neda mousavi-niri

Recently, it has been found that tyrosol and farnesol can replace antibiotics due to their known antimicrobial and medicinal effects. Niosomes have been extensively researched for drug delivery during the last few decades, and their efficiency has been proven. The current study aimed to investigate the physical properties and antibacterial effects of niosomes loaded with tyrosol and farnesol.

Nanoniosomes loaded with farnesol and tyrosol were synthesized by the thin-layer hydration method. The physical properties of nanoformulations were measured using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the release of farnesol and tyrosol from the nanocarrier was examined using a dialysis bag. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to check the functional groups, and the stability studies of nanoniosomes were performed at temperatures of 25 °C and 4 °C for two months. Finally, its antimicrobial properties against the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) underwent investigation. The cytotoxicity of free and farnesol- and tyrosol-loaded nanoniosomes on human foreskin fibroblast cells was also evaluated by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide method.

The size of nanoniosomes and farnesol- and tyrosol-loaded nanoniosomes was estimated to be 208 nm and 240 nm, respectively. SEM results indicated the spherical structure of niosomes. The slow release of farnesol and tyrosol from niosomes was observed, so that almost half of the drug was released from nanoniosomes after 72 hours. Nanoniosomes loaded with the above-mentioned drugs demonstrated good stability at 4 °C for 60 days. The results of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations confirmed the antibacterial effects of both free farnesol and tyrosol and nanoniosomes loaded with farnesol and tyrosol against all three bacterial species, although these effects were more considerable for the nanoniosomes formulation.

Nanoniosomes loaded with farnesol and tyrosol have the potential to be used in the treatment of some common bacterial wound infections. However, clinical studies are needed in this field.

Farnesol- and tyrosol-loaded nanoniosomes had strong inhibitory effects on S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa.

These days biosensors have worthy applications in different fields such as biomedicine, disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, various aspects of the environment, food control, drug production, and assorted sides of medical science. Recently, different types of biosensors such as enzyme biosensors, immune, tissue, DNA, and thermal biosensors have been studied precisely by some research groups. These biosensors have many advantages such as simplicity in implementation, very high sensitivity, automatic performance, intrinsic and natural small size. Another valuable benefit of biosensors is that their high-affinity paring with biomolecules allows sensitive (high-sensitivity) and selective detection from a wide range of analytes. Artificial intelligence (AI) due to its high potency, if combined with biotechnology, like biosensors, can be effective in accurate prediction, diagnosis and treatment of some diseases, including cancer. Today, Machine learning (ML) as one of the branches of AI has become a beneficial tool in analyzing and categorizing obtained data from biosensors for bioanalysis. Using ML algorithms automates the complicated processes of extraction, processing, and assaying data achieved from biosensors. This article is a review for introducing and survey of various biosensors, their applications, and ways to apply them, focusing on cancer and Covid19 which are important diseases in the world obtained from previous studies, as a summary and providing information for researchers which working in this field.

NF-κB factor is activated by ischemic damage and reperfusion and has a crucial role in transcription of several genes. Applying DNAzyme is one of the novel therapeutic means. Niosome is a new drug delivery system that is controllable ae used targeted. Applying DNAzyme-containing nanoniosome to diminish the expression of NF-κB protein after cardiac ischemia.

In the current study, twenty-five male rats were assigned into 5 groups: 1- Control group, 2- Ischemic induced group, 3- Post ischemic DNAzyme receiving group, 4- Post ischemic DNAzyme-bearing nanoniosome receiving group, and 5- Post ischemic nanoniosome receiving group. After 72 hours, western blotting was performed on rats’ hearts to assess expression of NF-κB protein in treated groups.

post ischemic treatment with DNAzyme-bearing nanoniosome led to considerably decrease of NF-κB expression compared to ischemic rats (P<0.05).

Results demonstrated the efficiency of DNAzyme-containing nanoniosome on NF-κB protein after cardiac ischemia. Therefore it is propounded as a curative method for cardiac ischemia

The method of choice for prevention and treatment of infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and consequently cervical cancer is the application of prophylactic and therapeutic HPV-vaccine. The present study aimed to clone the most antigenic epitopes of the E6 antigen and to express it in E. coli at the lab-scale. The sequence of immune-bioinformatically determined epitopes of E6 was synthesized in the pGH vector. The new E6 gene was cloned into the pET28 vector by double-digestion of vector and target with NcoI and XhoI restriction enzymes. The recombinant vector was transformed into DH5α and cloned E6 gene was confirmed by colony PCR and DNA sequencing. pET28 was then extracted from DH5α and transferred into the BL21(DE3) expression host. Expression optimization was performed using various parameters. Cloning was confirmed by colony PCR and sequencing and optimized expression was performed at 25°c, IPTG=0.1 mM, OD600=1. Due to the protein production in the form of inclusion bodies and unavailability of His-Tags, the recovered protein didn’t confirm by western blot and didn’t purify by Ni-NAT affinity chromatography. This study aimed to express multi-epitope recombinant protein composed of selective E6 protein epitopes in the E. coli prokaryotic expression system to achieve an effective vaccine against HPV. The produced protein might be used as a therapeutic vaccine or as a platform for HPV detection.

Lots of people die from heart failure (HF) because of fibrosis formation. As injured myocytes deregulated MMP-2, MMP-4, TIMP-2, Ang, plasma renin activity  (PRA), and ACE leading to fibrosis, their regulation can improve HF. One of the most effective treatments for heart failure is the use of hAMSCs-CM, which has been shown to improve heart function and reduce symptoms. The study innovation was the investigation of the in vivo mode of action of hAMSCs-CM on HF fibrosis focusing on the mentioned proteins for the first time. We expected that this study partly fill the scientific gap in HF treatment. Frothy rats were divided into 4 groups; Control, HF, culture medium, and CM. To induce HF, isoproterenol (ISO) was injected into all animals except for the control. CM were injected into the CM group and the culture medium group received culture medium. Then, cardiac functions were measured using echocardiography and serum fibrosis was evaluated by ELISA. HF model showed decreased MMP-2, MMP-4, Ang, PRA, and ACE and increased TIMP-2, whereas hAMSCs-CM therapy reversed them compared with controls. Our result has partially filled the HF treatment’s gap as hAMSCs-CM improved cardiac function and reduced cardiac fibrosis and the serum fibrogenic proteins.

Heart failure (HF) is considered one of the most common heart disorders. Recent studies suggest that injections of amniotic membrane stem cells (AMSC) can improve heart function. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of intra-myocardial injection of human amniotic membrane-derived stem cells (hAMCs) on inflammatory-related cytokines like IL-10 and IL-17 in the HF model of rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were categorized into four groups: control, HF, culture medium injection group, and hAMCs injection group. After 60 days, blood samples were taken from the animals, and the expression levels of interleukins 10 and 17 were measured by the ELISA technique. The results showed that injection of hAMCs into male rats with HF caused down-regulation of IL-17 inflammatory cytokine and over-expression of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine. Based on the results of this study and previous ones, we concluded that hAMCs could be considered one of the candidates in future studies on reducing inflammation in HF treatment by adjusting some inflammatory cytokines.

The threat of antimicrobial resistance is increasing worldwide. Niosomes are a new drug delivery system that increases the antimicrobial potential of antibiotics. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of niosomes loaded with curcumin-silver nanoparticles (Cur-AgNPs) and curcumin-copper nanoparticles (Cur-CuNPs). Initially, a unique combination of metal and curcumin nanoparticles was prepared in free and encapsulated forms to investigate the synergistic effects of the two drugs and to evaluate them through a niosomal carrier. Particle size and polydispersity index were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and entrapment efficiency (EE) was measured through indirect centrifugation. The rate of drug release from the loaded niosomes was assessed through in vitro dialysis. Finally, the antibacterial activity of Cur-AgNPs and Cur-CuNPs loaded niosomes on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were measured. The curcumin-loaded niosomal formulations and the simultaneous combination of Cur-AgNPs and Cur-CuNPs had an optimum particle size of less than 200 nm and uniform dispersion. These formulations also showed high entrapment efficiencies and slow release for more than 72 hours. A significant increase in antibacterial activity was observed when using curcumin in combination with metal nanoparticles loaded in niosomes, indicating that the concomitant use of metal nanoparticles and curcumin had a synergistic effect in inhibiting bacterial growth.

The conditioned medium of stem cells plays an important role in the treatment of various diseases such as heart damage, but its molecular mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate one of the mechanisms of the effect of this substance in the treatment of male rats with heart failure.

A total of 20 male rats were divided into four groups, control, heart failure, heart failure receiving culture medium, and medium condition groups. Heart failure was induced in all groups except the comtrol group with isoproterenol, then, culture medium and conditioned medium were injected into the related animals 28 days after HF induction. Afterward, the expressions of caspase 3 and 9 factors were examined.

Changes in the expressions of caspase 3, caspase 9, and GAPDH genes in the four groups were evaluated real-time PCR. Furthermore, the average expressions of caspase 3 and 9 in four groups were compared using ELISA. All data revealed that the induction of heart failure increased the expression of apoptotic factors compared to the control group, and that the treatment with a conditioned medium caused a significant decrease in apoptotic factors compared to the heart failure group (P≤0.05).

It was concluded that the conditioned medium of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells was able to improve heart failure by targeting the apoptosis pathway.

The findings of this study highlighted the importance of this compound as a suitable candidate for treating heart failure in the future.

The method of choice for prevention and treatment of infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and consequently cervical cancer is the application of prophylactic and therapeutic HPV-vaccine. The present study aimed to clone the most antigenic epitopes of the E6 antigen and to express it in E. coli at the lab-scale. The sequence of immune-bioinformatically determined epitopes of E6 was synthesized in the pGH vector. The new E6 gene was cloned into the pET28 vector by double-digestion of vector and target with NcoI and XhoI restriction enzymes. The recombinant vector was transformed into DH5α and cloned E6 gene was confirmed by colony PCR and DNA sequencing. pET28 was then extracted from DH5α and transferred into the BL21(DE3) expression host. Expression optimization was performed using various parameters. Cloning was confirmed by colony PCR and sequencing and optimized expression was performed at 25°c, IPTG=0.1 mM, OD600=1. Due to the protein production in the form of inclusion bodies and unavailability of His-Tags, the recovered protein didn’t confirm by western blot and didn’t purify by Ni-NAT affinity chromatography. This study aimed to express multi-epitope recombinant protein composed of selective E6 protein epitopes in the E. coli prokaryotic expression system to achieve an effective vaccine against HPV. The produced protein might be used as a therapeutic vaccine or as a platform for HPV detection.

Background:

 The conditioned medium of stem cells plays an important role in the treatment of various diseases such as heart damage, but its molecular mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate one of the mechanisms of the effect of this substance in the treatment of male rats with heart failure.

Methods:

 A total of 20 male rats were divided into four groups, control, heart failure, heart failure receiving culture medium, and medium condition groups. Heart failure was induced in all groups except the comtrol group with isoproterenol, then, culture medium and conditioned medium were injected into the related animals 28 days after HF induction. Afterward, the expressions of caspase 3 and 9 factors were examined.

Results:

 Changes in the expressions of caspase 3, caspase 9, and GAPDH genes in the four groups were evaluated real-time PCR. Furthermore, the average expressions of caspase 3 and 9 in four groups were compared using ELISA. All data revealed that the induction of heart failure increased the expression of apoptotic factors compared to the control group, and that the treatment with a conditioned medium caused a significant decrease in apoptotic factors compared to the heart failure group (P≤0.05).

Conclusion:

 It was concluded that the conditioned medium of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells was able to improve heart failure by targeting the apoptosis pathway.

Practical Implications:

 The findings of this study highlighted the importance of this compound as a suitable candidate for treating heart failure in the future.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents 9% of all malignancies globally. TLR4 gene defenses against Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI), so its mutations are a risk factor for CRC. As there is a correlation between (HPI) and gastric cancer, we investigated whether there is an association between CagA virulence factor in HPI and D299G polymorphism of TLR4 gene with developing CRC among Iranians.   

This retrospective study included 85 biopsies of confirmed colorectal lesions out of 230 subjects, which were divided into two age groups. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) D299G in the TLR4 gene was assessed using Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. The expression of TLR4 and the CagA virulence factor in H.pylori was assessed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR).   

Chi-squared test showed genotype frequencies of GG were 79% and 62%in patients 51> and 51<years, respectively. Logistic regression showed a positive association between the presence of CagA and a high GG allele (p=0.002). The odd ratio was predicted as 4.80 using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption. Iranians with CagA and high GG of D299G were four times more likely to develop CRC than their peers with AA allele.   

H. pylori-positive CagA has a higher ability to escape from the immune response. D299G polymorphism of TLR4 gene full of GG allele is an influential risk factor in developing CRC. Hence finding H. pylori-positive CagA should be noticed as a marker of the TLR4 gene full of GG allele in screening plans.

Heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders and is considered a chronic, progressive and debilitating disorder. The medical treatment of this disease is accompanied by many problems. Today, stem cells are being used increasingly to reduce the problems of heart failure treatments. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the prognosis and progression of cardiovascular disease, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of intravenous injection of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells on the levels of interleukins 4 and 12 in the serum of male rats in the heart failure model.

This is an experimental study that was conducted from October 2018 to May 2019 in the Physiology Research Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, 28 male wistar rats (180-200 gr) were randomly divided into four groups: control group, heart failure group, heart failure group that received culture medium and heart failure group that received mesenchymal stem cells by intravenous injection. After 30 days, echocardiography was done and then serum levels of interleukin 4 and 12 were measured in these groups by Elisa test.

The results of this study showed that intravenous injection of human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells into male rats with heart failure, improved echocardiographic parameters such as ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) in the cell injection group compared to the heart failure group (P<0.05). Also, the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-12 were significantly reduced in the cell injection group compared to rats with the heart failure group (P<0.05).

Due to the improvement of cardiac parameters and the reduction level of inflammatory cytokines in this study, it seems that human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in improving heart failure by reducing the level of inflammation.

In general, people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have problems in social, emotional, and communication skills. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have suggested a potential association of the C677T polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) with autism spectrum disorders. The present study intended to investigate the relationship between this polymorphism of MTHFR and the severity of autism symptoms in two groups of children affected by autism and healthy children to elucidate its potential role as a risk factor for ASD. study included 40 patients with autism and 40 healthy participants with matched age as control. The samples from the participants underwent ARMS-PCR for MTHFR genotyping.   The CC genotype was reported in 50% (n=20) and 72.50% (n=29) of the children in the study and control groups, respectively, while the CT genotype was observed in 35% (n=14) of the study group and 17.50% (n=7) of the control group. Also, 15% (n=6) of the study group and 10% (n=4) of the control group had the TT genotype. According to our results, the genotype distribution and allele prevalence were significantly different between the groups.

Friedrich Ataxia’s diagnosis is typically based on clinical symptoms and extended GAA repeats. However, in some rare cases the disease is caused as a result of the mutation in the exons of the FRDA (Friedreich's ataxia) gene. The current study aimed to examine point mutations in exon 1 of the FRDA gene with the goal of finding a better way for diagnosing people suspected of this disease.

In this study, 30 suspected patients of Friedrich Ataxia underwent PCR molecular test. Subsequently, sequencing and long PCR were utilized to assess exon 1 in five patients with extended repeats.

In total, 25 participants who had extended repeats were diagnosed with Friedrich Ataxia. In one outof the five patients, the nucleotide change from G to T was observed in the nucleotide number 815324.

Since the change had a heterozygous nature, it did not cause any deficiency in Frataxin protein. Given that family marriages are prevalent inIran, there is a possibility of homozygosity with this mutation or other mutations. It is thus recommended that gene sequencing should be performed for individuals with suspected Friedrich Ataxia.

Designing and developing drug delivery systems has received tremendous attention during the last decade. The treatment of cancer cells is a complicated process due to the existence of different biological pathways. Therefore, the co-delivery of different drugs could have a synergic effect on the treatment process.

In this study, different types of span (20, 60, 80) and cholesterol were utilized to formulate tamoxifen/curcumin co-loaded niosomes as a drug carrier system for breast cancer chemotherapy. Niosome characterization was performed through a set of instrument analysis techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering. Releasebehavior was studiedby dialysis method at (pH = 5, 7.4). The stability was monitored during two months storage at two temperatures (4 and 25 °C). Cytotoxicity activityof the best niosomal formulation were assessed on MCF-7 cells, using MTT assay.

The optimal niosomal formulation with span 80 and lipid-to-drug molar ratio of 20 was selected, with maximum encapsulation of both drugs and minimum size. Drug release behavior at physiological pH (7.4) (with significant drug release under acidic conditions (pH = 5) and storage stability of up to 2 weeks with little change in drug efficacy and measurement makes it a proper candidate for breast cancer treatment.

Finally, the results of this study showed the importance of creating highly biocompatible formulations, allowing the simultaneous transfer of two drugs with controlled release to cancer cells which could improve the chemotherapy process with the synergistic effect of the two drugs.

Stress and immune responses due to the increased intensity and duration of exercise tend to be susceptible to vascular disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the active and inactive recovery after a session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the response of C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol and IL-6 (IL6).

The statistical sample of this study was 20 footballers with a mean age of 18.9 ± 0.5 years, weight 1.7 ± 1.7 kg, height 176 cm2.2, body mass index of 22.4 ± 1 kg / m2 and the maximum consumed oxygen was 51.3 ± 2.5 ml / kg body weight, which was randomly selected among the soccer players of Esteghlal'e Novin team in south of Tehran. Subjects were participated in two groups with two tests, active recovery and inactive recovery. Blood samples were collected from both groups before and immediately after recovery then, cortisol, and IL-6 and CRP levels were evaluated using ELISA technique.

There was no significant difference between active and inactive recovery after HIIT activity on CRP and IL6 responses. While there was a significant difference between active and inactive recovery after HIIT activity on cortisol response (P <0.05).

The results of this study showed that active recovery after HIIT activity could affect cortisol response. Therefore, active recovery would be more effective than passive recovery.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are an Important advancement in the field of nanotechnology. They expand the possibilities of noninvasive analysis for tracking of cells and have many useful properties, making them potential candidates for numerous applications in medicine. However, the possibility of toxicity in cells is reported by these nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to find a concentration of SPIONs that cant induce intracellular levels of Reactive Oxygen Species. For this purpose for the first time amniotic membrane stem cells were incubated with different concentrations of SPIONs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Then intracellular levels of Reactive Oxygen Species was measured By probe Rhodamine 123 . Our results demonstrate that there was no significant generators of Reactive Oxygen Species in cells in concentration range of 0-100 μg/mL of spions. However, at concentrations higher than 100 μg / ml, the production of Reactive Oxygen Species increased. According to the results nanoparticles used in this study at concentrations ≤100 μg/mL are suitable for tracking of this cells.

It seems that the success of vaccination in order to cancer immunotherapy is abrogating through a powerful network of immune system suppressive elements which one of them is regulatory T cell. In different studies inducing an immune response against regulatory cells expressing foxp3 and their removal have been assessed. As these previous studies could not efficiently conquer the suppressive effect of regulatory cells by their partial elimination, we were searching for constructing more effective vaccines against regulatory T cells by which we hope to improve the effect of combined means of immunotherapy in cancer. DNA construct containing fragment C (Fc) portion of IgG fused to Foxp3 was designed. Expression of DNA construct was investigated following its transfection into HEK cells through fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry and western blot. FOXP3-Fc fusion protein was expressed in E. coli strain BL21 as host cells. DNA construct and respective protein were injected into C57BL/6 mice. After 2 weeks, serum level of IgG antibody and its sub classes was investigated by ELISA test. The expression analysis of DNA construct showed that this construct successfully expressed in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, the Foxp3-Fc expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blot analysis.

It seems that the success of vaccination for cancer immunotherapy such as Dendritic Cell (DC) based cancer vaccine is hindered through a powerful network of immune system suppressive elements in which regulatory T cell is the common factor. Foxp3 transcription factor is the most specific marker of regulatory T cells. In different studies, targeting an immune response against regulatory cells expressing Foxp3 and their removal have been assessed. As these previous studies could not efficiently conquer the suppressive effect of regulatory cells by their partial elimination, an attempt was made to search for constructing more effective vaccines against regulatory T cells by which to improve the effect of combined means of immunotherapy in cancer. In this study, a DNA vaccine and its respective protein were constructed in which Foxp3 fused to Fc(IgG) can be efficiently captured and processed by DC via receptor mediated endocytosis and presented to MHCII and I (cross priming).
DNA construct containing fragment C (Fc) portion of IgG fused to Foxp3 was designed. DNA construct was transfected into HEK cells to investigate its expression through fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Its specific expression was also assessed by western blot. For producing recombinant protein, FOXP3-Fc fusion construct was inserted into pET21a vector and consequently, Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain BL21 was selected as host cells. The expression of recombinant fusion protein was assayed by western blot analysis. Afterward, fusion protein was purified by SDS PAGE reverse staining.
The expression analysis of DNA construct by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy showed that this construct was successfully expressed in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, the Foxp3-Fc expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blot analysis. Additionally, the presence of fusion protein was shown by specific antibody after purification.
Due to successful expression of Foxp3-Fc (IgG), it would be expected to develop vaccines in tumor therapies for removal of regulatory cells as a strategy for increasing the efficiency of other immunotherapy means.

Several studies have demonstrated the immunosuppresive effects of mes-enchymal stem cells (MSCs) in allogeneic or mitogenic interactions. Cell-cell contact inhibition and secretion of suppressive soluble factors have been suggested in this re-gard. To investigate if adipose derived MSCs could inhibit Jurkat lym-phoblastic leukemia T cell proliferation during coculture. Adherent cells with the ability of cellular growth were isolated from normal adipose tissues. Initial charac-terization of growing cells by flow cytometry suggested their mesenchymal stem cell characteristics. Cells were maintained in culture and used during third to fifth culture passages. Jurkat or allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were la-beled with carboxy fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and cocultured with increas-ing doses of MSCs or MSC culture supernatant. Proliferation of PBMCs or Jurkat cells under these conditions was assessed by flow cytometry after 2 and 3 days of coculture, respectively. Results showed the expression of CD105, CD166 and CD44, and the absence of CD45, CD34 and CD14 on the surface of MSC like cells. Moreover, ini-tial differentiation studies showed the potential of cell differentiation into hepatocytes. Comparison of Jurkat cell proliferation in the presence and absence of MSCs showed no significant difference, with 70% of cells displaying signs of at least one cell division. Similarly, the highest concentration of MSC culture supernatant (50% vol/vol) had no significant effect on Jurkat cell proliferation (p>0.6). The same MSC lots significantly suppressed the allogeneic PHA activated PBMCs under similar culture conditions. Using Jurkat cells as a model of leukemia T cells, our results indicated an uncertainty about the suppressive effect of MSCs and their inhibitory metabolites on tumor or leukemia cell proliferation. Additional systematic studies with MSCs of differ-ent sources are needed to fully characterize the immunological properties of MSCs be-fore planning clinical applications.