omid garkaz

Counseling and guidance are activities that assist individuals in overcoming their problems. Universities and student communities encounter challenges, highlighting the importance of comprehensive student support.

This research aimed to identify the counseling and guidance requirements of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences students during the 2021-2022 academic year.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted using a census method on 400 students from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Data collection involved two demographic questionnaires and Rabiei et al.’s guidance and counseling questionnaire. Subsequently, the data was entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The study revealed that out of 400 students involved, 254 were male and the remaining were female. The majority of participants were aged 18-20 (47.3%). Variables such as age (P=0.041), faculty (P=0.005), field of study (P=0.016), entry year (P=0.024), and mother’s occupation (P=0.039) showed a significant correlation with counseling and guidance needs. The main priorities in counseling and guidance needs were personal growth (19.50±53.53), educational needs (17.75±6.02), family and marriage needs (16.66±6.42), job needs (16.31±4.99), and emotional and psychological needs (14.63±4.94). The total score for counseling needs was 84.87±23.28.

The study results revealed that the counseling and guidance needs score was below 100, indicating a good score. Nonetheless, it is crucial for universities and educational institutions to address these issues for growth, enhancement of students’ individual situations, and to sustain and improve these conditions through proper planning.

 Although the emergency department is known as a potential center of violence and the main reason for the prevalence of violence in these departments is unknown. Due to the lack of registration and reporting systems for these cases, the history of research in this case is limited and there are problems in this field. And this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the attitude and self-confidence level of emergency doctors and nurses in the field of violence management in the emergency department of Urmia University of Medical Sciences.

 This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 187 personnel working in medical education centers of Urmia by census method. The data was collected using the demographic information checklist and Dimond et al.'s questionnaire. After collecting the data, it was entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed with the help of descriptive and analytical statistics.

 In this study, the results showed that out of 187 personnel participating in the study, most of the participating personnel were nurses 134(%71.6), age group 138(%73.8) 26 to 35 years old and gender 97(%51.9) were male. And there was a significant relationship between the gender of the emergency department staff and a work experience in the emergency department with all three areas of understanding of violence, self-confidence in managing aggressive behavior and attitude towards safety and responsiveness and security in the workplace in the face of aggression. The age group of the emergency department staff had a significant difference only in the individual's perception of violence, in such a way that younger age groups had lower scores in the perception of violence section.

 The issue of violence is a serious issue in the emergency departments of teaching hospitals in Urmia and serious attention should be paid to this point by the relevant authorities. And considering the lower levels of self-confidence of people in the face of aggression among people who have not completed training courses on violence management, the necessity of wider implementation of these courses among the employees of the emergency department in the investigated centers is mandatory.

The mobile phone has become an indispensable tool for communication and interactions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between excessive mobile phone use, depression, and social loneliness among students at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytical study, conducted in 2019, employed stratified random sampling to survey 313 students from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Data collection involved demographic questions, a harmful mobile phone use scale, and depression scale (Kavaja and Bryden). Collected data were entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The study included 313 participants with an average age of 22.16 ± 3.41 years. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a positive correlation between depression scores and various variables, including education level, interest in the field, native status, place of residence, history of taking antidepressants, employment status, financial problems, family life status, father's age, and excessive use of mobile phones. The results of linear regression analysis, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (0.603) demonstrated a high intensity of correlation between factors influencing depression and the actual depression scores.

According to the results of the study, there is a significant relationship between excessive use of mobile phones and depression and social loneliness in students, which requires proper planning for intervention.

Any test as a measurement tool must have sufficient validity and reliability to measure the desired attribute. Multiple-choice tests are the most common types of tests in medical education, which have a high degree of reliability, and this study was conducted with the aim of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of four-choice questions in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2021-2022.

This descriptive study was conducted on all General and specialized courses in the two academic years of 2021-2022 at the Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. For the quantitative evaluation of the questions (difficulty index and discrimination index), the Hamava system was used and for the qualitative evaluation, the 14-item checklist of Millman was used.

This study showed that out of 5000 examined questions, 2569 questions (51.4%) had a simple difficulty coefficient and 2500 (50%) had a suitable clean coefficient. And the average standard deviation of the degree of difficulty was 0.700±0.314 and the degree of cleanliness was 0.625±0.247, also 330 questions (48.5%) of taxonomy two and 190 questions (27.9%) were without defects. The most types of defects were the absence of most of the information in the question stems of 196 questions, the presence of negative words in the question stems of 136 questions, and the presence of options for all items in 121 questions, none in 45 questions, and combined options in 34 questions. And in the structure of question 398 (58/1%) was the most type of defect.

To improve the quality of tests and use the results of quantitative and qualitative analysis of questions, practical solutions should be thought of, and professors should be trained in designing and using appropriate questions and preparing for-choice question banks.

University professors,due to their great impact on their environment,especially students, in addition to performing their scientific and research duties, also have a sensitive moral role in educating students.Therefore,it is necessary to address professional ethics in this group.

This study was conducted to determine the level of professional ethics in faculty members and teachers based on self-assessment in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences.

In this descriptive-analytical study conducted in the academic year 2022-2021,121 faculty members and teachers of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences were included in the study by counting method.To collect data,two questionnaires were used: demographic information and quality of performance of Sadat et al.Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software version 18 with the help of descriptive and analytical statistics (P <0.005).

Out of 121 teachers participating in the study,70 (57.9%) were male and the rest were female and the mean age of the participants was39.14±6.18 years.The highest age group of participants(66 people)was between 36-45 years (54.5%)and the most active place was the teachers(46 people)of the medical school(38%).In terms of education, having a degree,71 people had a doctorate (58.7%), 108 people had a scientific degree(89.3%)and 79 people had a history of1-5 years(65.3%).There was no significant relationship between ethics score and any of the demographic variables.The mean and standard deviation of the morality score was151.29± 16.30.And the highest scores,respectively, related to the areas of practical commitment34.57 ± 4.04,professional ability of33.76 ± 4.35,The management and leadership of the class was30.68±3.89,the professional ethics was26.42 ± 2.69 and the scientific and educational ability was25.84 ± 3.38.

The level of professional ethics in general among the professors of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences is at a high level,but some scores in the fields are low,which is necessary. University officials should promote these sub-areas by holding workshops, training courses, pamphlets and ethical charters.

Depression, anxiety, and stress are factors affecting people's quality of life. Quality of life also affects people's social status (occupation), and this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress with job burnout in emergency department employees of Urmia medical education centers.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the personnel of the emergency department of four medical educational hospitals in Urmia using available sampling method. The data was collected using a demographic information questionnaire, a depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire, and a job burnout questionnaire. After collecting the data, it was entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics.

In this study, the results showed that out of 100 participants in the study, 48% were men and the average age of the participants was 29.72 ± 6.22 years. In job burnout, the highest score related to emotional burnout was 28±9 and the lowest score was 14±6 for depersonalization, and in anxiety, depression, and stress, the highest score was 14.1±9 for stress and the lowest score was 7±5 for anxiety. There was no correlation between job burnout and depression, anxiety, and stress.

Emergency personnel are exposed to burnout, depression, anxiety, and stress. Therefore, it is necessary to know the sources, and on the other hand, it is recommended to create favorable and suitable conditions for personnel by holding appropriate educational-therapeutic courses.

 Self-care during pregnancy includes principles and care programs that lead to clinical outcomes and effectively reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.

 This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of self-care training in improving the physical health status of pregnant women.

 This semi-experimental study was conducted on 116 pregnant mothers referred to the health centers of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences in a simple random fashion with permutation blocks with two intervention (58 people) and control (58 people) groups. Demographic, skeletal, and muscular discomfort questionnaires were used to collect data, and data were collected before and after the intervention in both groups. After collecting the data, it was entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed with the help of descriptive and analytical statistics.

 In this study, the results showed that out of 116 pregnant mothers participating, 58 were in the intervention group and 58 were in the control group, and between the variables of age (P = 0.001) and occupation (P = 0.003), job status (P = 0.042), gestational age (P = 0.001), number of deliveries (P = 0.001), exercise (P = 0.002), also there was a significant relationship between exercise time (P = 0.003) and physical health, and there was no significant relationship with the rest of the variables, and the average physical health in the control group before the intervention was 29.74 ± 6.97 and after the intervention was 28.41 ± 7.44 and in the intervention group before the intervention, it was 30.82 ± 6.38, and after the intervention, it was 27.7 ± 6.33, and there was a significant relationship between physical health and intervention.

 The results showed that self-care training increases the physical health of pregnant women; on the other hand, it is a very important tool for designing and implementing educational interventions to improve women's health.

Breastfeeding is a highly efficacious, health‑promoting activity that prevents many disorders and diseases. Successful breastfeeding depends on various maternal physiological and psychological factors, among which breastfeeding self‑efficacy is an adjustable framework. This study investigates the effect of breast massage training on self‑efficacy and perceived stress in primiparous women.

This study is a clinical trial study on 132 eligible primiparous mothers referred to Bahar Hospital from August 15, 2019, to December 15, 2020. The women were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The massage was performed in the intervention group before breastfeeding. The data were collected using a standard breastfeeding self‑efficacy questionnaire and the Sheldon Perceived Standard Questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi‑square, and analysis of variance.

The results of this study showed that the mean (SD) breastfeeding self‑efficacy in the breast massage training group with direct midwife involvement was 61.63 (9.21), higher than the one in the control group 51.51 (11.62). In addition, perceived stress was 19.81 in the intervention group and 24.84 in the control group, which was also statistically significant.

Due to the increase in self‑efficacy scores and decrease in stress scores after breast massage, this method can improve breastfeeding performance in women. Therefore, educational strategies should be developed in this area.

Virtual education is considered a considerable transformation in educational systems, which depends on cultural creation, human sources, technological, educational, administrative, social, cultural, managerial, and economic infrastructures. This study investigated the opportunities and challenges in the virtual teaching of theoretical courses based on medical students' perspectives at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 505 students at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences using simple random sampling. Two demographic questionnaires and e-learning challenges and opportunities were used to collect information. The data were entered into SPSS software (version 18) and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

According to the results, most of the students were female (n=274; 54.3%). The mean±SD age of the participants was 21.78±0.13 years. Most of the students participating in the general medicine study were studying at a medical school, were non-native, and lived in dormitories. Moreover, virtual education challenges and opportunities showed a significant relationship with gender (P=0.001), age (P=0.001), place of residence (P=0.001), satisfaction with the field of study (P=0.001), history of Coronavirus disease (P=0.001), history of vaccination (P=0.001), the Internet problems (P=0.001), and access to virtual learning tools (P=0.001). Among the variables, the highest mean±SD score was cost and effectiveness (37.26±5). The overall mean±SD of the questionnaire was obtained at 101.60±11.78.

Considering the relationship between opportunities and challenges of e-learning with several variables, we call for proper planning to improve the situation.

The importance of blood and its role in the medical system is undeniable; however, the excessive demand for blood and blood products in teaching hospitals is a major concern.

This study aimed to evaluate the demand and consumption of blood products and their causes in teaching and medical hospitals of Urmia, Iran, in 2017.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in teaching hospitals of Urmia using the census method in 2017. It included 15,489 needs of patients, which equaled 40,695 units of various blood products. The data was collected using a checklist including factors such as age, gender, hospital name, department, blood group, reasons for requesting blood, type of the requested product, and the purpose of requesting blood. All of these variables were in order of frequency and the number of units requested, received, and injected. After collecting the data, it was entered into the SPSS software (version 18) and analyzed using descriptive statistics (such as frequency and percentage).

The results showed that most requests were from males (21,653 units), patients aged between 65-71 years (5,422 units), and Imam Khomeini Hospital (27,026 units). Additionally, in the special care department, the majority of applicants were from the O-positive blood group, with 10,493 and 15,470 units. Chronic anemia was one of the main request reasons with 8,642 units, dense red blood cell was the most requested product with 15,809 units, and bleeding was one of the primary request purposes with 10,431 units. Most requests and deliveries of blood products were performed in the morning shift, and the majority of injections were performed in the evening shift.

The demand for blood products is very high, which requires a review of how to request blood and establishing a monitoring system for managing blood bank and ward communication.

To compare the ability of quantitative trauma severity assessment methods based on Glasgow comascale, age, and arterial pressure (GAP), revised trauma score (RTS), and injury severity score (ISS) criteria indetermining the prognosis of accidental patients. This cross-sectional study was performed on random patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospitalin Urmia from March 20, 2020 to September 21, 2020. The data were obtained by using a checklist includesitems such as age, sex, respiration rate, oxygen saturation level, pulse rate, primary blood pressure, initialGlascow coma scale (GCS), patient outcome and injury to different parts of body. After collecting the data, itwas entered into SPSS 18 and analyzed with the descriptive and analytical statistics include an independentt-test and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curves. Out of 1930 studied patients, 365 (18.9%) were women and 1565 (81.1%) were men. The mean age ofpatients was 37.05±17.11 years and women were significantly older than men. The mortality rate was 4.8% andwas significantly more in men compared to women. The mean blood pressure, GCS and oxygen saturation levelwere lower in deceased patients. The mean GAP, ISS and RTS values were 23.13±2.69, 4.07±3.82, 7.72±0.52,respectively. The mean values of GAP and RTS were significantly low in deceased patients whereas the meanISS value was significantly high in the deceased patients. The Area under the curve (AUS) for ISS was greaterthan the other two scoring systems. The findings of the current study showed that all three systems were adequately efficient toprognoses the final outcome in multi-trauma patients but the ISS measure was better than the other two criteria.

Trauma is an injury that occurs due to the exchange of environmental energy with the body to an extent that is unbearable. In developing countries, such as Iran, trauma, especially abdominal trauma, has become increasingly important due to the enhanced development of vehicles and industries. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of intra-abdominal visceral injury due to penetrating trauma in the Emergency Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2020.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 162 patients with penetrating abdominal trauma who were selected via the census method out of the patients referring to the Emergency Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, Iran. Data were collected using a checklist which included items on gender, age, length of hospital stay, patient's final condition, and cause of trauma, injury outcome, location of the injury, and laparotomy outcome. Data were entered into SPSS software (version 18) and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and chi-square test.

Out of 162 impenetrable trauma patients, 135 (83.3%) and 27 (16.7%) cases were male and female, respectively. The mean age of patients was 33.25±18.99 years. The causes of trauma were accidents (75.4%) and falls from height (24.6%). Furthermore, regarding laparotomy results, 29.6% of patients had no intra-abdominal visceral injury, while intestinal, liver, and spleen injuries were observed in 24.7%, 25.9%, and 19.8% of cases, respectively.

As evidenced by the results of this study, the majority of trauma patients were male. Moreover, the most common mechanisms of trauma in patients referring to the emergency department of this accident center and the most commonly injured organs were the spleen and intestine. Therefore, appropriate measures are required to prevent these injuries.

Stress and strain are an inevitable part of a professional life and originate from work-related experiences. Since the residents are highly exposed to burnout aroused by physical, psychological, and emotional stress, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of burnout syndrome in medical assistants working in hospitals affiliated with the Urmia University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study examined all residents working in the hospital affiliated with the Urmia University of Medical Sciences using the census method. Two demographic and burnout questionnaires were distributed to collect the required information. Data were collected and imported to SPSS software version 20 and then analyzed using descriptive statistics.

In this study, the results showed that out of 147 assistants in the study, 78 (53.1%) were male and 69 (46.9%) were female, and 104 (70.7%) were married. The mean score of the questions was 34.66 ± 13. The mean score of burnout was 51.53 ± 11.15 among the male residents and 53.61 ± 11.74 among the female residents. The burnout score was 51.82 ± 11.29 among the married assistants and 54.19 ± 11.77 among the single assistants. Moreover, There was no relationship between gender and burnout score (P = 0.275) and between marriage and burnout score (P = 0.26).

In this study, the results indicate that most residents suffer from burnout symptoms; hence, appropriate measures and planning are required to detect and eliminate the causes of burnout.

Today, one of the most important dangers threatening the process of promoting public health and its development is traffic accidents.

The aim of this study was to determine the demographic characteristics of traffic accident victims in the patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia from October 2018 and September 2019.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 4717 people traumatized in traffic accidents who referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia between October 1, 2018 and September 21, 2019. Data were collected using a checklist in which demographics and random information of the injured were collected. After that, the data were entered into SPSS18 software and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation). (P <0.05)

The results of the study showed that from 4717 randomized patients referred to the hospital, 3275 (69.5%) were male and 1442 (30.5%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 31.2±18 years with the oldest group being between 21-30 years and 1182 (25%). Most people 1272 (27.2%) held a high school diploma and 1993 (67.2%) worked in the private sector. Most of the injured cases, 3715 (78.7%), were treated on an outpatient basis and the most common injuries included multiple injuries, right shoulder, right hand, and left leg trauma, respectively.

Given the high importance of road accidents as a social problem and the predictability and controllability of these accidents, planning should be done to elevate the road safety and vehicle transport standards. It is also necessary to develop educational programs for the youth population as the most important group at risk.

Various scoring systems have been designed for calculating the mortality risk of patients. This study evaluated the accuracy of Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) and Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) in predicting the 28-day mortality of non-trauma patients.

This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 1003 adult non-trauma patients, who referred to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran, in the second half of 2018, using the census sampling. We determined the screening performance characteristics of REMS and RAPS in predicting the 28-day mortality of patients.

This study examined 1003 non-trauma patients with a mean age of 61.5±18.05 years (60.6% male). The mean REMS (8.7 ± 3.2 vs. 6.0 ± 3.6; p < 0.001) and RAPS (3.7 ± 2.8 vs. 2.7 ± 2.0; p < 0.001) scores were significantly higher in deceased cases. Sensitivity and specificity of REMS in predicting the risk of non-trauma patients’ mortality were 85.19% (95%CI: 78.05% - 90.71%) and 78.34% (95%CI: 75.45% - 81.04%), respectively. While, the Sensitivity and specificity of RAPS in this regard were 61.39% (95%CI: 53.33% - 69.02%) and 71.12% (95%CI: 67.94% - 74.16%), respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of REMS and RAPS were 0.72 (95% CI: 0.68 -0.75) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.56 - 0.65) in predicting the patients’ 28-day mortality, respectively (p = 0.001).

The total accuracies of REMS and RAPS in predicting the 28-day mortality of non-trauma patients were in good and poor range, respectively. The screening performance characteristics of REMS were a little better in this regard.

Coronavirus is one of the major pathogens of the human respiratory system and a major threat to the human health.

This modeling study aimed to project the epidemics trend of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Qom, Iran

This study projected the COVID-19 outbreak in Qom using a modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) compartmental model by the end of December 2020. The model was calibrated based on COVID-19 epidemic trend in Qom from 1 January to 11 July. The number of infected, hospitalized, and death cases were projected by 31 December. A Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis was applied to obtain 95% uncertainty interval (UI) around the estimates.

According to the results, the reduced contact rate and increased isolation rate were effective in reducing the size of the epidemic in all scenarios. By reducing the contact rate from eight to six, the number of new cases on the peak day, as well as the total number of cases admitted to the hospital by the end of the period (31 December), decreased. For example, in Scenario A, compared to Scenario E, with a decrease in contact rate from eight to six, the number of new cases on peak days decreased from 15,700 to 1,100. The largest decrease in the number of new cases on peak days was related to Scenario F with 270 cases. Also, the total number of cases decreased from 948,000 to 222,000 between the scenarios, and the largest decrease in this regard was related to Scenario F, with 188,000 cases.

The parameters of contact rate and isolation rate can reduce the number of infected cases and prevent the outbreak, or at least delay the onset of the peak. This can help health policymakers and community leaders to upgrade their health care systems.

Medical students are exposed to many different stressors that endanger their health.

Since increasing self-esteem is one of the effective factors in coping with stress. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between self-esteem and academic stress of students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences during 2020-2021.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 260 students of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences by simple random sampling. Data were collected using three questionnaires: demographic, Cooper-Smith self-esteem and Godzella academic stress. Data were collected by SPSS18 using descriptive statistics and correlation test (P<0.05).

This study showed that 260 students participating in the study were 167 (64.2%) female and the rest were male. The mean age of participants was 21.88±3.001 years and the majority (60.4%) was 21-24 years old. The mean of self-esteem among students was 34.61±7.91, and the mean of academic stress was 134.04±28.29. Moreover, there was a significant relationship (P=0.012) between self-esteem and academic stress, increasing self-esteem decreases students’ academic stress.

Given the inverse relationship between self-esteem and academic stress, the design of interventions and strategies to increase self-esteem in students should be one of the concerns of higher education policymakers.

Traffic accidents are one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of road accidents in northwestern Iran in the period of 2010–2018.

This cross‑sectional study was performed on all road traffic accidents recorded by traffic police of West Azerbaijan Province during 2010–2018. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi‑square t‑test, and time series by SPSS 16.

A total of 95,788 registered accidents were included in the study. Most of the accidents were in September with the frequency of 9960 cases (10.4%), in residential, office, and industrial regions 58,550 (56%), by cars and taxi 80,949 (66%), in collisions between a vehicle with a bicycle and a motorcycle 56,728 (58%), in front‑to‑rear and right‑side crashes 49,714 (47%), in rural and main roads 59,855 (62%), in clean weather 73,887 (73%), and on Thursday 14891 (15%); the occurrence of traffic accidents showed a significant relationship with all of these variables (P = 0.001).

Month of accident, type of accident, day of the week, location of accident, use of vehicle, type of collision, mode of collision, accident path, and weather were the effective factors contributing in the occurrence of the traffic accidents. It is suggested that, in addition to educating people regarding the prevention of traffic accidents, policymakers take steps to improve the safety and standardization of roads and increase the safety of vehicles.

 COVID-19 is a serious disease with different symptoms and risk factors infecting and killing many people around the world. This study was performed to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 suspects referred to the hospitals and coronavirus treatment centers of Shahroud, Iran.

 Upon the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in Shahroud, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences launched a project to systematically record the demographic, clinical, and medical data of all suspects referred to the Corona Center. In this study, the data of 3945 suspected people collected during 5 months were analyzed. The RT-PCR test was used as the criterion for diagnosing the disease.

 Among 3945 suspected cases, 24.4% had positive RT-PCR test. The mean age of confirmed cases was 52.16 years. Dry cough and fever in addition to anorexia were reported as the most common symptoms. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that people over 60 years with heart disease reduce the risk, while people over 60 years, diabetics, and obese people increase the risk of infection.

 These results necessitate further lines of research into different symptoms and risk factors to help identify COVID-19 cases earlier and start faster treatment.

Acute alcohol poisoning and the spread of epidemics in different parts of the country are among the most important known medical emergencies that are associated with high morbidity and mortality every year. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between open acid disorders and prognosis in patients with alcohol poisoning in Taleghani Hospital in Urmia in 2019.

This cross-sectional study was performed on patients with alcohol poisoning referred to Taleghani Hospital in Urmia during the period of 2019 by census method. The data were collected using a checklist that included demographic information. Data were collected by SPSS18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA test and independent group t-test.

The results showed that out of 234 patients admitted to the hospital, 213 (91%) were male and 21 (9%) were female. The highest age group was 21-30 years with 115 (49.1%). Nausea and vomiting, mean HCO3 was 23.63±4.42 and mean pH was 7.35±0.08, There was no significant difference between the sexes with alcohol poisoning (P=0.26) and acid and base disorders with sex (P=0.24). Need for dialysis or no need for dialysis was significantly associated with alcohol poisoning (P=0.001). There was also a relationship between acid and base disorders with the prognosis of patients with alcohol poisoning (P=0.001).

The results showed that in alcohol poisoning, open acid disorders, especially metabolic acidosis, have a significant relationship with patients' prognosis and also pH less than 7.09 is associated with poor prognosis in patients. However, to confirm the results, more studies with higher sample size and prospective study method are recommended.

Health care methods have made undeniable progress in maintaining patients' health, but assessing the expected recovery and health of these methods is still done by basic criteria such as mental estimates and approximate physicians. These methods have a high probability of error in predicting patient mortality and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparison between REMS and APACHEIII criteria in non-surgical patients referred to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia in the second half of 2019.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 662 patients were enrolled in the study by census method. Data were collected by checklist. Finally, the mortality rate was predicted using REMS and APACHE III systems.

The results of the study showed that out of 662 patients (55.9%), 370 were male and (44.1%) were 292 females, the mean age of patients was 62.56±14.61 years. The mean scores of APACHE III and REMS in all patients were 53.32±17.96 and 9.79±4.05, respectively. The mean REMS in living patients was 7.21±3.8 And in deceased patients was 13.29±4.41. Also, a significant direct relationship was observed between APACHE III score (r=0.437) and REMS (r=0.241) with the length of hospital stay. The area below the ROC curve chart for APACHE III was higher than REMS, indicating that APACHE III was better at predicting patients' clinical outcome.

Overall, the APACHE III criterion performed better than the REMS in predicting the clinical outcome of non-surgical patients referred to the emergency department, and the mean scores of REMS and APACHE III were higher in deceased patients than in surviving patients.

One of the most important issues since SARS-CoV-2 was identified was the growing information on how the virus was transmitted and how to protect against it. However, many key questions have not yet been fully answered. This study aimed to investigate the correct wearing of a mask in Shahroud city.

This study was a descriptive cross-sectional one conducted on 800 people in Shahroud city in a two-month interval (Aug. 22, 2020, to October 30, 2020). Data were collected using a checklist including demographic information. After being collected, the data were entered into SPSS18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

The results indicated that out of 800 people taking part, 415 people (51.9%) were male and 385 ones (48.1%) were female. The mean participants’ age was 61.78 16±16.09; most participants in the study were born in the year 1972-1995 with 385 ones (48%). Also, concerning masks, it was found that the use of masks and the correct use of them accounted for 528 cases (66%) and 377 cases (47.1%), respectively. The most used mask was a surgical mask with 343 cases (42.9). Concerning the non-use of a mask, 132 people (16.5%) cited choking as the most important reason for not wearing a mask. Also, 681 people (85.1%) and 557 ones (69.6%) had chosen not to participate at weddings and parties, respectively.

The results suggested that a greater percentage of participants in the study knew how to correctly wear a mask while not having a history of participating in ceremonies and parties, which is a very good issue.

Adolescents experience many physical and psychological changes during adolescence. Not paying attention to the issue of girls’ puberty may have a negative impact on their mental health and self‑efficacy in future. The aim of this study was to compare the two methods of motivational interviews and peers on puberty health of female high school students.

This study was performed semi‑experimental intervention on 334 high school students in 2019 through multi‑stage randomization. Data using two demographic questionnaires and Scherrer self‑efficacy questionnaire in three stages (pre‑test, immediately after the test and one month after the test). It was collected that in the motivational interview group, 5 training sessions were presented, and in the peer group, only one training session was taught to the peers and the control group was not trained in any intervention.

Immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention, the two intervention groups had significantly better scores in self‑efficacy compared to the control group (P = 0.001). The mean score of self‑efficacy in the control group in the three time periods before, immediately, and one month after the intervention, respectively (50.75 ± 5.322, 50.45 ± 5.34, 50.45 ± 5.37), in the motivational interview group (50.56 ± 5.95, 53.63 ± 5.83, 56.03 ± 6.49) and in the peer group (50.10 ± 5.62, 54.40 ± 4.28, 59.19 ± 4.43) was. Moreover, there were significant differences in self‑efficacy scores within and between the groups by time (P < 0.001) in intervention groups.

This study showed that puberty health education increases students’ self‑efficacy, that correct information should be conveyed by peers and motivational interview, and motivational interview is more effective.

 One of the most essential indicators of quality evaluation of health services is to assess the status of patients' rights, especially in those with mental illness due to their physical and mental conditions, and how health care providers and recipients interact.

 This study aimed to investigate the observance of the Charter of Rights of Patients with Mental Disorders from the perspective of nurses and patients in Panj Azar Hospital in Gorgan in 2020.

 This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 among 100 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Ward and 200 nurses working in the psychiatric ward selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and a self-made questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS version 18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent t-test.

 In this study, the results showed that the mean age of the subjects was 52.7 ± 22.4 years, and the highest age group of the study participants was 21 - 30 years. Overall, 196 (65.3%) participants were married, and 191 (63.7%) recommended others to return to this hospital. The mean scores of observance of the patient's charter from the nurses' and patients' points of view were 59.26 ± 6.26 and 57.98 ± 8.13, respectively. The subgroup with highest score was respect for the right to free choice and decision making in both groups. The level of compliance with the Charter of Patients' Rights was good and average from both nurses patients’ point of view. Furthermore, there was only a significant relationship between the views of nurses and patients in the subgroups of respect for patient privacy, compliance with the principle of confidentiality (P = 0.001), and access to an efficient grievance redressal system (P = 0.001).

 Overall, it is inferred that in most cases, nurses are aware of the extent of their compliance with their charter of rights, and from the patients' point of view, the level of compliance with the charter of patients was often moderate.

Context: 

Adolescence is one of the most important periods of a person’s life due to physical, mental andsocial maturity.

The aim of this study was to compare the motivational interview and peer groups in promoting mentalhealth and knowledge and performance about puberty health in adolescent girls. Setting and Design: This is a semi-experimental intervention study with two intervention groups and one control group. The study was conducted at the high schools during the academic year of 2018–2019 in Shahroud, Iran.

In this study, 334 female students (13–15 years old) were allocated to three groupsby assigning the schools to two intervention and one control groups through simple randomization. In intervention Group 1, five motivational interview sessions were held and in intervention Group 2, training was conducted by peers. The tools used in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire designed to assess knowledge and performance about puberty health and Symptom Checklist-25 to measure mental health. Statistical Analysis Used: In this study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical statisticaltests include ANOVA, repeated measure, Pearson correlation, Chi-square.

Immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention, the two intervention groups had significantlybetter scores in knowledge, performance, and mental health compared to the control group. The scores were better in the peer group compared to the motivational interview group for all threevariables.

Both motivational interview and peer group were effective in increasing knowledge and performance in adolescent girls.