morteza tahami pour zarandi

This study investigated the feasibility of equipping merchant ships of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman in southern Iran with solar-electric propulsion systems from the perspective of private and public sectors in 2019. The cost-benefit analysis approach was used. The results indicated that 0.26 units of profit is obtained for each unit of cost from the perspective of the private sector and the payback period is 18 years. Thus, replacing solar electricity is not cost-effective. The results of the social cost-benefit analysis revealed that this technology is economically viable for society by considering the benefits of reducing pollution. In addition, the results of sensitivity analysis in the financial cost-benefit case of the discount rate and the annual fuel price of ships indicated that if the discount rate (financing opportunity cost for the private sector) is less than 5% or the average annual price of fossil fuels increases by 40%, the project will be financially viable from a private sector perspective.

The attractiveness of cities, the concentration of industrial activities have resulted in rural-urban migrations or migrations from small cities to metropolitan areas, sometimes causing existing metropolises not to be unable to meet their citizens' needs. Therefore, it's necessary to develop some plans to satisfy Eyvanekey needs. One of the solutions is to develop new town development plans. Eyvanekey New Town, located in the eastern part of Tehran and near numerous industrial towns, has been planned and developed to accommodate the overspill of Tehran, and the workers of the industrial sector in this area, as well as a new settlement for the local people of Eyvanekey. Considering the high costs of construction and planning of urban projects including housing, it's required to conduct feasibility studies and related economic evaluations in different dimensions before any investment to ensure their efficiency and effectiveness. this study aims to economically evaluate and compare the development of different types of residential spaces in Eyvanekey NewTown. For this purpose, various economic indicator calculation methods are used in Excel software, and four types of residential space are considered, including 1-A moderate-density 50-unit residential complex project,2-A moderate-density 100-unit residential complex project with a mix of residential, commercial, and local services uses,3-A moderate-density particular residential project for special habitations in the form of a two-story 8-unit building, and finally,4-A low-density residential villa complex project. Examining Financial-economic indicators, including net present value, benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, payback period, and annual worth, indicate that these projects are financially feasible. Moreover, according to the variety of residential types, diversity of investment amounts, civil participation, and the employer's share of land worth, the land cost is also removed from the projects, resulting in the enhanced attractiveness of investments.

Iran is facing limited water resources and all production and service processes require the use of water, so it is very important to evaluate the state of water consumption of activities and provide methods for its optimization. So, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the water consumption in the production of each kilowatt hour of electricity and to examine the virtual water situation in the process of exporting and importing electricity in Iran. For this purpose, two methods of structural path analysis and technical-basic approach have been used. The results showed that the country's power plants directly consume 1.5 liters of water per kilowatt hour of electricity production. Also, according to the results of the structural path analysis method, in the electricity production chain before reaching the power plant, 2.5 liters of water is indirectly consumed per kilowatt hour of electricity, and therefore the entire chain consumes 4 liters of water per kilowatt hour. Of the total water consumed in the electricity production chain, which is more than one billion cubic meters, 38% of it was consumed directly in power plants and the other 62% in the production chain.

Attention to water resources and consumption in Iran's industrial sector is important due to the existence of severe tensions in the country's water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the virtual water trade in the oil industry of Iran. For this purpose, the technical-basic approach has been used to measure virtual water and the special water demand and virtual water trade of Iran's oil sector has been calculated from 1978 to 2019. The results show that due to the high volume of oil exports, Iran is a net exporter of virtual water. The amount of water consumed in the oil industry and the process of extraction and production of crude oil in the years under review averaged 594 million cubic meters per year and the amount of virtual water that left the country following the export of crude oil in these years averaged 356 million cubic meters per year. Also, the export value of virtual water in the oil sector has a value of 1838 thousand Rials per cubic meter. To manage the country's water resources and the leading crises in this sector of the industry, it is possible to greatly increase water efficiency in this sector by modifying production processes and updating equipment, facilities, and methods used to optimally consume water in this sector.
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Housing price fluctuations are a very important issue in the housing economy and are affected by different factors. One of these factors is the impact of environmental variables. Therefore, in deciding to buy a house, there is a hidden market due to considering the quality of the environment around the property. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of environmental services of the Farahzad river ecosystem on housing prices and to evaluate the social-economical revitalization of this river. For this purpose, 386 questionnaires were used and the hedonic method, which represents the regression of non-fundamental qualitative factors on housing prices, was used in the form of estimating three regression models to achieve the goal. The results showed that the average willingness to pay for the restoration is equal to 611,000 rials per month. The results of all three regression models indicate the importance of environmental variables on housing prices, so that in the first model, 22.6%, in the second model, 17.1%, and in the last model, they cover 16.5% of the price changes. Also, the results showed that the revitalization of this river is not justified from the point of view of economic evaluation at the regional level, considering its costs, but it is justified at the level of Tehran city, considering the benefits and the generalization of willingness to pay. The information of this study can be useful for the management of housing price fluctuations as well as planning for the revitalization of urban gorges.

In this regard, in this study, we used a social cost-benefit analysis to examine one of the most practical methods in reducing the emission of gaseous pollutants, namely the replacement of defective catalytic converters in light vehicles in Tehran. For this purpose, the cost of replacing the converters, willingness to pay for the residents of Tehran to reduce air pollution, and the benefits of reducing pollution have been examined in 2020. The required data was obtained through field studies and filling out questionnaires. According to the results, the total cost associated with replacing catalytic converters for a period is equal to 49834 billion Rials. The annual value of willingness to pay for the citizens of Tehran using the conditional valuation method is equivalent to 31834 billion Rials, and the annual benefit of reducing emissions is 8987 billion Rials. Considering the 20-years review period and the assumptions of the economic model, replacing catalytic converters in different scenarios has financial justification. Therefore, we suggest that urban management institutions, considering the benefits created, pursue financing and replace this part to reduce air pollution in Tehran.

Urban gardens and forest parks have a lot of ecosystem services, recreation, and tourism for cities, and valuing these services is very necessary because it can show the importance of their protection. In this regard, the aim of this study is to estimate the conservation, heritage, and tourism value of Artesh 06 Garden (former Saltanat Abad Garden) in the east of Tehran. Due to the limitation of visits and the limitation of data, among the valuation methods, the benefit transfer method and alternative cost method were used, and the required data were extracted from previous studies and experiences according to the meta-analysis method. The results show that the value of preservation of heritage services per visitor per year is about 110 thousand Tomans and the value of conservation-tourism services per visitor per year is about 62 thousand Tomans and the total value of the heritage and conservation services and tourism of Artesh 06 Garden is estimated to be about 172 thousand tomans per visitor per year. Therefore, maintaining the 06 Garden in the form of a regeneration scenario can have benefits and annual economic value between 1021 and 1892 billion Tomans for the people of Tehran and Iran.

Today, economic development, population growth, and urbanization have made the environment highly vulnerable to damage and destruction. In this regard, municipal solid waste plays a significant role in demolition. The economic disadvantage of the waste management process is the most important issue that neglects to spend on managing external environmental impacts and therefore the financial sustainability of this process is essential.In this paper, the economical and financial appraisal of three phases of waste management process including storage, collection and transportation paid for the city of Robat Karim by cost-benefit analysis. The results showed that in the present situation, considering that the cost of project) fixed and variable costs (are much higher than the proceeds of the residual income, this process is not from the private sector investors point of view. In order to examine the financial feasibility, three scenarios of change include a 15% reduction in fixed costs of the project, a 30% increase in revenue from the sale, and finally in terms of indirect benefits of reducing health costs due to proper waste management performance, Was investigated. The results showed that in terms of these changes in the above scenarios, the internal rate of return will be 40% and the benefit-to-cost ratio will be about 1.20 and the payback period will be 4.25 years, so the waste management process can be financially feasible. The results of this study can provide the necessary information for determining governmental incentives to make the process of waste management by the private sector.

Economists have recently recognized the role of natural resources and the environment in human welfare and have made great efforts to evaluate environmental goods and services. The present study examines the recreational and conservation values of the National Botanical Garden of Iran and measures the willingness of people to pay a visit. Using the logit model and the contingent valuation method (CVM), the amount of willingness to pay by visitors is calculated for recreational and conservation values of the Garden as well as its annual recreational value. Required data is collected in 1396 through the completion of a 200 questionnaires from Botanical Garden visitors per year. The results show that the average willingness to pay per visitor to maintain the value of recreational-conservation services of the Botanical Garden is 226980 Rials, which has a positive relationship with the growing level of income and the decreasing proposed amount and a negative relationship with the increasing household’s size and the increase in the bid variable. According to the results obtained, 71% of Botanical Garden visitors tend to spend at least 100, 000 Rials of their monthly income to maintain its services. Given the annual number of current visitors (18, 000-13, 000 people) and their willingness to pay, the total annual economic value of the Garden is calculated at 4.8 billion Riyals and the value per hectare of the Garden is estimated at about 28 million Riyals.

Constraints on water resources in Iran and the problems facing the supply of new water resources have led to the increased importance of this input for production. This research, using the Residual method, according to the welfare economics theorem, seeks to estimate the economic value of water as a base for water tariff system for industry. In this way, the industrial data based on two-digit ISIC codes between the years of 2004 to 2013 have been used in this study. Results indicated that the weighted average of the economic value of water in the industrial sector is 87347 Rials/m3 and there is a significant difference between the weighted average of the economic value of water and the average weighted tariff of water. Moreover, the findings showed that the ratio of the economic value to tariff of water has decreased over time. Accordingly, it is suggested that by modifying the pricing approach of this input based on the suggested methodology, the prices will be closer to their optimal values, and also, by setting up the water market, water use productivity in the industries will increase.

Environmental rights, laws and regulations are among the most important tools for protecting and managing natural resources. In this context, it should be noted that by implementing environmental laws, it cannot expect to solve all the biological problems; because, other elements such as the awareness of the people and the institutionalization of this category in culture and social behaviors are very important and effective. On the other hand, environmental laws, due to ambiguity, have not had a satisfactory performance in the field of environmental impacts. However, preventing pollution and destroying the environment and regulating human-environmental relations without binding legal rules will not be possible. Accordingly, some current laws and regulations, due to changes in the environment of the country and the promotion of human knowledge of the values and functions of natural resources, need to be reviewed and reformed. Wetlands and lakes such as Lake Urmia are valuable natural resources that are essential for a country with a climate of Iran, which requires a variety of policy tools. Therefore, in this study, in addition to describe Iran’s 50 years old environmental legal clauses during 1986-2018, that are directly and indirectly related to the wetland in the laws and regulations of the country, the status of its support and management in upstream documents is also discussed. The regulations and related instructions will also be reviewed. In addition, using the results of studies and analyses carried out in the context of existing laws in the field of natural ecosystems, the legal, structural, social, economic and cultural challenges of the laws of conservation Wetlands including Lake Urmia will also is addressed. The results of this study indicate that although laws and regulations play an important role in the conservation and management of natural resources, they do not have the needed efficiency individually. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals of the legislator, it is necessary to consider the economic approaches and tools, based on market incentives and price mechanisms, simultaneously with the legal instruments with less flexibility. Also, the concept of reasonable use of wetlands and lakes needs to be revised in the national policies, laws and legal cases which are contrary to their reasonable use. Besides, the native conditions and characteristics of each wetland and lakes need to be considered in their developing protective and managerial rules and regulations. Accordingly, the setting of unique environmental approaches and standards for management and protection can play an effective role in improving the performance and efficiency of laws and standards in the field of implementation as well as in preventing environmental consequences.

Introduction Evaluation is the first step in designating the importance of environmental districts and emphasizing their economic aspect. In this research, the economic value of Perdanan forest in Piranshahr city, the most significant functions of which are in the fields of aesthetic, entertainment, climate adjustment, wildlife habitat, protection of plant species, and flowage control, is estimated through two current methods of Contingent Valuation Method and Individual Travel Cost Method. The goal of this evaluation is designating the importance of the protective and recreational functions of Perdanan forest and measuring the Revealed and Expressed Willingness to Pay of the individuals and their effective factors in order to secure the functions of this jungle. Contingent valuation Method (CVM) is always facing with the probability that the individual pays less than his willed amount, due to the conjecture that proclaiming a specific payment might cause the actuality of payment, and as a result, a lower expected value might be estimated. Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM) concentrates on the recreational use and neglects the protective and other functions, however, it has the advantage of using the real prices over CVM. In this method, no longer does the individual proclaim his Willingness to Pay (WTP), yet by utilizing a set of technics, his WTP is depicted by calculating the replacing prices. Consequently, employing and comparing both of the noted methods would result in more comprehensive outcomes and also reveal the differences of human behaviors in different markets. Materials & Discussion The data of the research is gathered by distributing and completing 400 surveys throughout Piranshahr city and Perdanan districts during 1397/2018 spring and summer, which is an appropriate time for tourism. After further scrutiny, 24 surveys were omitted due to the outliers, therefore, the data analysis has been done with 376 surveys. With the resultant information, Logit Model, for reaching WTP function, and Zero-Truncated Negative Binomial Model (ZTNB), for reaching the Travel Demand function, has been estimated to obtain the economic value of Perdanan and the yearly value of the forest has been designated in different scenarios. The resultant outcome of Logit Model shows that the variables of gender, marital status, household size, monthly income, and the yearly amount of visits to Perdanan are not statistically significant, yet the symbol of estimated coefficients shows that females, married people, those with larger households, with higher monthly income, and those who yearly travel more recurrently to Perdanan have had more WTP to secure the functions of Perdanan. Also, the most important explanatory variable in the model, meaning the bid variable has become significant and per 1000 Tomans of increasing the bid price, the probability of average acceptance lowers approximately 1.6 percent. The variables of education level, NGO membership, and locality are also significant with 99 percent certainty so that it is expectable that with the increase of one unit of education level and change of status from non-NGO member to NGO member, the average probability of acceptance increases 8.1% and 31% and for each unit of change of status from non-local to local, the average probability of acceptance decreases 23%. Therefore, the most effective factors on the payment by individuals to secure functions of Perdanan are NGO membership, locality, education lever, and the suggested fee. Moreover, WTP per person per year in order to secure the functions of Perdanan is estimated around 68000 Tomans and the total yearly economic value of Perdanan under different scenarios is estimated in a range between 1.4 billion to 21.27 billion Tomans. The results of ZTNB model are also implying that the variables of household size, marital status, and gender are not statistically significant but the symbol of estimated coefficients of these variables suggests that people with larger household, married status, and male gender have had more recurrent travels to Perdanan. Nevertheless, the most important factor discussed in ITCM, i.e. the variable of travel costs, is statistically significant on the level of 99% certainty and per 1000 Tomans increase in the travel costs, the average probability of visiting Perdanan will decrease approximately 0.37%. Furthermore, the variables of locality, monthly income, and age are significant with a certainty of more than 99% and with one unit of change of status from non-local to local, the probability of the individual visit to Perdanan increases approximately 5.2% and with the increase of one unit in the individual age and 1000 Tomans monthly income, the probability of visiting Perdanan respectively decreases by 0.3% and increases 0.0074%. The most important factors in individual demand from Perdanan recreational site are, then, locality, travel costs, age, and individual monthly income. Using the estimated coefficients, individual consumer surplus per Visit is estimated at about 53000 Tomans and total consumer surplus in different scenarios is estimated in the range from 4 billion to 60.47 billion Tomans. The resultant outcomes of both methods proved Perdanan forest peculiarly important for residents of Piranshahr and other visitors. Therefore, the authorities and the relevant organizations can utilize these outcomes in financing and efficient decision-making and possibly prioritize securing Perdanan. Moreover, according to the tourism potential of the aforementioned forest, they can help the local population increase their income by installing recreational and welfare facilities. Results Various outcomes result from this research that can stand as a base for suggestions in efficient management and utilization of Perdanan forest, including: 1. The results of economic value estimation of Perdanan forest implies high value and importance of this forest. In year, this forest produces use value and non-use value caused by aesthetic, entertainment, climate adjustment, wildlife habitat, protection of plant species, and flowage control to an amount between 5.4 billion and 81.74 billion Tomans. 2. Each year many visits to Perdanan forest take place with average 3.64 visits per person per year that in light of individual consumer surplus of around 53000 Tomans per visit, each year each person pays approximately 0.19 million Tomans to travel to Perdanan, so he evaluates this forest according to this number. 3. Individual expressed WTP per visit is estimated about 18000 Tomans, which if multiplied in average car passengers (4 passengers) equals to 72000 Tomans per car, meaning that the passengers of each car that enters Perdanan site have sum WTP of 72000 Tomans. 4. If the amount of expressed WTP per year per person, i.e. 68000 Tomans, multiplies in the household size, WTP of each household to secure the functions of Perdanan functions will be about 340 thousand Tomans. 5. Investing activities should be devised together with securing the functions and the services of Perdanan and the development of its recreational aspect should not have negative effects on its other aspects. It is possible under the supervision of relevant organizations to prevent, with appropriate planning, visits more than Perdanan’s capacities.

The agricultural sector is currently the largest water consumer in the country due to population growth and the need for food supply. Therefore, resource management and water consumption in agriculture, on the one hand, are important due to the shortage of water and soil resources and, on the other hand, the surplus of food demand. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to use the virtual water trade approach to determine the water footprint of the country in the agricultural sector. For this purpose, the technical-base indicators have been used to measure the virtual water consumption of products. In this study, special water consumption and virtual water trade of 36 crops and garden products for the period of 2001-15 have been calculated. According to the results, Iran is the net importer of "virtual water" during the period examined. Through the trade in agricultural products, exports amounted to 4.3 billion cubic meters per year and 15.8 billion cubic meters of "virtual water" imports. Among the studied crops and garden products, legumes and dried fruits based on their special water consumption are high-consumption products. The results have provided information that can be used to optimize the combination of agricultural products in order to maintain water resources and provide food security.

The limitation of environmental resources and their reduction due to the expansion of production activities creates many problems for today's society and future generations. Therefore, it is necessary to use various tools, including economic instruments, in order to rationalize the use of these resources. Hence, in the various countries of the world, the use of economic instruments as complementary to environmental protection policies has been considered as a key and effective component. One of the marketbased tools in this regard is the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) approach. Payments for ecosystem services are payments to actions that raise the level of ecosystem services desirable . In fact, it is an expert term used to describe a range of innovative projects in which investors or users of natural services, such as ecosystem services, make payments to providers of these services and sponsor them. This tool, while clarifying the status of stakeholders and defining a framework for cooperation and the division of tasks between them, by creating structures such as the market and the financing entity, will be a guarantor of sustainability and protecting natural ecosystems in the form of a long-term plan. In this study, we outline the dimensions, framework, and implementation methods and the requirements for the realization and sustainability of the PES approach. Based on internal and external experiences, the areas of effective application of this instrument in the country in order to systematize the role of stakeholders in good governance ecosystems are introduced. The information provided in this study can be used for guidance on the use of this instrument for the preservation and revitalization of natural ecosystems, including wetlands in the country. JEL Classification: Q57, E42.

Todays, the low water countries have specific attention to the virtual water trade for determination of their long-run strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the situation of the virtual water in Iranian industrial products trade with its partners using method of basic-technical indicators. The data have been collected from statistical center of Iran for firms with 10 or more employees during 2011-2014. In this regard, due to the large number of trade partners, 20 countries with more than 95% proportion in trade have been selected and the process of export and import of the virtual water was studied for them. The results show that the net virtual water export trend has had undesirable situation, where the net export of virtual water from -112 million m3 at 2011 have raised to 115 million m3 at 2014. In other words, the industrial sector has turned up to a net exporter of the virtual water. Also, the most import and export of the virtual water has allocated to United Arab Emirates and China with volume of 119 and 99 million m3, respectively. Hence, as policy implication, considering the water resources in industrial products trade is necessary.

Water crisis is of utmost importance due to the growing demand and consumption of water, especially in developing countries where its production and food security are facing serious challenges. Virtual water trade has been proposed as one strategy to combat the water scarcity crisis in arid and semi-arid regions. The strategy is based on the import of food and water-intensive supplies from neighboring regions that enjoy adequate supplies of water. Given the fact that the industrial sector has been proposed to serve as the basis of development in Zanjan Province, the present study was conducted to investigate the virtual water trade by the industrial sector in this province. For the purposes of this study, data from the statistical period 2010-2011 were obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran on enterprises employing ten member staffs or above. The data were used to categorize the industries surveyed, their water demands, and products to estimate the quantities of water needed for their continued operation. It was found that the highest quantities of virtual water in Zanjan are allocated to coking and petroleum plants, paper and cellulosic industries, and food and beverage processing factories with average values of 32.70, 26.14, and 11.63 cubic meters per million Rials, respectively. In addition, the total amount of virtual water exported from the industrial units operating in Zanjan Province is estimated at about 3.10 MCM, 50% of which belongs to base metal production. Our findings show that the industrial sector in Zanjan Province is a net exporter of virtual water.

Limitations in water supply to meet the increasing demand have encouraged both planners and researchers to focus attention on water demand management, in which such economic tools as the water pricing system play a major role. A fundamental component of the pricing system is the estimation of the economic value of water, which reflects a firm’s maximum affordable water price or the ultimate elasticity of industrial water. The present study was conducted to estimate the economic value of water for basic chemical plants, excluding fertilizers and nitrogen compounds (code 2411), representing the four-digit ISIC industrial codes which account for about 14% of the total industrial water consumption. The econometric method of production function within the framework of panel data and the residual method were used. Data were collected from the Census of medium-sized businesses carried out by the Statistical Center of Iran over the period 1997–2013. Results showed that one cubic meter of water allocated to the plants surveyed creates a value of 3,7071 Rials, which shows a large gap with the current purchase price of 5685 Rials. Moreover, it was found that the present water prices account for only about 1.3 percent of the total production cost of basic chemicals, excluding fertilizers and nitrogen compounds. It may, thus, be concluded that it is reasonable to increase the present water tariffs and discriminate among the various manufacturing codes by differences in tariffs in order to achieve water demand management goals. Finally, the information emerging from the study may be exploited to improve the revenues earned by water authorities or to carry out feasibility studies of industrial water development projects.

Food problem and food security is one of the most fundamental challenges of world’s increasing population. Concerns about consuming antibiotics in raising poultry are increasing and using fewer antibiotics can play an important role in society health improvement. This study investigates Rasht city citizen's willingness to pay for organic broiler using Heckman two-stage valuation approach. Requested data set were obtained through questionnaires and reporting from 200 individuals. Applied sampling method is random approach and sample size determined based on Bartlett choice table. The results revealed that among investigated variables, knowledge of organic broiler and attitude variables had positive and significant effect on acceptance of additional willingness to pay for mentioned product and the level of willingness to pay. Also, the average consumers’ willingness to pay for each kilogram of organic broiler is 21.42% more than an ordinary broiler. It is advised that in order to improve health status and establishing organic agriculture system in Iran, complete advertising about organic broiler advantages and remained antibiotic detriments in ordinary broiler provided.