starts from the lowest levels and causes changes at the highest levels of the organization.

The general purpose of the present research is to determine the influence of the determining factors of strategic environmental assessment in its institutionalization in Urmia lake restoration headquarters. The statistical population of this research includes all employees of Urmia lake restoration headquarters, the number of these employees is 364. The sample size of this research was determined as 187 people using Cochran's formula. In this research, the available non-random sampling method was used for sampling. The questionnaire data collection tool is standard, which was provided to the statistical sample after measuring and ensuring it. Descriptive statistical methods have also been used to analyze statistical data. The results show that the framework and division of laws and responsibilities have a significant effect on the institutionalization of strategic environmental assessment in Urmia lake restoration headquarters.

In this paper after a review on the concept and literature of knowledge management, the conceptual model of a successful knowledge management system that is currently being applied in a research and development (R&D) aerospace organization is presented and discussed. The main contribution of the paper is presenting the model in its useful and practical status without becoming involved in theoretical discussions that have different shapes but similar meanings.

The present study investigated the possible involvement of the nucleus accumbens’ (NAc) nitric oxide system in nicotine's reversal effect upon ethanol-induced amnesia. The hypothesis was tested through ethanol state-dependent memory assessment in adult male Wistar rats. Bilateral chronic cannulae were implanted in the NAc and the animals were trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance memory task.  The step-through latency was examined 24 h after animals’ training. The pre-training or pre-test intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ethanol (0.9 g/kg) decreased the step-through latency, indicating an amnesic effect of the drug. Meanwhile, the pre-test administration of ethanol (0.6 and 0.9 g/kg) could reverse the pre-training ethanol (0.9 g/kg)-induced amnesia, suggesting a state-dependent effect. Similar to ethanol, the pre-test intra-NAc microinjection of nicotine (0.25 and 0.5 µg/rat) alone or nicotine (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 µg/mouse, intra-NAc) in combination with an ineffective dose of ethanol (0.3 g/kg) could significantly reverse the (pre-training) ethanol-induced memory impairment. The ethanol (0.9 g/kg)-induced amnesia was similarly prevented following the pre-test intra-NAc administration of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (0.4 and 0.8 µg/rat). Of note, the co-administration of L-NAME (0.04 and 0.08 µg/rat, intra-NAc) with an ineffective dose of nicotine (0.1 µg/rat, intra- NAc) could significantly potentiate the memory-improving effect of nicotine on ethanol-induced amnesia and resembled the effects of pre-test administration of a higher dose of nicotine. Furthermore, while the pre-test intra-NAc injection of L-NAME impaired the memory retrieval by itself, the pre-test intra-NAc administration of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor (0.3 and 0.6 µg/rat, intra-NAc), did not exert any effect either alone or in combination with an effective dose of nicotine (0.5 µg/rat, intra-NAc)  on pre-training ethanol-induced memory impairment. Our findings indicated a possible role of the nucleus accumbens’ nitric oxide system in the improving effects of nicotine on ethanol-induced amnesia and the related state-dependent learning.

Adrenergic and GABAergic systems of the brain play an important role in memory and learning. According to results of studies, morphine, histamine, and lithium induce state-dependent learning. This study was conducted aiming at assessing the effects of α2-adrenergic receptors of CA1 on muscimol state-dependent learning. In this study, clonidine as agonist and yohimbine as antagonist of α2-adrenergic receptor, muscimol as agonist of GABAA receptor and step-through inhibitory avoidance task as a model of learning were used for memory assessment. The data analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. In all statistical assessments, p<0.05 was considered as significance level in the comparison of the groups. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of muscimol (1.2µg/mice) impaired inhibitory avoidance memory on the test day (p<0.01). Pre-test injection of muscimol (0.06 and 1.2µg/mice) reversed the memory impaired under pre-training muscimol (1.2µg/mice); so, muscimol can induce state-dependent learning (p<0.001). Pre-training injection of clonidine (0.6 and 1.2μg/mice) also reversed pre-training muscimol (1.2µg/mice, intra-CA1) induced amnesia (p<0.01). Also pre-test intra-CA1 injection of yohimbine (1.2 and 2.4μg/mice) 2 minutes before administration of effective dose of muscimol inhibited muscimol state-dependent memory (p<0.01). Overall, It can be concluded that α2-adrenergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus have an important role in muscimol state-dependent learning on the test day.

Communities of practice are tools for exchanging best practices and a chance for increasing the level of individual and organizational learning. Developing these communities as structures are changed as a strategy for improving innovation process. Researchers and practitioners in knowledge management believe that managing CoPs align with organizational goals have beneficial results for organizations. By taking the past studies and experiences into account we have found that the relationships between organizational variables and CoP’s designing and managing are not investigated before; whereas the development of communities of practice were only investigated as independent variables. This study with the aim of investigating the relationships between organizational variables and CoPs’ design features has used the fuzzy method in realm of an industrial and strategic organization. Gathered and elaborated data were extracted from interviews and questionaires distributed to 11 experts in aforementioned organization. The results show that 17 organizational variables have effect on 13 CoPs’ designing features. Also, the conceptual model of this research obviously determines the relation among organizational variables and CoPs’ designing features. This model also prepares a pattern for managers in order to evaluate and select CoPs.

Nitric oxide synthase enzyme has been detected in the Nucleus accumbens، which is the targetareas of the mesolimbic dopamine pathways. In the present study، the effect of intra-NAc administration of the nitric oxide precursor was investigated on nicotine’s effects in ethanol state-dependent learning. Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride، plus xylazine and two stainless-steel cannuale were placed 2 mm above nucleus accumbens of them. One week later، the animals were trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task. On the test day step-through latency was measured for the assessment of memory in male Wistar rats. Pre-training injection of ethanol induced amnesia (P<0. 001). The amnesia induced by pre-training ethanol restores with pre-test administration of same dose of ethanol (P<0. 001). This phenomenon، referred to as ethanol state-dependent learning. Pre-test injection of nicotine by itself had no effect on inhibitory avoidance memory (P>0. 05). However، restored amnesia was induced by ethanol (P<0. 001). In contrast، pre-test intra-NAc injection of L-arginine which had no effect alone (P>0. 05) prevented the nicotine reversal effect on ethanol memory impairment (P<0. 001). Our data indicated that nitric oxide precursor can inhibit the improving effect of nicotine on the ethanol-induced amnesia.

Nitric oxide and mecamylamine have an important role in anxiety-like behavior. Determining the site of action in the brain and interaction between these agents need to be investigated. Therefore، this study aimed to investigate the possible interaction between mecamylamine and nitric oxide in dorsal hippocampus using the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. This experimental study was performed on 180 male NMRI mice. Mice were anaesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and two cannuale were inserted stereotaxically into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. All animals were allowed to recover for 1 week before the beginning of the behavioral testing. The elevated plus-maze was used to test the anxiety-like behavior. Bilateral intra-dorsal hippocampal injections of mecamylamine، L-arginine or L-NAME induced the anxiogenic effects. Intra-dorsal hippocampal injection of ineffective dose of mecamylamine before different doses of L-arginine or L-NAME potentiated the anxiogenic effects of L-arginine or L-NAME. Results reveal that both nitric oxide and mecamylamine not only play a part in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of mouse but also have demonstrated a complex interaction as well.

Whereas studies have indicated the interaction between NMDA and cholinergic systems, this study was performed with the aim of determining the role of NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in scopolamine-induced amnesia. In this study, at first rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine, and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannulas were placed 2mm above nucleus accumbens shell. All animals were allowed to recover for one week, before beginning the behavioral testing. Then, animals were trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task. The drugs were injected after successful training and before testing. The animals were tested 24h after training, and the step-through latency time was measured as the memory criterion in male Wistar rats. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were used for analysis of the data. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Intra-nucleus accumbens (intra-NAc) injection of scopolamine or NMDA caused impairment in memory in rats. Although, co-administration of an ineffective dose of NMDA with an ineffective dose of scopolamine had no significant effect on memory performance, effective doses of NMDA prevented the amnesic effect of scopolamine on inhibitory avoidance memory. On the other hand, intra-NAc injection of NMDA receptor antagonist, i.e., MK-801 caused no change in memory performance by itself, and its co-administration with an effective dose of scopolamine could not prevent the impairing effect of the latter drug. The finding of this study indicated that NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens are involved in the modulation of scopolamine-induced amnesia.

Drugs of abuse such as nicotine and morphine produce their effects through the stimulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-test injection of nicotine on morphine state-dependent learning as well as the effect of intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) administration of D1 receptor antagonist on nicotine's effects in morphine state-dependent learning model.

This experimental study was performed on 200 male rats. Rats were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic frame. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the NAc shell. The behavioral testing was started using an inhibitory avoidance task and afterwards the step-through latency of entering into the dark compartment was measured as a criterion for the assessment of memory.

Post-training injection of morphine induced amnesia. The post-training morphine-induced amnesia was restored by pre-test administration of the same doses of morphine and also nicotine. Moreover, the pre-test intra-NAc injection of SCH23390 prevented the nicotine reversal of morphine effect on memory.

The results of this study suggest that the dopamine D1 receptor of the NAc may play an important role in improving the effect of nicotine on morphine-induced amnesia.

Cannabinoids exert widespread effects on cognitive functions. An overlapped distribution of GABA receptors and cannabinoid receptors has been reported in some brain structures (e.g. dorsal hippocampus). Thus, the present study was undertaken to examine the possible role of the dorsal hippocampus GABAA receptors on ACPA induced amnesia and ACPA state-dependent memory. This experimental study was conducted on 250 adult male NMRI mice. Muscimol and ACPA were used as agonists of GABAA and the cannabinoid CB1 receptors, respectively. Mice were anaesthetized and cannulae were implanted bilaterally into the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus. Seven days after post-surgery recovery, the behavioral testing was performed using an inhibitory avoidance task and the step-down latency of the animals was used to assess memory retention. Post-training administration of ACPA (3ng/mouse) impaired the memory retrieval. The memory impairment induced by ACPA was fully reversed by pre-test administration of ACPA or muscimol. The results suggest that the GABAA receptors of the dorsal hippocampal may play an important role in ACPA-induced amnesia and ACPA state-dependent memory.

High levels of histamine and dopamine are found in the hippocampus. Furthermore, interaction between histamine and dopaminergic D2 receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behaviors. In the present study, interaction between histamine and dopaminergic D2 receptor in the dorsal hippocampus in the anxiety behavior has been investigated. In this experimental study, 220 adult male NMRI mice were anesthetized and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. The elevated plus maze test has been used to test anxiety-like behaviors. Two and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) followed by LSD test, were used for analysis of the data. All experiments were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines for animal care and use. Intra-CA1 injection of histamine and dopamine D2 agonist (quinpirole) and antagonist (sulpiride) induced anxiety. Intra-CA1 injection quinpirole or sulpiride 2 minute after effective dose of histamine inhibited anxiogenic effects of histamine. It seems that both histamine and dopaminergic D2 receptors not only play a part in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of mice but also have demonstrated a complex interaction.

An overlapping distribution of α2-adrenergic receptors with cannabinoid receptors has been reported in certain brain structures such as the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, functional interactions between cannabinoid and α2-adrenergic systems in cognitive control seem possible. In the present study, we examine the possible role of α2-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on WIN55,212-2 state-dependent learning. Adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of their dorsal hippocampi trained in a step-down type inhibitory avoidance task and tested 24 hr after training, to measure step-down latency. Post-training or pre-test intra-CA1 administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5µg/rat) induced amnesia. Amnesia produced by post-training WIN55,212-2 (0.5 µg/rat) was reversed by pre-test administration of WIN55,212-2, that was due to a state-dependent effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 microinjections of clonidine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 μg/rat) or yohimbine (0.5, 0.75, and 1 μg/rat) did not affect memory retrieval per se. Pre-test intra-CA1 administration of clonidine (0.5 and 1 μg/rat) or clonidine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 μg/rat) with an ineffective dose of WIN 55,212-2 (0.25 µg/rat) reversed post-training WIN55,212-2 (0.5 µg/rat,intra-CA1) induced memory impairment. Pre-test intra-CA1 microinjection of yohimbine (1 μg/rat) before administration of WIN55,212-2 (0.5 µg/rat, intra-CA1), however, dose-dependently inhibited WIN55,212-2 state-dependent memory. Modulation of α2-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions can influence WIN55,212-2 induced amnesia and WIN55,212-2 state-dependent learning of an inhibitory avoidance task by pre- or post-synaptic mechanism(s).